考博英语辅导-阅读理解-课件

考博英语辅导考博英语辅导-阅读理解阅读理解注意事项1.不迷信猜词能力与解题技巧2.注重背景知识积累、拓宽阅读广度3.以阅读材料为唯一解题标准，切忌被自己的学识蒙蔽4.充分利用标点符号的引导作用（可以跳读）5.阅读中密切关注首尾段、首尾句6.出题人最钟情于长难句（语法知识、句型积累）7.着重注意表逻辑关系、起衔接照应作用的连接性词语、替代词等8.厘清“事实”与“观点”的界限（细节题还是观点题？）9.备考与考试时务必全神贯注，边读边做记号，避免读了后面忘了前面10.带着问题读材料、找准“定位”线索2 2主要考点1.信息再现（细节题）2.词义辨析（把握上下文猜测词义）3.判断推理（作者观点、意图、态度等）4.主旨大意、中心思想5.布局谋篇（文章什么体裁、引自哪里、接下来谈论什么等）3 31句子中的标点符号的作用逗号：两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后，是一个补充说明成分，可以先不看。Extremelyrefinedbehavior,cultivatedasanartofgraciousliving,hasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisure.4 4句子中的标点符号的作用冒号：冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步具体说明前面的内容。Toomuchdrinkingcanhaveterribleeffectsonhealth:inthenext12months10000peoplemaydieprematurelyfromtheeffectsofdrink.冒号可以表示各种逻辑上的关系，如：Iwenttobedearly:thelongjourneyhadtiredme.(表示因果)Columbusdiscoveredastringofislands:hedidnotdiscovertheAmericanContinent.(表示反意)5 5句子中的标点符号的作用分号：分号前后是并列关系。包括结构上并列和语义上并列两种。SixtyyearsagoMelvillewasalmostforgotten;todayheisregardedasoneofAmericansgreatauthors.ProfessorYewillhavetocopewithaveryheavyworkload;shehasbeeninvitedtolectureatquiteanumberofuniversitiesintheU.S.Onemomenthewasfriendly,evenwarm;thenexthewascoldlyindifferent.6 6破折号：两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后，是补充说明成分，可以先不看。Walkin,ladiesandgentlemen,themostwonderfulcuriosityeverexhibitedonlyfivepencethewildmanfromAfricaheeatsrawfood,andmanyotherpleasingandsurprisingperformances.(作用与括号相似)TheygavehimanewcameraforChristmasandafilmtogowithit.(表示附加补充)Heboughtahousejustoutsidethetownamagnificentbuilding.(解释前文)Infutureprose,twofieldsarecertainlysuretofindcultivationthefieldoftheessayandthefieldofthesketch.(相当于冒号的作用)7 7引号：一种是引用别人观点，其作用要么是作为支持的观点，要么作为批判的对象；另一种是说反话，表示反语。Onebigproblemwithatotalbanisenforcingit.TaketheUniversityofIowa.InJuly2008,theschoolwentsmoke-freeinaccordancewiththeIowaSmokefreeAirAct,violationsofwhichcanresultina$50fine.Butsofar,theuniversityhasticketedonlyabout25offenders.“Ourcampusisabout1,800acres,sotothinkthatwecouldkeeptrackofwhoissmokingoncampusatanygiventimeisntreallyfeasible,”saysJoniTroester,directoroftheuniversityscampuswellnessprogram(平安计划).8 8大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流可可 以以 互互 相相 讨讨 论论 下下，但但 要要 小小 声声 点点9 9句子中的标点符号的作用括号：括号内的内容起补充说明或解释词义的作用。ThedaybeforeoneofmymidtermhistoryexamsIstillhadntfoundtimetoreadthefirstbookonthereadinglist.(That,ofcourse,isaverycommondiseaseatHarvard.)（附加，补充）10102长难句解析方法1).长难句包括简单句和复合句，复合句的每一个句子的核心部分是主语和谓语，而每一个复合句的核心是主句。认识复合句首先要把握好从句间的关系，而表现这些关系要依靠连接词that,although,sothat,before等具有语法功能的词。常见的长难句种的基本语法结构：形式主语或宾语强调结构（非）限定性定语从句同位语从句倒装结构虚拟语气省略（8）非谓语动词1111The importance given to the appraisal stems from the fact that,despite all the talk of the interview being a chance for management and employees to come together and exchange ideas,set joint targets and improve the way decisions are reached,the reality is that they are often nothing more than the pretext on which pay rises are given,or not given.1212The Buyer shall establish a Letter of Credit before the above-stipulated time,failing which,the Seller shall have the right to rescind this Contract upon the arrival of the notice at Buyer or to accept whole or part of this Contract non-fulfilled by the Buyer,or to lodge a claim for the direct losses sustained,if any.13134.七大题型解题思路详解1细节事实题：标志：题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息 针对文章中的一句或几句设问 题干和选项之间存在因果关系 做题的关键在于：返回原文 根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文 根据出题顺序返回原文 根据题干中的关键词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词）找原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出题点。1414干扰手段：单词替换颠倒因果扩大范围常识判断(4)常见试题：Whichofthefollowingistrueabout?Whatoccurredastoldatthebeginningofthepassage?Whatcanwelearnabout?Accordingtothepassage1515实例1.SuzanFellmanhadahardtimewithLauraBushsredoofthefamedguestquartersnamedforPresidentLincoln:“Lookingatit,IthoughtIwasinaRadissonlobbysomewhereintheMidwestlongago.Icouldnotimaginespendinganightinthatspace.DoneupwithVictorianfurnishings,theLincolnBedroomisoneoftheresidencesleast-changedspaces,saidBettyMonkman,formerlychiefcuratoroftheWhiteHousefornearly40years.”(2011.3)49.TheLincolnBedroominWhiteHouseisaplacefor_.A.thepresidenttohavearestB.visitorstostayovernightC.storingVictorianfurnishingsD.exhibitingclassicobjects答案B：本题是细节题，考点是本段第一句话中的“guestquartersnamedforPresidentLincoln”。1616实例2.LosAngelesdesignerFellmansawparallels,callingtheObamaeraaperiodof“pullingbackonextravagance.”Itisagoodtime,shesaid,torevisitpiecesinstorage,torearrangeoldfurnitureinanewfashion,andusepaintandfabricstobringlifeandfunintoaroomwithoutspendingafortune.(2011.3)50.AccordingtoFellman,theObamaeraissimilartotheLincolnerain_.A.decoratinghousesB.respectingthepastC.protectingtheclassicD.encouragingthrift答案D：本题是细节题，考查对本段第一句话的理解。1717实例3.Inthisre-imaginingoftheLincolnBedroom,FellmanwouldretainthelegendarybedbutpainttheceilingaskyblueanduseaCecilBeatonrose-printfabricforcurtains.“Lincolnlovedroses,”Fellmansaid,“andthisbeigeandivoryversionkeepsitfrombeingtoobold,modernorfeminine.”AtatimewhenAmericanaisexpectedtostageastrongrevival,FellmansaidtraditionalstylessuchasColonialandFederalcanco-existwithEuropeanantiquesiftheyarebalancedinscale.(2011.3)181851.ThewayFellmanwouldrearrangetheLincolnBedroomincludes_.A.puttingsomerosesonthetableB.omittingsomeEuropeanantiquesC.addingtoitsomeFederalstylesD.givingitthelookofastrongAmerica答案：C本题是细节题，考查对第六段最后一句的理解。1919实例4.Mindfuloftherecession,thedesigneradvocatedselectingfurniturewithlongevityinmind.“Ifyouaregoingtospendmoney,buyqualitythingsthatyouneverwanttogetridof,”shesaid.“Acoupleofreallygoodthingscanmakeallthedifferenceinaroom.”Hersplurgeswouldincludeacamel-hairsofa,whichFellmansaidwaslong-lastingandtimeless.AsaPopArt-influencedstatementaboutthrift,acustomrugwovenwitha6-foot-diametermedallionreplicatesthepennysimageofLincolninsubtleshadesofivoryandcopper.202052.Inchoosingthenewfurniturefortheroom,Fellmanwouldgivetoppriorityto_.A.itsdurabilityB.itssimplicityC.itspriceD.itscolor答案：A本题是细节题，考点是第七段第一句中的“longevity”.21212例证题标志：caseexampleillustrationdemonstrationexemplifydemonstrateillustrate做题的关键在于：是否能找到例子支持的是否能找到例子支持的论点，而不在于点，而不在于能否看懂例子能否看懂例子做题的步骤：首先返回原文定位该例子然后向上、向下搜索该例子支持的论点（不能贸然直接去分析例子然后自己主观推测结论）注意举例的目的是为了支持论点或观点，从例证周围找出最有可能的论点，在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个才是正确答案例证题错误选项的特征是：就事论事。（即把例证中的具体内容调出来供选）2222(4)划清“事实”与“观点”之间的界限（page86）事实：指的是对具体事例的陈述，即“发生过什么”。如：LovecrafthasoftenbeencomparedtoEdgarAllanPoe.PoehadtoleavetheUniversityofVirginiabecausehecouldntpayhisdebts.观点：指的是作者的主观的想法，带有评判和议论的性质，一般透露出“赞同”或“不赞同”的口吻。“观点”常常以某些情态动词为标志，或者以带有感情色彩的形容词或副词为标志。如：EdgarAllanPoeisthegreatestwriterofhorrorstoriesintheworld.EdgarAllanPoeshouldnothavedrunksomuch.LovecraftsstoriesarefarmorehorriblethanthoseofEdgarAllanPoe.2323实例1.Thisweekmarksthe10thanniversaryoftheAlar(铝硅系合金)applescare,inwhichmanyAmericanconsumersweredrivenintoapanicfollowingthereleaseofareportbyanenvironmentalorganizationclaimingthatapplescontainingthechemicalAlarposedaserioushealththreattopreschoolers.ThereportwasdisseminatedthroughaPR(problemreport)campaignandbypassedanylegitimateformofscientificpeerreview.IntroducedtotheAmericanpublicbyCBS“60Minutes,”theunsubstantiated(未经证实的)claimsinthereportledsomeschooldistrictstoremoveapplesfromtheirschoollunchprogramsandundulyfrightenedconscientiousparentstryingtodevelopgoodeatinghabitsfortheirchildren.2424例证题Question:IntheAlarapplescare,manyAmericanswerefrightenedbecause_A.scientistswarnedthatapplesweredangerous.B.manyschoolchildrenbecameillaftereatingapples.C.itwasreportedthatappleswereharmfultohealth.D.appleswerediscoveredtohavetoomuchpesticide.C2525实例2.Theveryfactthat60percentofcountiesweregivenan“F”seemstobealarmist.Thisisparticularlytruegiventhatsmoglevelshavebeentrendingdownwardforseveraldecades.AccordingtotheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)statistics,ozone,theprimaryconstituentofsmog,hasdeclinedbyapproximately30percentsincethe1970s.Andrecentgainsindicatethattheprogresswilllikelycontinue,evenwithoutthewaveofnewregulationsALA（theAmericanLungAssociation）isnowdemanding.(2004.3)262663.BycitingfiguresfromtheEPA,theauthorseemstocontendthat_.A.theregulationsaboutsmoghaveprovedeffectiveB.newregulationsarenecessarytodealwithsmogC.smogproblemshaveactuallybecomelessseriousD.thefederalsmogstandardhasbeenratherlow答案：C这段告诉我们：烟雾的主要成分臭氧自从20世纪70年代以来已经下降了近30%。最近的情况表明，即使没有环境保护署所要求的新规定，这种下降的趋势也会继续。所以正确答案是C（烟雾问题实际上已经不那么严重了）。27273词汇题常见试题（Thephrase“”inthecontextmeans.Theword“”isclosestinmeaningto_.Asthecontextshows,aplacebois_.）标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思很可能不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义做题的方法：可以使用两种方法从上下文进行推理：2828熟悉词汇的陌生意义WhatdoyoumakeofAsa?Ithinksheisagoodcolleaguetoworkwith.SomeMuslimsarelikelytoseetheburialatseaasdisrespectfulorcallous,andMuslimreligiousexpertsseemtobedividedonthisissue.Theglobalpopulationisexpectedtojumpby3billioninthenext40yearsmorethantheentirepopulationin1950.MostofthatincreasewillbeintheSouth,wherepovertyisrootedandlivingstandardsdesperate.Howwillthosenextthreebillionlive?Justicedemandsthatweintherichcountriessparesomespaceforthosewhoneedit.2929针对性解释一、针对性解释针对性解释是作者为了更好的表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念、难懂的术语或词汇等所作的解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。30301根据定义猜测词义如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义。例如：anthropologyisthescientificstudyofman.Inslangthetermjamconstitutesastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.定义句的谓语动词多为：be,mean,dealwith,beconsidered,tobe,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,represent,signify,constitute等。3131针对性解释2.根据复述猜测词义虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以是单词、短语或是从句（同位语、同位语从句、定语从句）。3232同位语Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.需要注意的是：同位语前还常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orother,sayi.e.等副词或短语出现。3333定语从句KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.根据生词根据生词SAD后面定语从句后面定语从句which is short for seasonal affective disorder和同位语和同位语a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings,我们可以推断出我们可以推断出SAD含义，即含义，即“季节性情绪紊季节性情绪紊乱症乱症”。3434根据举例猜测词义恰当的举例能够提供猜测生词的重要线索，例如：Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们可以猜出epochal的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。3535二、内在逻辑关系根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。36361根据对比关系猜测词义在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测其词义。例如：AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.该例中supercilious对许多人来说可能是个生词，但是句中短语incontrast，（相对照的，相对比的）可以提示我们supercilious和后面词组humbleandmodest（谦卑又谦虚）是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出supercilious意为“目空一切的，傲慢的”。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，inspiteof，incontrast和while引导的并列句等。3737内在逻辑关系Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词也能够推断出生词adept的词义，的词义，“熟练的熟练的”。38382根据比较关系猜测词义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系，例如：Greenlovestotalk，andhisbrothersaresimilarlyloquacious.该句中副词similarly表明短语lovestotalk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出loquacious词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，justas，also等。39393根据因果关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推知生词词义。例如：Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic指“独断专行的”。ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoshovehiswaythroughthecrowd.此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描书“许多示威者”，我们便可推知shove的词意“挤，挤过”。40404根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们可以利用熟悉的词语，根据语言环境推断生词词义。例如：Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同义词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使.陷入危险，危及、危害”。4141Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.句中detrimental是个生词，但判断出harmful替代detrimental后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。4242三、外部相关因素外部相关因素是指篇章(句子或段落)以外的其他知识。有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时,就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：4343外部相关因素Itissotranquilthatyoucanhearyourownbreath.根据生活经验，能够听到自己的呼吸，tranquil可以猜测为“安静”之意Thesnakeslitheredthroughthegrass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为“爬行”。4444四、构词法（略）在猜测词义过程中，除了使用上面提到的一些技巧，我们还可以依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。4545真题再现The“humane”alternativetospanking,thetimeout,hasgainedpopularityoverthelastdecadeasaquickmethodtocooloffawaywardchild.(09.3)A“wayward”childisachildwho_A.iswell-disciplinedB.tendstodisobeyC.behavesquietly D.isofteninpoorhealth4646ALA（theAmericanLungAssociation）iscorrectthatsomeareasstilloccasionallyexceedthefederalstandardforozone,butsuchspikesarefarlessfrequentthaninthepast.EvenLosAngeles,theundisputedsmogcapitalofAmerica,hascleanedupitsactconsiderably.LosAngeles,whichexceededfederalsmogstandardsfor154daysin1989,hashad75percentfewersuchspikesinrecentyears.(04.3)474764.InParagraph3,theword“spikes”(inboldface)probablyrefersto_.A.theincreasesabovethesmogstandardB.theirregularreadingsaboutairqualityinsomeareasC.theoccurrencesofsmoginLosAngelesD.thecurrentstandardsdemandedbyALA第三段一开始说someareasstilloccasionallyexceedthefederalstandardforozone，接着就说suchspikes可知spikes指具体超过烟雾标准的情况。所以A是正确答案。48484推理题常见试题：Whatistheauthorsintentioninthispassage?Whatkindofpeoplesupportthistopic?Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto_.Thistexthasbeenwrittento_.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatif_.Thepassagesuggeststhat_.WhatisimpliedinthelastsentenceofparagraphOne?Youcanfeelthattheauthorsattitudetowardstheisoneof_.4949 标志：关键词：inferimply 整体思路：绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系 做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案(4)针对问题：写作的目的和意图是什么？隐含的信息是什么？没有说出的但又在情理之中的是什么？5050实例1.SuzanFellmanhadahardtimewithLauraBushsredoofthefamedguestquartersnamedforPresidentLincoln:“Lookingatit,IthoughtIwasinaRadissonlobbysomewhereintheMidwestlongago.Icouldnotimaginespendinganightinthatspace.”（2011.3）48.ToSuzanFellman,LauraBushsredecorationoftheLincolnBedroomcouldhardlybe_.A.evaluatedB.imaginedC.understoodD.praised48.答案：D本题是推理题，需看完这段才能做出正确的推测，尤其要了解“tohaveahardtimewith”这一短语的含义。5151实例2.Inbadtimesasingood,sparerooms（theLincolnBedroom，forexample）donthavetobegrandtobeeffective,Fellmansaid.“Aguestroomshouldfeelinvitingandintimate,”shesaid.“Ithastoexudeserenity.”（2011.3）53.FellmanwouldavoidmakingtheLincolnBedroomlook_.A.tranquilB.luxuriousC.hospitableD.fascinating53.答案：B本题是推理题，考查对最后一段最后一句话的理解。5252实例3.Solarenergyhasalwayshaditsshareoftruebelieverswillingtopayextratofeelgoodabouttheirhomesandthemselves.Butforhomeownerswhoviewitasaninvestment,itisnotagoodone.TheeconomicrealitiesarerarelyacknowledgedbythegovernmentofficialsandsolarequipmentmanufacturersinvolvedintheSolarDecathlonandsimilarlyone-sidedpromotions.Byfailingtobeobjective,thepro-solarcrowddoesconsumersarealdisservice.（2004.3）535361.ItcanbeinferredthatinpromotingsolarenergytheUSgovernment_.A.admitsitslimitationofbeingexpensiveB.rarelymentionsitscosttohomeownersC.standsonthesideofthemajorityofconsumersD.remainsmoreobjectivethanthesolarequipmentmanufacturersB本题问根据文章可以推测出美国政府在推进使用太阳能过程中如何。由Theeconomicrealitiesarerarelyacknowledgedbythegovernmentofficialsandsolarequipmentmanufactures可知政府官员、太阳能设备制造商等类似的单方面促销活动很少提它是否经济。所以B是正确答案。54545作者态度题（1）标志：关键词：attitudebelievethinkdeemconsiderregard（2）作者态度只分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观客观、中立反对、批评、怀疑、悲观除此之外，没有其他的作者态度（3）识别作者态度有以下方法：找文中带有感情色彩的名词、动词、形容词、副词根据作者举的例子判断5555实例1.Inher26yearsofteachingEnglish,ShannonMcCuirehasseencountlessmisplacedcommas,misspelledwordsandsentencefragments.Expertssayemailandinstantmessagingareatleastpartlytoblameforanincreasingindifferencetowardtherulesofgrammar,spellingandsentencestructure.Theysaytheproblemismostnoticeableincollegestudentsandrecentlygraduates.EnglishlanguagehasbeenneglectedatdifferentpointsinhistorybutalwaysreboundsTherewilllikelybeasocialforcethatrecognizestheneedforclearwritingandswingsthependulum(钟摆)back.(2004.3)565680.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthefutureoftheEnglishlanguage?A.Confident.B.Gloomy.C.Worried.D.Uncertain.A最后一段说：英语在不同的历史时期受到过忽视，但每每又重新受到重视。很可能将来会有一种社会力量认识到，清楚的英语是需要的，应重振英语。所以作者对英语的未来充满信心。所以正确答案是A（充满信心）。5757实例2.ALA（theAmericanLungAssociation）iscorrectthatsomeareasstilloccasionallyexceedthefederalstandardforozone,butsuchspikesarefarlessfrequentthaninthepast.EvenLosAngeles,theundisputedsmogcapitalofAmerica,hascleanedupitsactconsiderably.LosAngeles,whichexceededfederalsmogstandardsfor154daysin1989,hashad75percentfewersuchspikesinrecentyears.ButanALA-assigned“F”misleadinglyimpliesthatairqualityhasnotimprovedatall.（2004.3）585866.TheauthoragreeswiththeALAthat_.A.presentsmogstandardsshouldbemadestricterB.thestandardestablishedbytheEPAiseffectiveC.someareasfailtomeetthefederalstandardattimesD.poorairqualityisamajorproblemnationwideC第三段说，环境保护署认为有些地区仍然偶尔有臭氧超过联邦标准的现象，这是事实。所以正确答案是C（有些地区有时未达到联邦标准）。59596判断题标志：whichofthefollowingstatementisnottrue/correct/mentioned?Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue/correct/mentionedexcept?整体思路：首先应判断是三错一对还是三对一错所谓“对”是指符合原文所谓“错”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断特别关注：转折处最高级感情色彩的词（褒贬含义）6060Thedistributioncenterisamorerecentlydevelopedkindofwarehouse.Manylargecompanieshaveseveralmanufacturingplants,sometimeslocatedoutsidethecountry.Eachplantdoesnotmakeeverycompanyproductbutspecializesinoneormoreofthem.Thedistributioncenterallowsamanufacturertobringtogetherallproductlinesinoneplace.Itspurposeistominimizestorageandtoeasetheflowofgoodsfrommanufacturerstoretailersratherthanbuildupextensiveinventories.Itreducescostsbyspeedingupproductturnover.5.WhatisNOTtrueofadistributioncenter?A)Itisarelativelynewtypeofwarehouse.B)Productisreplacedmorequicklyandcostsaredown.C)SomedistributioncentersarenotbuiltinthesanecountryasthefactoryD)Itbuildsupextensiveinventoriestominimizestorage.D61617主旨题标志：besttitle；mainideamain;conclusion整体思路：利用宏观阅读技巧做主旨题特别要小心首段、末段陷阱做题的方法：快速作文法：依据选项、快速作文、与原文核对6262主旨题理解主旨要义,主要测试考生对短文整体理解概括的能力。一般是第一或最后一个题。秘诀：1.注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个整体2.小心”首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案。3.快速作文法解题。做题前可以自己思考一下”如果是我写这个题目，我会怎么写?”6363有关主旨的题目，其错误选项的要害往往在于涵盖面过于宽泛或过于狭窄。如果你想检验自己的选择是否站的住脚，可由随意抽出文中的语句与你认为描述主旨的选项放在一起对照。如果仅有个别语句能够呼应你的选项，其余的文字均不匹配，你的选择可能偏窄，需要纠正。如果你的选项同时涵盖了文章中没有涉及的内容，这说明他的涵盖面过宽，也属于要排除之列。6464实例1.Yourkidisthrowingfood,hittinghissisterhardandscreamingendlessly.Whatdoyoudo?Asyoucarefullyconsideryourrangeofchoices,considerthis:howyoudisciplineyourchildintheearlyyearswillgoalongwayindeterminingwhetheryourchildturnsintoanightmarebythetimeheisthree.Hithimandhemayturnintoanon-caringscoundrel.Ignorehimandhisoffensivebehaviorwillescalate.Child-rearingtechniquescanbeasvaryingasfashion.Alookatsomemethods:Forthisgenerationofeducatedmiddle-classparents,spankingisaspoliticallyincorrectassmoking6565The“humane”alternativetospanking,thetimeout,hasgainedpopularityoverthelastdecadeasaquickmethodtocooloffawaywardchildInlaymansterms,modelingmeansthatifparentsbehaveappropriately,theirkidswillnoticeandlearnfromitImmobilizationisacontroversialtechniquerecommendedbyDr.BurtonWhite,directoroftheCenterforParentEducationinNewton,MassCriticsderide(嘲弄)thisone-size-fits-allapproachtodiscipline,butWhiteinsiststhataweekofusingthismethodwillchangethebehavior.6666Question:Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.SparetheRod,SpoiltheChild.B.TheLovingTiesthatBond.C.RaisingaMoralChild.D.TheDebateoverDiscipline.D6767实例2.Usingtheinternalsupplyofresourcesassourceoflaborhascertainadvantagesovertheexternalsupply.However,onemustbeawareofcertaindisadvantagesassociatedwiththedrawingonaninternalsupplyofresourcesOnewayinwhichcompaniesbringaboutachangeincultureisbytappingtheexternalsupplyoflabor6868