传质分离过程-ppt课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,化工分离过程Chemical Separation Processes,class hours : 48credits: 3.0,化工分离过程Chemical Separation Pr,1,中文教材,刘家祺 主编，李韡、吴洪、姜忠义 参编,.,化学工业出版社，,2005,年,12,月,.,中文教材刘家祺 主编，李韡、吴洪、姜忠义 参编. 化学工业出,2,曾用教材,2002,1995,曾用教材20021995,3,Textbook,J.D.Seader, E.J.Henley.,Separation Process Principles,J. D. Seader,1998,2006,2002,TextbookJ.D.Seader, E.J.Henley,4,J. D. Seader,2004,1. Development of new mathematical methods for solving large sets of nonlinear equations to obtain multiple solutions.,2. Mathematical studies of computer- aided process synthesis and design.,J. D. Seader20041. Development,5,References-Books, Phillip C. Wankat,Separation Process Engineering (2006), J.L.Humphrey, G.E. Keller,Separation Process Technology (1997),Kirk-othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed, New York, Wiley., Cary Judson King,Separation processes (1980), Ernest J. Henley, J. D. Seader,Equilibrium-stage separation operations in chemical engineering (1981),References-Books Phillip C.,6,References-Journals,AIChE Journal,ACS,Chemical Engineering Science,Elsevier Science,Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,ACS,Chemical Engineering,Technology,Wiley,References-JournalsAIChE Jou,7,Separation and Purification Technology，,Elsevier Science,References-Journals,Journal of membrane Science,Elsevier Science,Separation and Purification Te,8,Fundamentals of various separation processes and the tools necessary for selecting the most suitable separation sequence for a required task.,Equilibrium-based processes such as distillation, extraction, absorption and stripping, adsorption and crystallization as well as rate-governed processes such as membrane separation.,Discussion of comparative energy requirements, economics, advantage and disadvantages of proposed separation tasks.,Course Description,Fundamentals of various separa,9,Course objective,Get an overview on separation processes relevant to the chemical and process industry,Learn some of these separation processes in varying degrees of detail:,Principles,Applications,Calculations,Course objectiveGet an overvie,10,Chemical Separation Principles,Contents,Chapter 1,SeparationProcesses,Chapter 2,Thermodynamics of Separation,Operations,Chapter 3,Mass Transfer and Diffusion,Chapter 4,Singer Equilibrium Stages and Flash,Calculations,Chapter 5,Cascades,Chapter 6,Absorption and Stripping of Dilute,Mixtures,Chapter 7,Distillation of Binary Mixtures,Chapter 8,Liquid-liquid Extraction with,Ternary Systems,Chemical Separation Principles,11,Chapter 9,Approximate Methods for,Multicomponent, Multistage Separations,Chapter 10,Equilibrium-based Methods for,Multicomponent Absorption, Stripping,Distillation, and Extration,Chapter 11,Enhanced pproximate Methods for,Multicomponent, Multistage Separations,Chapter 12,Rate-based Models for Distillation,Chapter 13,Batch Distillation,Chapter 14,Membrane Separations,Chapter 15,Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and,Chromatography,Contents (contd),Chapter 9 Approximate Methods,12,传质分离过程,第,1,章 绪论,第,2,章 传质分离过程的热力学基础,第,3,章 气液传质分离过程,第,4,章 液液传质分离过程,第,5,章 传质分离过程的严格模拟计算,第,6,章 气固、液固传质分离过程,第,7,章 分离过程的节能优化与集成,传质分离过程第1章 绪论,13,教学目标,-Objective,利用已学的,物理化学、化工原理、化工热力学、传递过程,等课程中有关相平衡热力学和动力学机理，传热、传质和动量传递理论来研究化工生产实际中复杂物系的分离和提纯技术。,教学目标-Objective 利用已学的物理化学、化,14,着重基本概论的理解，为分离过程的选择、特性分析和计算奠定基础。从分离过程的,共性,出发，讨论各种分离方法的特征。强调将工程和工艺相结合的观点及设计和分析能力的训练；强调理论联系实际，提高解决问题的能力。,着重基本概论的理解，为分离过程的选择、特性分析和计算奠,15,教学要求,-Requirements,掌握各种常用分离过程的基本原理，操作特点，简捷和严格计算方法，强化改进分离过程操作的途径，并了解一些新型分离技术。,教学要求-Requirements掌握各种常用分离过程的,16,讲授内容,第,1,章 绪论,第,2,章 传质分离过程的热力学基础,两组分平衡计算，已知一相中的浓度，求另一相的浓度。,泡点温度、露点温度、闪蒸计算。,第,3,章 气液传质分离过程,过程分析：,e.g.,精馏中温度分布、组成分布、流量分布。,简捷计算（,short-cut,）：确定关键组分、最少理论板、最小回流比、实际板数、实际回流比。,萃取精馏和共沸精馏,特殊精馏。,气体吸收：过程分析；吸收的简捷计算。,讲授内容第1章 绪论,17,讲授内容,第,5,章 传质分离过程的严格模拟计算,建立通用模型，求解三对角矩阵（泡点法，流率加合法）。,第,7,章 分离过程的节能优化与集成,分离过程最小功和热力学效率，精馏的节能技术，分离流程优化和集成,讲授内容第5章 传质分离过程的严格模拟计算,18,第一章 绪 论,第一章 绪 论,19,第一章 绪 论,Chapter 1,Introduction,1.1 传质分离过程的分类,Classes of Separation Operation,1.2 分离过程的研究和技术开发,Study on Separation Process and Development,第一章 绪 论Chapter 1 Introductio,20,主要内容及要求：,了解分离操作在化工生产中的重要性，分离过程的分类。,了解化工分离过程的研发现状和发展趋势。,传质分离过程-ppt课件,21,What is Separation?,What is Separation?,22,Basic Description of Operations,Operations,are classified as key operations and auxiliary operations,Key Operation,: involves reaction or separations,Examples:,distillation, leaching, reactor,Auxiliary Operation,: involves no change in chemical composition,Examples:,pumps, heaters, compressors,Basic Description of Operation,23,What is Separation?,纯组分变成混合物，是熵增自发过程，反之，混合物变成纯净物则需作功。,Mixing is inherent in nature: The increase in entropy associated with the randomness of a mixture lowers the Gibbs free energy.,To “unmix” a solution we must overcome the entropic driving force to mix.,What is Separation?纯组分变成混合物，是熵,24,What is Separation?,借助一定的分离剂，实现混合物中的组分分级（,Fractionalization,）、浓缩（,Concentration,）、富集（,Enrichment,）、纯化（,Purification,）、精制（,Refining,）与隔离（,Isolation,）等的过程称为分离过程。,What is Separation?借助一定的分离剂，实现,25,Why Separate？,Why Separate？,26,In Human Body,In Human Body,27,Separation processes: Our life depends on these,Kidney: the perfect ultrafilter,静脉,动脉,肾小球,输尿管,Separation processes: Our lif,28,Critical separations in human body,Separation of oxygen from air and of CO,2,from blood in the,lungs,Selective removal of water and waste products of metabolism from blood in the,kidneys,Selective absorption of nutrients in the,intestines,.,Critical separations in human,29,In Industry,In Industry,30,Why Separate？,工程应用需要纯物质（如半导体材料）；,Need for pure material in engineering application (semiconductors),原料提纯；,Preparation of raw materials into their components,材料加工需要纯物质；,Need for pure material for materials processing ,有毒有害物质或非活性物质的去除（如药物）；,Need to remove toxins or inactive components from solution (drugs),测试或检测用超纯标准品；,Need for ultrapure samples for testing,混合物组成检测（如,DNA,检测）；,Need for analysis of the components of the mixture (DNA testing), ,Why Separate？,31,Separation Process,The separation process may be defined as those operations which transform a mixture of substances into two or more products which differ from one another in composition.,Separation ProcessThe separati,32,Analytical Separations, small scale quantitative analysis,Preparative Separations, small scale materials for R&D,Industrial Separations, large scale economical,Example:,Chromatography,Example:,Centrifugation,Example:,Distillation,Analytical SeparationsPreparat,33,传质分离过程-ppt课件,34,Distillation Column,Distillation Column,35,Example: Refinery of crude oil,Refinery for converting crude oil into a variety of marketable products.,Example: Refinery of crude o,36,Example: Production of p-xylene,Distillation,Crystallization,Example: Production of p-xyl,37,Example: Production of p-xylene,There are four different classes of separation process involved in the production,1. Vapor-Liquid Separation (Hydrogen recovery); 2. Distillation (Debutanizer,Regenerator,Splitter, Recover; 3. Extraction; 4. Crystallization,Example: Production of p-xyl,38,先修课程,物理化学、化工热力学、,化工原理、传递过程,化工原理（,unit operations,），涉及热力学（物理化学）、三传,两组分精馏,多组分非理想物系如何分离？,先修课程物理化学、化工热力学、,39,单元操作与分离过程,Unit Operation vs. Separation Process,单元操作与分离过程Unit Operation vs.,40,单元操作,尽管人们在,1893,年对单元操作就有所认识，但真正的提出是在,1915,年。,Arthur D Little,（,1863-1935,）在给,MIT,校长的信中写到：,任何化学过程，不管规模大小，都可以认为是由一系列可以被称为“单元操作”的过程组成的。,单元操作,41,Arthur D Little coined the term “,unit operations,” in 1915,to distinguish chemical engineering from all other professions and also to give chemical engineering programs a common focus,and headed up AIChEs Committee on Chem. Eng. Education which emphasized the unit operation concept along with accreditation to standardize courses in chemical engineering programs.,Arthur D Little coined the,42,分离过程,“,分离过程”形成一个独立领域的两个重大事件是：,1984,年,Norman Lee,组织召开的分离技术工程基础会议和,1987,年美国国家研究院的研究报告提出：“分离和纯化：迫切需要和现实机会”，对分离过程的定义、分类、研究目标和任务等进行了更为明确的描述。,分离过程“分离过程”形成一个独立领域的两个重大事件是：198,43,1991,年，美国化学工程师协会（,AIChE,）把国家项目委员会（,National Program Committee,）中的第二组由“单元操作组”更名为“分离组”，标志着单元操作向分离过程的过渡。,1991年，美国化学工程师协会（AIChE）把国家项目委员会,44,对于大学教育来说，分离过程是为数不多的带有纯粹工程特点的课程。同反应器和过程设计一样，分离过程是一门帮助化学工程与工艺专业的学生建立起工程概念的很好的课程。,对于大学教育来说，分离过程是为数不多的带有纯粹工程特点的,45,Separation processes The legacy,Separation processes The lega,46,Examples for early separation techniques,Salt by evaporating sea water,晒盐,Metals,extracted from ores,冶金,Perfumes,extracted,from plants,香料提取,Various drinks, medicines,extracted,from plants,天然饮料和药物生产,Liquors distilled from plants,果酒生产,Examples for early separation,47,Separations in Modern Chemical Industry,Crucial in Chemical Engineering,Most equipments - purifying products,Chemical Plants,50 - 90 % capital investment,化工厂中分离设备投资约占总投资的,50,90, ！,Separations in Modern Chemical,48,Basis of Separation,Size,尺寸,Shape,形状,Charge,荷电性,Polarity,极性,Solubility,溶解性,Volatility,挥发性,Mobility,运动性,Basis of SeparationSize 尺寸,49,Distillation,Separation depends on distribution of components between gas and liquid phase,All components distribute at equilibrium,Gas phase - application of heat,Liquid phase - removal of heat,DistillationSeparation depends,50,Absorption/Stripping,Gas mixture contacted with liquid,Absorption - dissolving components of gas into liquid,Stripping - mass transfer goes from liquid to gas,Absorption/StrippingGas mixtur,51,Adsoprtion,A surface phenomenon,Depends on selective binding of a solute to a surface,Used for:,Gas separation,Fractionation of industrial chemical,Waste treatment,De-hydration or de-humidification of gases,Water purification,Fractionation and recovery of biopolymers,AdsoprtionA surface phenomenon,52,Chromatography,Utilizes differential migration velocities of components within a separation device,A novel separation process,Used for:,Pharmaceutical and fine chemical fractionations,Bioseparation,Environmental separations,Analysis of chemicals,Diagnostics,Sample analysis for process control,ChromatographyUtilizes differe,53,Liquid Extraction,Liquid solution contacted with another insoluble liquid.,Constituents distribute differently between the two liquid phases,Liquid ExtractionLiquid soluti,54,Supercritical fluid extraction,A novel separation process,Used for:,Separation and purification of oils, flavours and medicinal components,Removal of greasy material,Conversion of azeotropic water-ethanol mixture to an anhydrous ethanol,Fractionation and purification of polymers,Supercritical fluid extraction,55,Membrane separation processes,Novel separation processes,Utilizes selective barrier,Used for:,Bioseparation,Medical separations,Clarification,Recovery of cells from bioreactors,Waste treatment,Gas separation,Membrane separation processesN,56,Separation processes,Liquid-liquid extraction,液液萃取,Adsorption,吸附,Filtration,过滤,Solid-liquid extraction (leaching),固液萃取,Elution chromatography,洗脱色谱,Membrane separation processes,膜分离,Distillation,精馏,Affinity separation processes,亲和分离,Drying and evaporation,干燥和蒸发,Freeze-drying,冷冻干燥,Precipitation,沉淀,Crystallization,结晶,Electrophoresis,电泳,Centrifugation,离心分离,Mechanical sieving,机械筛分,Separation processesLiquid-liq,57,Technological and use maturities of separation processes,Technological and use maturiti,58,分离过程的分类,级数,：,相态,：,单级、多级,固,固、固,液、固,气、气,液、液,液、气,气,操作方式,：,连续、间歇、半连续,规模,：,分析型分离、制备型分离、工业分离,分离过程的分类级数：相态：单级、多级固固、固液、固气、,59,分离方法按机理的分类,phase creation,Mechanism of Separation,phase addition,barrier,solid agent,force field,Most common,Gaining popularity,Often in labs,分离方法按机理的分类phase creationMechan,60,Phase Creation,Phase Addition,Phase,Creation,Phase 1,Phase 2,Feed,Separation by phase creation or addition,通过相的创造和加入来进行分离,Phase CreationPhase AdditionPh,61,Separation by barrier,通过障碍物分离,Separation by barrier,62,分离过程的分类,有无传质发生：,机械分离、传质分离,处理两相以上的混合物,如过滤、沉降、离心分离等。,处理均相混合物,分离过程的分类有无传质发生：机械分离、传质分离处理两相以上的,63,Classificatin of Separation Operation,Mechanical Separation processes,(feed consisting of more than one phase of matter and simply serves to separation the phases from one another),Heterogeneous Mixture,Mass transfer Separation processes,(There is only one phase in feed),Homogeneous Mixture,Settling,Filtration,CentrifugationVortrap,S,E,P,A,R,A,T,I,O,N,P,R,O,C,E,S,S,E,S,Classificatin of Separation Op,64,Mechanism of Separations,UNMIXING is not a,spontaneous,process in nature,A process requiring no external driving force,Reduces,randomness,and thus the,entropy,of the system,Separations involve,nonspontaneous,processes,Usually the mixture to separate is a homogeneous, single phase,:,If not, then often one will,phase separate,first, gravity, centrifugation, filtration.,Mechanism of Separations UNMI,65,1.1 Classifications of Mass Transfer Separation Processes,1.1 Classifications of Mass Tr,66,按物理化学原理的不同，传质分离可分为：,传质分离过程的分类,平衡分离过程：,速率分离过程,：,借助分离剂使均相混合物系统变成两相系统，再利用混合物中各组分在处于相平衡的两相中的不等同分配而实现分离。,在某种推动力（浓度差、压力差、温度差、电位差等）的作用下，利用各组分扩散速率的差异实现分离。,如精馏、吸收、萃取、结晶、吸附等。,如微滤、超滤、反渗透、电渗析等。,按物理化学原理的不同，传质分离可分为：传质分离过程的分类平衡,67,Mass transfer Separation processes, Equilibration Separation Processes,If the mixture to be separated is a homogeneous single-phase solution, a second phase must generally be developed before separation, and the subsequent separation of chemical species can be achieved by,employing difference in partition for different species between two phases,.,This second phase can be created by an,energy separation agent (ESA),or by a,mass separation agent (MSA).,平衡分离过程,Mass transfer Separation proce,68,混合物,（气、液、固）,分 离 过 程,产品,1,产品,2,产品,n,能量分离剂,ESA,质量分离剂,MSA,极限程度,-,热力学,分离速率,-,动力学,Limits:Extent = Thermodyanmics,Rate = Transport,混合物（气、液、固）产品1能量分离剂 ESA极限程度-,69,Background Material for Separations,The,fundamentals,that we will apply to study separations in this course involve:,Materials and energy balances,: conservation of energy and matter,Thermodynamics,: phase equilibrium and solution thermodynamics ,Transport phenomena,Chemical reaction kinetics:,rate of conversion of one species to another,For the most part our analysis of various separations processes will focus on using,phase equilibrium,and,materials and energy balances,.,Background Material for Separa,70,An,MSA,may be partially immiscible with one or more of the species in the mixture. In this case, the MSA is frequently the constituent of highest concentration in the second phase.,Application of an,ESA,involves heat transfer and/or work transfer to or from the mixture to be separated. Alternatively, a second phase may be created by reducing the pressure.,ESA & MSA,An MSA may be partially immisc,71,闪蒸 （,Flash,）,部分冷凝 （,Partial Condensation,）,精馏 （,Distillation,）,特殊精馏 （,Enhanced Distillation,）,萃取精馏 （,Extractive Distillation,）,共沸精馏 （,Azeotropic Distillation,）,萃取 （,Extraction,）、超临界流体萃取 （,SCFE,）,吸收 （,Absorption,）、解吸 （,Desorption,）,结晶 （,Crystallization,）,吸附 （,Adsorption,）、离子交换 （,Ion Exchange,）,膜蒸馏、膜萃取、双水相萃取、反胶团萃取 、变压吸附,Examples of,Equilibration,Separation Processes,闪蒸 （Flash）Examples of Equilibr,72,The rate-governed separation processes is usually,diffusion,under the influence of a concentration field, temperature difference, electrical field, etc. A separation of species can be achieved based on,difference in transport rates,.,Separation processes produce product streams which are the same phase of feed streams and which are miscible with one another., Rate-governed Separation Processes,速率分离过程,在某种推动力（浓度差、压力差、温度差、电位差等）的作用下，或在选择性透过膜的配合下，利用各组分扩散速率的差异实现分离。,The rate-governed sepa,73,膜分离过程示意,膜分离过程示意,74,Membrane Separation Processes,The use of,microporous and nonporous,membranes as,semipermeable barriers,for application to difficult and highly selective separation is rapidly gaining adherents in industrial separation processes.,Membrane Separation Processes,75,For the,microporous,membranes, separation is effected by differing rates of diffusion through the pores; while for,nonporous,membranes, separation occur because of difference in both solubility in the membrane and the rate of diffusion through the membrane.,Membrane Separation Mechnisms,For the microporous membra,76,Solution-diffusion,Restricted diffusion,Diffusion through pores,Bulk flow through pores,Solution-diffusionRestricted d,77,Diffusion through a membrane,membrane,feed,permeate,Diffusion through a membraneme,78,Diffusion through a membrane,membrane,feed,permeate,diffusion,Diffusion through a membraneme,79,Diffusion through a membrane,membrane,feed,permeate,Diffusion through a membraneme,80,Microporous Membrane Separation,Microporous Membrane Separatio,81,膜分离过程的主要特点,（,1,）多数膜分离过程无相变，一般能耗较低；,（,2,）一般无需另加物质，可节约资源，保护环境；,（,3,）分离与浓缩、分离与反应可同时进行，提高过程效率；,（,4,）通常在温和条件下进行，特别适用于热敏性物质分离；,（,5,）适用于特殊溶液体系分离，如共沸物或近沸物；,（,6,）膜性能可灵活调节；,（,7,）膜组件简单，可连续操作，易与其它过程耦合，易于自控和维修，易于放大。,膜分离过程的主要特点（1）多数膜分离过程无相变，一般能耗较低,82,主要的膜,分离过程,微滤（Microfiltration）,超滤（Ultrafiltration）,纳滤（Nanofiltration）,反渗透,（Reverse Osmosis）,气体膜分离（Gas separation）,渗透蒸发（Pervaporation）,电渗析（Electrodialysis）,液膜分离（Liquid Membrane）,主要的膜分离过程微滤（Microfiltration）,83,传质分离过程-ppt课件,84,Membrane Materials,Membranes are usually fabricated from natural fibers, synthetic polymers, ceramics , or metals, but they may also consist of liquid films.,Membrane Materials Membran,85,Membrane Modules,Solid membranes are fabricated into,flat sheets, tubes, hollow fibers, or spiral-wound sheets.,Membrane ModulesSolid membran,86,板框式,板框式,87,管式,管式,88,螺旋卷式,螺旋卷式,89,中空纤维式,中空纤维式,90,Summary,More than 25 different separation operations are commercially important.,近,30,种分离操作在工业上具有重要地位。,2. The extent of separation achievable by a particular separation operation depends on exploitation of the differences in certain properties of the species.,分离效率取决于组分在性质上的差异。,3. The more widely used separation involve the transfer of species between two phases, one of which is created by energy transfer or the reduction pressure, or by introduction as a MSA.,依靠,ESA,或,MSA,的传质分离过程应用最为广泛。,SummaryMore than 25 different,91,1.2 Research and Developmentin Separation Technology,1.2 Research and Developmenti,92,化工分离过程的特点,(1),化工分离技术的多样性,由于化工分离技术的应用领域十分广泛，决定了分离技术的多样性。,Keller,于,1987,年总结了一些常用分离技术和应用成熟度关系图。,精馏、萃取、吸收、结晶,等仍是当前应用最多的分离技术。液膜分离虽然构思巧妙，但技术上仍有局限性，仅在药物缓释等方面得到了应用。,化工分离过程的特点(1)化工分离技术的多样性,93,按放大容易程度,的递减顺序,多级布置的容易程度,平行单元的需要,精馏,容易,不需要,吸收,容易,不需要,萃取和共沸精馏,容易,不需要,液液萃取,容易,有时需要,膜分离,级间需要加压,需要,吸附,容易,需要再生循环,结晶,不容易,有时需要,干燥,不方便,有时需要,按放大容易程度精馏,94,(2),化工分离技术的复杂性,化工分离技术的多样性决定了它的复杂性。即使对于精馏、萃取这些较为成熟的技术，多组分体系大型设备的设计仍是一项困难的工作，问题是缺乏基础特性数据和大型塔器的可靠设计方法。,化工分离过程的特点,(2)化工分离技术的复杂性 化工分离过程的特点,95,对于高温、高压、多组分和强非理想体系，不仅平衡数据和分子扩散系数难以准确计算，就连界面张力粘度等物性数据也难以求得。,对于高温、高压、多组分和强非理想体系，不仅平衡数据和分子,96,催化剂和反应萃取之类的耦合分离技术的基础特性数据更为缺乏。大型塔器设计的放大的主要难度在于塔内两相流和传质特性十分复杂，数字模型尚不完善。沿用了百余年的平衡级模型虽然简单直观，但用于多组分分离过程的缺点已显而易见。,催化剂和反应萃取之类的耦合分离技术的基础特性数据更为,97,非平衡模型被称为,可能开创板式分离设备设计和模拟新纪元,优点显著，但缺乏传质系数实验数据和模型参数过多，使其工程应用存在困难。已开发出的软件功能强大，已在工程设计中得到应用，但工程经验和中试实验仍是不可缺少的。,非平衡模型被称为可能开创板式分离设备设计和模拟新纪,98,(3),分离技术的广适性,随着能源、资源、环境、新材料等基础工业和高新技术的发展，分类技术面临着新的机遇和挑战。石化领域的分离过程必需进一步节能和降耗，充分利用能源和资源。生产装置大型化步伐正在加快，能耗和成本不断降低。,化工分离过程的特点,(3)分离技术的广适性 化工分离过程的特点,99,在生物制药工程方面，随着基因工程和细胞工程的发展，生物药品得到迅速发展。利用,CO,2,作为溶剂的超临萃取具有不污染产品和选择性高等优点。色谱分离、电泳分离等方法由于其高效、常温常压特点而成功地应用于实验室研究和生产。,在生物制药工程方面，随着基因工程和细胞工程的发展，生,100,随着环境意识的加强，,三废,处理引起了重视。从工业生态学的角度分析，许多工艺过程排出的,废物,，不再是,无用,的，而是没有完全利用的物质，,三废处理,对分离技术是一种新的挑战。,随着环境意识的加强，三废处理引起了重视。从工业生,101,专用化学品和新材料等方面,无论是高附加值的专用化学品还是纳米材料、,C,60,等新材料的发展，都需要有相匹配的分离技术，也是产品成功的主要关键之一。其中有的分离过程需要数百、上千个理论级，有的分离过程需要在超洁净条件下进行，对分离技术有更严格的要求，同时也为分离技术提供了广阔的发展空间。,专用化学品和新材料等方面,102,(4),分离技术的特殊性,竞争促进了分离过程的强化，分离过程的强化包括新装置新工艺方法两个方面。任何能使设备小型化、能量高效化和有利于可持续性发展的化工分离新技术均属于分离过程的强化之列。这是化工分离技术发展的重要趋势之一。,化工分离过程的特点,(4)分离技术的特殊性 化工分离过程的特点,103,耦合分离技术受到关注。催化剂精馏、膜精馏、吸附精馏、反应萃取、络合吸附、反胶团、膜萃取、发酵萃取、化学吸附和电泳萃取等新型耦合分离技术得到了长足的发展，并实现了工业化。耦合分离技术可能解决许多传统分离难以完成的任务。电动耦合色谱可以高效地分离维生素。,耦合分离技术受到关注。催化剂精馏、膜精馏、吸附精馏、,104,信息技术推动了分离技术