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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,FOR,TEM 4,FOR TEM 4,1,重点语法复习,Grammar,重点语法复习 Grammar,2,说明,以下总结的专四常考点，我们不着重与详尽的语法介绍，只是对历年专四常考的语法进行总结。我们的目标是对于必考语法点完全拿下。,说明 以下总结的专四常考点，我们不着重与详尽的语法介绍，,3,一 比较结构(,comparative Construction),英语中比较结构最主要有三种：,asas 结构,morethan 结构,the most结构,一 比较结构(comparative Constructi,4,1.asas,结构,基本模式：as+adj/adv (原级）+as,否定形式：1) not as/so+adj/adv (原级）+as,2)也可用 lessthan,e.g John is,as,bright,as,Bob.,(否定）John is,not as,bright,as,Bob.,John is,less,bright,than,Bob.,1.asas结构基本模式：as+adj/adv (原级）,5,用法：,主语不同，比较项目相同。,This parcel is as heavy as that one.,2. 主语相同，比较项目不同。,The girl was as brilliant as she was beautiful.,这姑娘既漂亮又聪明,。,3.主语和比较项目都不同。,The swimming pool isnt,twice as wide as that one is long,.（倍数+as+adj/adv+as.),用法：,6,另一种模式：as much/many + n +as,否定形式：not as/so much/many + n +as,1) He took as much butter as he need.,He didnt take as/so much butter as he needed.,2) She has written as many essays as her brother (does).,She hasnt written as many essays as her brother (does).,另一种模式：as much/many + n +as,7,变体形式：as + adj(原级）+名词词组 + as,(注意下列句子的语序）,1.George is,as efficient a,worker,as,Jack.,(名词的意义受到强调）,or George is a worker (who is),as,efficient,as Jack,. (形容词的意义受到强调）,2. I dont want,as expensive a car as,this.,变体形式：as + adj(原级）+名词词组 + as,8,2. more than,结构,1),用于在两个人或物之间作同一方面的比较。,The concert was,more,enjoyable,than,lecture.,2)用于同一个人或物的本身作不同方面的比较。,The present crisis is much,more,a political,than,an economic crisis.,当前的危机与其说是,经济,危机，不如说是,政治,危机。,此用法也可用于lessthan结构，但得出,相反,的含义。,The present crisis is much,less,a political,than,an economic crisis.,当前的危机与其说是,政治,危机，不如说是,经济,危机。,2. more than结构1) 用于在两个人或物之间作,9,3.（the）+adj/adv,最高级+比较范围,比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用：,any other +单数名词,the other +复数名词,the others,anyone/anything else,上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的关键词语，切不可遗漏，否则会造成逻辑混乱的错误 。,3.（the）+adj/adv最高级+比较范围比较级形式表,10,补充说明,1 not soas & not so much as,London isnt so big as Tokyo.,伦敦没有东京大。,It wasnt so much his appearance I liked as his personality,.(,与其说,我喜欢他的外表，,不如说,我喜欢他的为人。）,前一例相当于一般的比较结构，后一例相当于lessthan 的含义。,not so much as是一个专四常考结构。,补充说明1 not soas & not so much,11,真题举例：,It is,not,so,much,the language,as,the background that makes the book difficult to understand.(99,45)(07.57) 【注：同一个句子专四考了两次，这说明了反复看往年题的重要性】,That trumpet player was certainly loud. But I wasnt bothered by his loudness so much as by his lack of talent.(04,41),真题举例：,12,2.not more/-er than 与 no more/-er than,John is not better than Tom. (否定前者，肯定后者),John is,no,better than Tom.(对前后者都否定）,真题举例：,Over population pose a terrible threat to human race. Yet it is probably not more a threat than environmental destruction.(07.62),2.not more/-er than 与 no more,13,3.no more than (=notany more than)两者一样都不,A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.,鲸不是鱼，如同马不是鱼一样。,Fat cannot change into muscle any more than muscle changes into fat.(99.44),脂肪不能变成肌肉，就如同肌肉不能变成脂肪一样。,3.no more than (=notany more,14,4. the morethe more与 more and more,the more.the more表示两个过程中同时递增，是主从结构。more and more 只表示一个过程的不断增长。如,the wilder the range of our life and the more various the contacts we have, the wilder and suppler must be our command over a rang of,English styles.,4. the morethe more与 more an,15,5. “of a +n” 的比较级,“of a +n”相当于一个形容词，表示具有后面那个名词的性质；若该名词为可数名词，名词之前要加不定冠词。它的比较级也要用more来修饰。如,He is more of a doctor. 他更像个医生。,该结构也可以用于同级比较结构中。如,He is as of an athlete as she. 他和她一样具备运动员的素质。,5. “of a +n” 的比较级,16,二 虚拟语气,1.主从句谓语动词的时态,(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:,主 句,从 句,与现在事实相反,would/情态动词过去式+do,were (不分人称)/did,与过去事实相反,would/情态动词过去式+have done,had done,与将来事实相反,would/情态动词过去式+do,should do / were to do,二 虚拟语气1.主从句谓语动词的时态 主 句,17,Would you have been surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know before hand ? (04,年,) ,与过去事实相反,All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there hadnt been quite such a crowd people there.（00年）,与过去事实相反,If your car should need any attention during the first 12 months,take it to an authorized dealer.,（,98,年）,Would you have been surprised,18,(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：,主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：,Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.,(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反),Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.,(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反),(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：,19,(3)识别事实和假设混合句：,Your maths instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time. (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实),I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实),(3)识别事实和假设混合句：,20,2.名词性从句的虚拟形式,名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：,(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：,desire,advise, recommend, command, direct,order,ask, demand, request, require,insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。,如：,In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.,I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.,2.名词性从句的虚拟形式,21,(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：,advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial,essential,imperative, important,necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital, advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如,：,The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.,It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.,(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词,22,真题举例：,It is absolutely,essential,that William,continu,e,his study in spite of some learning difficulties.(07,65),It is,imperative,that the government,attract,more investment into the shipbuilding industry.(06.59),The opening ceremony is great occasion. It is essential,for us to be prepared,for that.,真题举例：,23,(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：,insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。,如：,John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that,it be,analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.,(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式,24,3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式,含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：,(1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：,A safety analysis,would have identified,the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.,Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened; otherwise,he wouldnt have,made such a stupid remark.,3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式,25,(,2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：,But for,your timely advice, I,would never have known,how to go about the work.（94年）,(3),intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann,或was/were +不定式完成式或had,intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished,+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：,I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.,(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：,I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.,(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, bu,26,4.常用虚拟形式的句型,(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：,would rather would as soon,as though suppose,had rather would sooner,as if supposing,If only,It is (high) time that,(从句中动词只用过去式),Its high time we,stopped,cutting down the rainforests.(06,54),4.常用虚拟形式的句型,27,(2)If it were not for (与现在事实相反),If it had not been for (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：,If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.,(3)If only谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：,If only the committee,would approve,the regulations and,put,them into effect as soon as possible.,If only the patient,had received,a different treatment instead of using antibiotics, he might still be alive now. (07,54),If only I,could play,the guitar as well as you!(06年),(2)If it were not for (与现在事实相,28,(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：,The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.,(5)whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：,Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.,The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.,(4)lest/for fear that/in case,29,三 时态 语态,需要掌握的要点：,1.表达将来时的形式：,(1),在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：,Ill tell him when you will ring again.,我告诉,他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句),比较,：Ill tell him when you ring again.,你再,打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句),三 时态 语态需要掌握的要点：,30,(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，如：,See to,it that you,include,in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time.,(include 不能用will include或其他形式 ）,(2)在make sure, make certain, s,31,2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：,(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：,We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.,Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.,(表示1919年时已发生的情况),2.完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语,32,(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。如：,By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.,I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.,(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when,33,(3)by now、since +过去时间,、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：,The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.,It is four years since John left school.,(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/durin,34,(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：,It isnt the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.,(5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen句型中，主句常用过去完成时。,(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that,35,3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：,The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.,真题举例：,Jack,has been missing,from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety.(03,42),For some time now, world leader,have been pointing,out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.(02,43),3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：,36,时态 语态答题思路,(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；,(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。,时态 语态答题思路(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,37,有关于时态的历年真题：,Linda was to have started the experiment a month ago, but she changed her mind at the last minute.(07,55)【将来完成时】,James has just arrived, but I didnt know he was coming until yesterday.(05年）【过去进行时】,I have been and always will be conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.(05年）,有关于时态的历年真题：,38,四 平行结构,1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否相同。如：,It is better to die on ones feet than to live on ones knees.,Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.,四 平行结构1.注意比较结构中相比较的内容在语法形式上是否,39,2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。,(1)rather than, let alone 虽不是并列连词，但在结构上连接两个语法形式相同的成分。如：,We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style.,For the new country to survive, let alone for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.,2.其他具有并列或比较意义的短语。,40,(2),如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一般说来第二个介词不要省略。如：,At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.,(2)如果平行的两个成分在形式上是介词短语，而且介词相同，一,41,五 非谓语动词,（一）不定式,1.不定式做主语,(1)引导逻辑主语的介词：不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of引导：,absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。,如：,Experts say walking is one of the best ways,for a person,to stay healthy.,Its clever,of you,to have invented such a device.,五 非谓语动词（一）不定式,42,(2)不定式做主语补足语：,掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间，并采用相应形式。如：,be,said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.,The Minister of France,is believed to be,thinking of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.(04年）,Professor Johnson is said to have made some significant advance in his research in the past year.(99年),(2)不定式做主语补足语：,43,2.不定式做宾语,掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：,afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture。,如：,Even though the children,pretended to be,asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.,2.不定式做宾语,44,3.不定式做定语,(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：,In 1938 Pear S. Buck became the,first American woman to receive,the Nobel Prize for Literature.,(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：,tendency to dotend to do,decision to dodecide to do,This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.,3.不定式做定语,45,(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：,ambition to do “干的雄心”,be ambitious to do“有雄心干”,curiosity to do “对的好奇心”,be curious to do“对好奇”,ability to do“做的能力”,able to do“有能力做”,According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species,ability to survive,are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.,(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用,46,(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：,way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive,(运动)，,effort,等。如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.,We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.,(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,47,(5),不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如,：,Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.,4.不定式做状语,不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。,(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。,(5)不定代词something, nothing, lit,48,(2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto结构做程度状语。如：,The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.,The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.,(2)soas to, suchas to, enoug,49,(,3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。,常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：,Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,only to find,it locked.,The three men tried many times to sneak across the border into the neighbouring country,only to be,captured by the police each time.(99年),(4),not/never too to, too not to, but/only tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to,表示肯定意义。如：,I am,only too pleased to hear,from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。,(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果,50,（二）动名词,1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词,牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词：,acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。,如：,I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.,（二）动名词,51,2.动名词做介词短语,尤其要识别下列短语中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：,object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。,2.动名词做介词短语,52,真题举例：,1.The meeting was put off because we,objected to having,a meeting without John.(05,62),2. In international matches, prestige is so important that the only thing that matters is to,avoid being beaten,.(96年）,真题举例：,53,（三）分词,分词起形容词和副词的作用，在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚：, 现在分词表示主动，表示动作在进行。, 过去分词表示被动，表示动作结束了的状态或结果。,（三）分词,54,1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别,分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句，考生应掌握：,(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如：,Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place.),1.分词做定语，弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别,55,There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave.),How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?,(相当于How many of us who will attend.),There was a very interestin,56,(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：,Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相当于recapture of the port which had been announced),(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如：,57,Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相当于each new phone which is added to),The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.,(相当于description which was based on),Just as the value of a te,58,(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义：,deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。,如：,an escaped prisoner一个逃犯,a retired worker一位退休工人,a faded curtain一个褪了色的窗帘,a newly arrived student一个新来的学生,(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被,59,2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式,(1)表示时间，多置于句首，注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词，要用完成式。如：,Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前发生),(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根据情况有时要用完成式，有时用一般式。如：,He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.,There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.,2.分词做状语，注意区分分词的一般式与完成式,60,(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：,Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.,Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lostto the outside world.,(4)表示结果，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.,(3)表示伴随、方式，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。如：,61,(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。,如：,The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.,Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.,(5)表示补充说明(同位)，置于句尾，用分词的一般式。,62,3.分词的独立主格结构,分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语，称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如：,All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.,Darkness,setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.,3.分词的独立主格结构,63,真题举例：,1.Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat,being,by far the biggest cereal crop.(03),2. Time,permitting, the celebration will be held as scheduled.（03）,3.There,being,nothing for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier.(00),真题举例：,64,非谓语动词的其他考点：,1.不定式的习惯用法,句型：,cannot help but do,cannot but do,cannot choose but do,can do nothing but do,have no choice/alternative but to do,上述句型的意思接近，即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、“不能不做”、“只能做”。如：,非谓语动词的其他考点：,65,Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.,When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.,Nobody can help but be fasc,66,2. 当动词的-ing形式，-ed形式或者不定式做主语时，若需要否定时not放在动词的-ing形式，-ed形式或者不定式符号to 前面。,Not obtained,a ticket for match, he can now only watch it on TV
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