写作教程第2版课件

Cliquez pour modifier le style du titre,Cliquez pour modifier les styles du texte du masque,Deuxime niveau,Troisime niveau,Quatrime niveau,Cinquime niveau,*,PPT课件,*,English Writing II,1,PPT课件,English Writing II1PPT课件,Unit 4 Customs,The focus in this unit is on the features and organizational patterns of process and the use of relevant linking devices in writings of,process analysis.,At the end of the unit you are expected to be able to use techniques of,process description,in paragraph writing.,2,PPT课件,Unit 4 Customs The focus i,Part I Warm-up Activities,Look at the pictures on page34, and describe how cookies are made.,new words for reference:,原料：,ingredients,擀（面）：,roll,面团：,paste,蛋黄：,egg yolks,烤箱：,oven,烤：,bake,3,PPT课件,Part I Warm-up ActivitiesLook,Reference to the process description:,1. Blend all the ingredients.,2. Roll the paste into round cookies.,3. Brush the paste with egg yolks.,4. Then put it in the oven to bake.,4,PPT课件,Reference to the process descr,Part II Process Analysis,Process writing organizes its ideas according to the steps of the process. The procedures or steps have to be arranged as they reasonably or objectively (not randomly) occur.,The,purpose,of process description is usually to inform, teach, or give ideas to the reader about how something new (or interesting or conventional) happens or in what way it can be completed.,5,PPT课件,Part II Process Analysis P,Organizational Structure,Read sample 1&2, finish their following tables, and summarize the features as they show in the paragraphs.,Sample 1,Questions:,1. What is the topic of the paragraph?,This paragraph offers a recipe of making chocolate chip cookies.,6,PPT课件,Organizational StructureRead s,Complete the table according to the steps in Sample 1:,Step 1,Get ready flour, water, sugar, salt, eggs, and chocolate.,Step 2,Mix flour and baking soda together with water.,Step 3,Add salt and put butter and sugar together in a separate bowl.,Step 4,Add two eggs to this mixture.,7,PPT课件,Complete the table according t,Step 5,Mix in chocolate chips and nuts after combining all the ingredients,Step 6,Place the little cookies formed from the mixture onto a cookie sheet.,Step 7,Bake all these pieces for 8 minutes at 375 degrees Fahrenheit.,Step 8 (result),Here are the chocolate chip cookies that can be served for afternoon tea.,8,PPT课件,Step 5 Mix in chocolate chips,Summarize the pattern of process description in the paragraph.,We have observed that the sample paragraph explains or describes the successive steps of making some cookies for afternoon tea in Britain. This pattern of organization is called process writing. In this pattern, you may,illustrate,the process of doing something,in detail from beginning to end,. And the description of these details has to follow the order of the actual steps.,9,PPT课件,Summarize the pattern of proce,Sample 2,Questions,1.What is discussed in the text?,This paragraph tells us about the famous bullfight in Spain.,10,PPT课件,Sample 210PPT课件,Now discuss in groups the organization of the paragraph and then fill in the table below:,What are the steps involved in the performance?,Step 1,Performers are seen walking across the ring to the music (audience waiting for the first bull to run in from that small wooden door).,Step 2,Various performances start (by the assistant bullfighters, the horse-riders, those to throw sticks, and the final bullfighter).,11,PPT课件,Now discuss in groups the orga,Step 3,The fighting bulls finally get killed.,Step 4,The bullfighter receives applause and awards, or abuse, cushions or other things.,Step 5,The ring place is cleaned up.,12,PPT课件,Step 3 The fighting bulls fina,Summarize the pattern the sample paragraphs follow:,You may have noticed many similarities as well as some slight differences between the organizational patterns of Sample 1 and Sample 2. On the whole, Sample 2 follows a similar pattern of organization to Sample 1 in the way it describes the process,from beginning to end.,13,PPT课件,Summarize the pattern the samp,In such a pattern, the writer may conveniently structure his paragraph by the steps as they actually happen, while effectiveness is also achieved. Within this framework,transitional devices,are often used to ensure a smooth flow from one step to the next.,14,PPT课件,In such a pattern, the wr,(differences),However, Sample 2 is not as completely a description of a process as Sample 1 in that,sentences of explanation or classification are added,here and there to further clarify the procedure. This is, in fact,more typical,of process writing.,15,PPT课件,(differences) However, Sam,Linking Devices,Read the following two paragraphs and answer the questions:,1. What topics do the paragraphs mainly deal with?,Both paragraphs deal with a similar topic:,buying Christmas cards.,2. Which paragraph is easier to understand?,Paragraph B is easier to understand.,16,PPT课件,Linking DevicesRead the follow,3. What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand?,It has certain,words and phrases,that help clarify the relationship between steps of the buying process.,17,PPT课件,3. What makes this particular,4. What pattern of organization can be identified in Paragraph B?,This paragraph combines the characteristics of Samples 1 and 2 in terms of organization. It not only starts from the preliminary stage to the end of the process, but also contains some,sentences which provide supplementary comments or explanations where necessary.,18,PPT课件,4. What pattern of organizatio,Now work in groups and find out those words and phrases that indicate the order of procedures in paragraph B.,The process of buying cards,Whenever begin to,first,then start doing,some other,finally,In this way but anyhow,19,PPT课件,Now work in groups and find ou,Can you think of any other expression indicating process analysis?,whenever begin to do / start doing ,at the beginning of,first then finally ,afterwards,then comes , some other ,20,PPT课件,Can you think of any other exp,after / before this ,in advance,now ,when all this is done,signal the end of,21,PPT课件,after / before this 21PPT课件,Unit Summary,In this unit we have discussed two types of process writing:,exclusive description,of the procedures in a process and description with,supplementary explanations,.,The,exclusive process,description allows the writer to cover all the steps or procedures from beginning to end, whereas the second type requires the writer to clarify certain steps with,additional statements,. The second type is more frequently seen in practical writing.,22,PPT课件,Unit Summary In this unit,Another important point discussed in this unit is concerned with,relevant linking devi,ces, i.e. words or phrases that help ensure a smooth flow of steps or clarify steps in writing. We need to make a conscious effort to use these devices in writing paragraphs of process description so that our writing will be,effective and coherent,.,23,PPT课件,Another important point,Discussion,Discuss in your group, and then draft an,outline,about the procedures of a,wedding ceremony,in your hometown, according the customs about what people would do in such a special day.,1.,2.,3.,24,PPT课件,DiscussionDiscuss in your grou,