法律英语第九课-Contract-Law课件

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,法律英语,*,法律英语第九课 Contract Law,法律英语第九课 Contract Law,Contract Definition,A contract is basically an,agreement,between two or more people which,creates an obligation,to do, or not do, something.,The agreement creates a,legal relationship,of rights and duties.,If the agreement is broken, then the law provides certain,remedies.,8/28/2024,2,法律英语,Contract Definition A contract,Three Factors,There are,three factors,necessary to create a contract:,1) an offer,2) acceptance, and,3) consideration,.,One party makes,an offer, the second party must,accept,the offer and there must be,consideration,exchanged. Consideration has to be something of,value.,8/28/2024,3,法律英语,Three FactorsThere are three f,Example of Contracts,Employment contracts,Service Contracts,Building Construction,Insurance Contracts,Contract involving real property,Sale of Intangibles(stocks, bonds, patents, copyrights,etc),8/28/2024,4,法律英语,Example of ContractsEmployment,Contract law,Contract law covers the legal implications of a contract. For instance, contract law determines what is and is not,consideration, whether a contract was,actually intended, if the parties making the contract were,legally competent, whether there was,fraud,or,duress,involved, or how a contract is,terminated.,8/28/2024,5,法律英语,Contract lawContract law cover,Background,Uniform Commercial Code,Consumer Protection Statutes,Labor Law,Insurance Law,涉及合同问题,8/28/2024,6,法律英语,BackgroundUniform Commercial C,美国合同法,由法律保证执行,强制执行的限度,法律补救方法,Expectation damages预期赔偿金,Agreed upon remedies补救协议,Equitable relief衡平救济,8/28/2024,7,法律英语,美国合同法由法律保证执行强制执行的限度法律补救方法Expec,TEXT,Contract an,agreement,between two or more persons.,Not merely a shared belief,不仅仅是共有的想法,A common understanding,as to something,而且是对某些未来将要进行的事项有,共同的理解,8/28/2024,8,法律英语,TEXTContract an ag,Contract,Document,The set of papers in which such agreement is set forth.,文件,陈述契约的一系列文件。,8/28/2024,9,法律英语,Contract Document 9/3/20239法律英,For lawyers,Contract - an agreement that has,legal effect,.,合同是具有,法律效力,的契约。,It creates,obligations,for which some sort of,legal enforcement,will be available if,performance is not forthcoming as promised,.,它设立了,当不按约履行,时，便可由某种,法律强制手段,保证实施的,义务,。,8/28/2024,10,法律英语,For lawyers Contract - an a,Three elements in a transactioncontract,1. The agreement-in-fact,事实协议,2. The agreement-in-written,书面协议,3. The set of rights and duties ,一系列权利与义务,8/28/2024,11,法律英语,Three elements in a transactio,THE WAYS订立协议和执行协议的方法,The role of lawyers and judges,1. In,creating,contracts,在,制定,合同中的作用；,2.in,deciding disputes,that may arise with respect to their performance,在,裁决,履行合同时可能出现,争议,时的作用；,3.in,fashioning,appropriate,remedies,for their breach,在,形成,对其违约的适当,补救,时的作用,8/28/2024,12,法律英语,THE WAYS订立协议和执行协议的方法 Th,Property,A great of thing are susceptible,“ownership”,Tangible 有形的,Intangible 无形的,8/28/2024,13,法律英语,Property A great of thing are,Ring,bulldozer,Gone with the wind,The Empire State Building,8/28/2024,14,法律英语,Ring bulldozerGone with the wi,Rights,国家保护该“所有人”,使用,、,享受,乃至,耗费,该物的权利，将所有其他人,排除,在这种权利之外。,Use,Enjoy,Consume,Exclusion,8/28/2024,15,法律英语,Rights 国家保护该“所有人”使用、享受乃至耗费该物的权,Real property,不动产,Land,buildings,动产personal property,8/28/2024,16,法律英语,Real property 不动产Land building, property:,all land, structures, firmly attached and integrated equipment, anything growing on the land, and all interests in the property.,personal property (personalty) :,movable assets (things, including animals) which are not real property, money or investments.,8/28/2024,17,法律英语, tangible property不太有形的资产,Copyrights 版权,Patents 专利权,Shares of corporate stock 公司股权,Negotiable instruments 票据权,8/28/2024,18,法律英语,Less tangible property不太有形的资产,Any social that,Recognizes property rights,Also address the question of how it should respond when someone violates those rights,8/28/2024,19,法律英语,Any social thatRecognizes pr,Even,societies,that do not permit private ownership of wealth to the degree that ours does are likely to,recognize,the personal rights of individuals,to be free from certain kinds of conduct,即使是那些对财产私有权的许可没有达到我们这种程序的,社会,，也会,承认,个人的人身权利,不受某种行为的侵犯,。,8/28/2024,20,法律英语,Even societies that do not per,certain kinds of conduct,给人造成身体伤害,其他对个人自由或尊严的侵犯,Infliction of physical injury,Other interferences with freedom or dignity,8/28/2024,21,法律英语,certain kinds of conduct给人造成身体,Criminal law,vs.,tort law,Criminal law focuses in those violations of personal and property rights that society deems,serious enough,to be deterred by the threat of,severe punishment,for their commission,Tort law,considers what,remedy,should be made to the individuals so injured,8/28/2024,22,法律英语,Criminal law vs. tort lawCrimi,Criminal law,tort law,overlap,Treason判国罪,Tax evasion偷税罪,Slander诽谤,8/28/2024,23,法律英语,Criminal lawtort lawoverlapTre,Ownership of property,Include the right to,use and consume,the thing owned,所有权包括对属于自己的物品,使用和耗费,的权利,be,more to the advantage,of the owner to,transfer,the right of the ownership to some other person,in exchange,for something else of value,有时所有者以所有权与其他人,交换,有价值的东西可能,更有利,。,8/28/2024,24,法律英语,Ownership of propertyInclude t,8/28/2024,25,法律英语,9/3/202325法律英语,Agreements for exchange are the means by which some resources are,assembled,and put to,productive use,.,交换的契约是将一些资源,组合,起来，使之得到,有效利用,的手段。,8/28/2024,26,法律英语,Agreements for exchange are th,Some agreement for exchange call for the,immediate and simultaneous exchange,of,money for goods and services,.,有效交换契约要求,现金与货物、服务,的,立即和同时交换,。,8/28/2024,27,法律英语,Some agreement for exchange ca,Exchange of significant size涉及到大额交易时,Both the,planning,and,performance,to be spread over a,considerable period of time,交易的,计划,和,履行,都要,经历相当长的时间,。,8/28/2024,28,法律英语,Exchange of significant size,The law of contracts,Legal mechanism,for protecting,the expectations,that arise from the,making of agreements,for the future exchange of various types of,performance,.,合同法是保护,预期,的,法律机制,，该,预期,产生于就未来交易各类,履行,而,制定的契约,。,转让财产,提供服务,支付货币,8/28/2024,29,法律英语,The law of contractsLegal mech,Legal problems,do not always fit neatly into,the pigeonholes,that legal theorists have created.,法律问题,不可能总是与法理学家所创立的,分类,完全相符。,Frequently they raise issues involving,more than one body of law,.,法律问题往往涉及到,不止一部法律,。,8/28/2024,30,法律英语,Legal problems do not always f,“fraud” conduct欺诈行为,Lease agreements between landlord and tenant,Property law,Contract law,A breach of contract,A tort,8/28/2024,31,法律英语,“fraud” conduct欺诈行为Lease agre,The web of the law,May,not,be quite,seamless,法律之网可能并非结实无缝,They are,not ironclad and unchanging,法律并非打不破和不可改变。,8/28/2024,32,法律英语,The web of the lawMay not be q,Source /authority法律渊源,Primary source 首要法源,Secondary source次要法源,以前的司法判决成文法法令,劝导性法源,法学家的解释,美国法学会的法律注释汇编,8/28/2024,33,法律英语,Source /authority法律渊源 Primary,首要法源,8/28/2024,34,法律英语,首要法源9/3/202334法律英语,次要法源,8/28/2024,35,法律英语,次要法源9/3/202335法律英语,What are,Restatements of the Law法律注释汇编,Restatements are,secondary sources,that seek to restate the legal rules that constitute the,common law,in a particular area. They are written by the,American Law Institute (ALI), a prestigious legal organization composed of noted professors, judges and lawyers. The ALI has completed Restatements in 15 areas of law including,Torts, Contracts, Property, Conflict of Laws, Foreign Relations Law, and Products Liability.,8/28/2024,36,法律英语,What are Restatements of the L,Contract law,Common law,Judge-made law,法官定法,Rules distilled from a composite of court decisions in prior cases.,从以前案件的各种法官判决意见中抽取出来的规则,8/28/2024,37,法律英语,Contract lawCommon law 9/3/202,Technical jargon 专业术语,Full of strange words,Familiar words with unfamiliar or specialized meaning,Assumpsit 口头约定,Quantum meruit按合理价格给付,Consideration对价,Offer要约,8/28/2024,38,法律英语,Technical jargon 专业术语Full of,Judicial system of decision-making 司法决策体制,Stare decisis,遵从前例,adherence to past decisions,(Precedents),A prior decision with,facts sufficiently similar,to the case “subjudice”, that the court feels obliged to follow it and to render a,similar decision,.,以前案例的事实与尚未判决的案件,事实非常相似,，法院认为有义务按照前例做出,类似的判决,。,8/28/2024,39,法律英语,Judicial system of decision-ma,Stare decisis,Latin for to stand by things decided. Stare decisis is essentially,the doctrine of precedent,. Courts cite to,stare decisis,when an issue has been previously brought to the court and a ruling already issued. Generally, courts will,adhere to the previous ruling, though this is not universally true.,8/28/2024,40,法律英语,Stare decisisLatin for to sta,8/28/2024,41,法律英语,9/3/202341法律英语,从两个方面证明以判例法为主要依据的法律制度的合法性,1. Offers a high degree of,predictability of decision,提高了,判决的可预见性,程度,2. Puts a rein on,the nature proclivity,of judges to decide cases on the basis of,prejudice,personal emotion, or,other improper factors,.,限制法官在案件判决时以,偏见、个人情感或其他不恰当因素,为基础的,自然癖好,。,8/28/2024,42,法律英语,从两个方面证明以判例法为主要依据的法律制度的合法性1. Of,The characteristic of a system,Which may sometimes be,a virtue, sometimes,a defect, of being,static and conservative, generally oriented toward,preservation of the status quo,.,遵从前例的制度的特征是,静止和守旧,，总体上趋向于,保持现状,，这有时是,优点,，有时是,缺点,。,8/28/2024,43,法律英语,The characteristic of a system,Blind adherence,When a common law judge concludes that,blind adherence to precedent,would produce,an unjust result,in the case presented for decision.,普通法法官,盲目坚持判例,，也会导致对当前案例判决的,不公正结果,。,8/28/2024,44,法律英语,Blind adherence When a common,避免的方法：,A precedent is considered to be,“binding”,on a court only if it was decided by that,same court,or by,an appellate court of higher rank,in the same jurisdiction.,同一个管辖区的,相同法院,或其,上级巡回法院,作出的先例判决才有,约束力,。,Other precedents are be “ persuasive”.,其他判例只具有劝导性。,8/28/2024,45,法律英语,避免的方法：A precedent is considere,A precedent,If a precedent of the latter type is in fact,unpersuasive, the judge is free to,disregard it,.,如果后一种类型的判例实际上,没有劝导性,，法官可以,忽视该判例,。,8/28/2024,46,法律英语,A precedent If a precedent of,If the precedent is,not merely persuasive, but,binding,it,cannot simply be ignored,. It may, however,be avoided,.,如果判例,不仅有劝导性,而且有,约束力,，那么该判例,不能简单地被忽视,，但却可以,被回避,。,A precedent,8/28/2024,47,法律英语,If the precedent is not merely,If the facts of the present case,do not include a fact,that appears to have been necessary (“material”) to the earlier decision, the court may,“distinguish”,the precedent,render a different decision,.,如果以前判决,不包含,对当前案例有实质必要影响的,事实,，那么法院可以,“区别”前例,，,提出不同的判决,。,A precedent,8/28/2024,48,法律英语,If the facts of the present ca,If the earlier precedent is,indeed binding, but is,difficult or impossible to distinguish, there is one other way to,avoid its effect,.,如果比较早的判例,确实有约束力,，但是,难以或无法区别,，有一个其他方法,避免其效力,。,A precedent,8/28/2024,49,法律英语,If the earlier precedent is in,If the court of decision is the one that created the precedent (or is a higher court), it can simply,“overrule”,the early decision.,如果判决的法院与作出先例的法院相同，或者比作出先例的法院等级高，它可以,“推翻”,以前的判决。,A precedent,8/28/2024,50,法律英语,If the court of decision is th,Overruling relatively drastic action,Is usually,reserved,for instances in which the court feels that the rule established by the earlier precedent,was ill conceived,at the outset or it has been,outmoded,by the later developments.,推翻前例是个,比较激烈的行为,，一般在法院觉得以前的判例一开始就,设计错误,时或者随着以后的发展该判例,不合时宜,时才采用。,8/28/2024,51,法律英语,Overruling relatively drastic,Contract law,Historically, as,common law,普通法,Rather than,statute,制定法,Exception :,“statute of frauds”,“欺诈条例”,是个例外,Requires certain contracts to be evidenced,by a signed writing,该条例要求某些合同是,书面合同,。,8/28/2024,52,法律英语,Contract lawHistorically, as c,Statute of frauds,Law in every state which requires that certain documents be,in writing, such as,real property titles,and,transfers,(,conveyances,),leases for more than a year,wills,and some types of contracts.,The original statute was enacted in England in 1677 to,prevent fraudulent title claims.,8/28/2024,53,法律英语,Statute of fraudsLaw in every,Statute of frauds,The statute of frauds has itself become,so overlaid,by,court decisions,that it has more of,quality of,common law,than of a,modern statute,.,该欺诈条例本身已,添加了,如此多的,法官判决意见,，以至于它具有的,普通法的品质,已经超过其,现代制定法,的品质。,8/28/2024,54,法律英语,Statute of fraudsThe statute o,Contract law,Essentially a,common law system,except be affected by a remarkable modern statute,the Uniform Commercial Code,.,除非受到著名的现代制定法,统一商法典,的影响，合同法至今还保留着,普通法体系。,8/28/2024,55,法律英语,Contract law Essentially a com,When a court decided a case governed by,a statute, its reasoning differs from that used when,common law,principles are applied.,当法院依照,制定法,判案时，法院的推论与采用,普通法,原则时是不同的。,8/28/2024,56,法律英语,When a court decided a case go,Statute,Any court , even the highest court of the jurisdiction,is bound to,follow the,provisions of a valid statute,that apply to the,dispute,before it.,所有法院甚至最高法院都要,依据,有效的制定法条款,规定来处理提交到它面前的,争议,。,8/28/2024,57,法律英语,Statute Any court , even the h,Fundamental political tenet,The,legislature,has ultimate,lawmaking power,so long as its acts within the bounds of its,constitutional authority,.,社会基本政治原则：只要在,宪法授权,的范围之内，,立法机关,有最终的,立法权,。,Modify修改,Eliminate废除,8/28/2024,58,法律英语,Fundamental political tenet Th,对制定法文字有不同的解释,Courts seek to ascertain the,legislatures purpose,in enacting it, in order to adopt a construction that will,best effectuate that purpose.,法院试图确定,立法机关的意图,，以便采用能,最好地实现该意图,的解释。,Legislative history,8/28/2024,59,法律英语,对制定法文字有不同的解释Courts seek to asc,American Law Institute,Formed in 1923.,Preparation and promulgation of what purported to be accurate and authoritative,summaries of the rules of common law,in various fields,美国法律协会准备和发布各领域精确的权威的,普通法规则汇编,。,Restatement注释汇编,8/28/2024,60,法律英语,American Law InstituteFormed i,American Law Institute,The American Law Institute(ALI) was established in 1923 to,define, summarize, or restate,existing common law.,Between 1923 and 1944, Restatements were adopted for,the law of agency, conflict of laws, contracts, judgments, property, restitution, security, torts, and trusts,.,8/28/2024,61,法律英语,American Law InstituteThe Amer,The Restatement of Contracts,合同法注释汇编,The first and most successful “restatement”,Acceptance and use by the bench and bar,Adopted by ALI in 1932.,8/28/2024,62,法律英语,The Restatement of Contracts合同,The Restatement,Consists of,“black-letter”,statements of the “general rule”,关于“一般规则”的,“黑体字”,陈述,Supported with at least some,commentary,and,illustration,至少有几个,注释,和,例证,作补充,Dont have,the force of law,没有法律效力,8/28/2024,63,法律英语,The RestatementConsists of “bl,The Restatements,Secondary authority 次要法源,Remarkably persuasive 非常有说服力,A court often,justify its decision,by simply citing and quoting,The Restatements rule,on a given point.,法院经常通过援引和引用,注释汇编的原则,来,证明,自己在某一案例中,判决的正确性,。,8/28/2024,64,法律英语,The RestatementsSecondary auth,In 1962, ALI began to prepare a revised of its Restatement,The Restatement (second) of contracts was adopted in 1979.,与第一版比，第二版更强调,多样化,和,灵活性,，建议要给予法官更多的,自由裁决权,。,A freer rein for judicial discretion,8/28/2024,65,法律英语,In 1962, ALI began to prepare,Have clearly had a,powerful effect,in,shaping judicial views,of what,the common law of contract,ought to be.,合同法注释汇编在,有关合同的普通法,应该是怎么样的这一司法观念形成方面,有强力的作用,。,The Restatement of Contracts,8/28/2024,66,法律英语,Have clearly had a powerful ef,Secondary authority,Published articles,Books,Treatises,Analyze分析 Evaluate评价Synthesize综合,The immense body of contract cases ,8/28/2024,67,法律英语,Secondary authorityPublished a,Authors of these works,Have sought to,clarify,the law, to,propose,solutions for unsolved issues, and in some cases to,argue ,for legal change.,这些论著的作者们试图,阐明法律,，为尚未解决的问题,提出解决方案,，有时就法律改革进行热烈而有效的,争论,。,8/28/2024,68,法律英语,Authors of these worksHave sou,Such,legal commentary,has been extremely influential in shaping the course of the,common law of contract,.,这些,法律评论,大大地影响着,有关合同的普通法,的发展方向。,8/28/2024,69,法律英语,Such legal commentary has been,Professional words and terms,Uniform Commercial Code,Consumer Protection Statutes,Labor Law,Insurance Law,Offer， acceptance, consideration,Contract performance,Contract interpretation,8/28/2024,70,法律英语,Professional words and termsUn,Breach,Remedy damages,Expectation damages,Agreed upon remedies,Equitable relief,Tangible ,Intangible property,Real property, personal property,8/28/2024,71,法律英语,Breach 9/3/202371法律英语,Treason, Tax evasion, Slander,Ownership of property,Legal mechanism,Fraud,Primary source, Secondary source,Restatements of the Law,Stare decisis,Precedents,8/28/2024,72,法律英语,Treason, Tax evasion, Slander9,preservation of the status quo,“statute of frauds”,Uniform Commercial Code,constitutional authority,American Law Institute,The Restatement of Contracts,judicial discretion,8/28/2024,73,法律英语,preservation of the status quo,Exercises,1. Questions about the text,2. Listening comprehension,3. Discussion,8/28/2024,74,法律英语,Exercises1. Questions about th,Law is order , and good law is good order.,Aristole, Ancient Greek philosopher,法律就是秩序，有好的法律才有好的秩序。,古希腊哲学家 亚里士多德,8/28/2024,75,法律英语,Law is order , and good law is,