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Unit13FocusonglobalwarmingWarm-up1.What do you know about globalwarming?What is the cause of globalwarming?2.What changes could the greenhouseeffectcreateintheEarthsclimate?3.Whatcanwedotodealwiththegreenhouseeffect?1.Whataresomeoftheenvironmentalproblemsintodaysworld?2.Whatiscausingtheenvironmentalproblems?3.Whatshouldwedotoprotectourenvironment?1.Whataresomeoftheenvironmentalproblemsintodaysworld?airpollutionwaterpollutionforestsdisappearing/deforestationfarmlandshrinkingnoisegreenhouseeffect2.Whatiscausingtheenvironmentalproblems?vehiclesgivingoffharmfulgasesfactoriesemittinggasesmachinesandvehiclesmakingalotofnoiseuncontrolledcuttingdownthetreesmassiveuseoffertilizerandpesticidebuildings,factoriesandotherfacilitiesoccupyingfarmlandspeopledumpinggarbageeverywhere3.Whatshouldwedotoprotectourenvironment?sparenatureresourcespreventwastewaterfrombeingreleasedfromfactoriesrecyclemakelessnoiseplantmoretreesmakelawstoprotectourenvironmentusecleanenergyresourcesinventnewcleanmaterialsEnvironmental protection organizationsGreen Partya British political party that aims to protect the environment.It is against the use of nuclear power and other forms of industry and transport which it considers harmful.It was formed in 1973as the Ecology Party,and changed its name to the Green Party in1985.Other countries also have parties that share the same name and ideals.alargeinternationalpressuregroupthataimstoprotecttheenvironment.Itsmembersarewell-knowfortakingdirectactionandputtingtheirownlivesindangerinordertostoppeoplefromharmingtheenvironment.Forexample,theyoftengooutinsmallboatstostoppeoplefromkillingwhalesorthrowingpoisonousmaterialsintothesea.aUSgovernmentorganizationthatestablishedrulesandstandardsforprotectingtheenvironment,e.g.againstpollution.Greenpeace:Greenpeace:The Environmental Protection The Environmental Protection Agency(EPA):Agency(EPA):My Thoughts on Environmental Protection When faced with all kinds of environmental problem,many people seem to believe that we have to _ either economic prosperity or environmental protection.In my view,this is a _ choice.I think that economic development and environmental protection can and must coexist.It is true that development has _ with it a number of environmental problems,such as air pollution,water _ and acid rain,but at the same time modern industry and commerce have greatly _ our lives.Few would wish to live without the _ of television,automobiles,computers etc.To stop _ our industry and commerce for the sake of nature alone is pure _.Of course,we cant allow economic growth to go on at the _ of the environment,either.When a healthy environment is gone,everything that our life _ on is gone,too.So we must protect the environment not for the sake of environment alone,but for the sake of man.choosechoosefalsefalsebroughtbroughtshortagesshortagesimprovedimprovedbenefitsbenefitsdevelopingdevelopingsentimentalismsentimentalismexpenseexpensedependsdependsListen to the VOA Special English Environment Report on a study of ozone,and choose the best answer based on the information you hear.Montreal Protocol 蒙特利尔协议蒙特利尔协议Chlorofluorocarbons(C-F-C)氯氟碳化合物氯氟碳化合物 coolant 冷冻剂冷冻剂device 装置装置stratosphere (气气)同温层，最上层同温层，最上层1.What is the function of ozone?A.protect us from radiation from the sun B.use as disinfects(消毒剂消毒剂)C.purify the air2.The research was based on the information gathered by _?A.satellites B.equipment on Earth C.Both 3.The findings of the research shows that _.A.loss of ozone slows B.the ozone layer has recovered C.ozone is gained in the atmosphere4.Which is NOT TRUE about the Montreal Protocol?A.It restricts the use of a number of chemicals which destroy ozone.B.It is an international treaty from 1930s.C.It is working by reducing C-F-C pollution.scriptThisisBobDoughtywiththeVOASpecialEnglishEnvironmentReport.ScientistsintheUnitedStateshavereportedsomegoodnewsabouttheozoneintheatmosphere.Recentfindingssuggestthatthe destruction of ozone by pollution is slowing.Ozoneisaformofoxygen.ItspresenceaboveEarthprotects us from radiation from the sun.Inonestudy,researchersexaminedinformationgatheredbyNASAspaceagencysatellitesandbyequipmentonEarth.Thefindings?InthewordsofMichaelNewchurchoftheUniversityofAlabama:This is the beginning of a recovery of the ozone layer.MisterNewchurchledthestudy.He says the atmosphere was losing about eight percent of the ozone layer per ten-year period since the late nineteen-seventies.In the last five years,though,that rate of loss has dropped by half.Hesaysthe atmosphere should start to gain ozone before long.Hesaysa full recovery,however,is about fifty years away,aslongastheMontrealProtocolremainsinplace.That is an international treaty from nineteen-eighty-seven to restore the ozone layer.The treaty restricts the use of a number of chemicals that destroy ozone,like chlorofluorocarbons,or C-F-Cs.Wide use of C-F-Cs began in the nineteen-thirties.They became popular coolants in devices such as refrigerators and air conditioners.C-F-Cs remain in the atmosphere for years.Mister Newchurch says the study provides evidence that the Montreal Protocol is working by reducing C-F-C pollution.But the study found the ozone improvement only in the upper stratosphere.The scientists have not yet seen evidence of similar changes in the lower stratosphere.That holds most of the protective ozone.GlobalstudyStructureanalysisPartI:PartIIpara3-4thecausesoftherisingconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Para 5-6 the effect of such concentration onclimatechanges.Para7thepotentialthreatofglobalwarmingtohumanhealthandsurvival.PartIIIWritingstyleExpositoryprose/expositionIntroduces the phenomenon of globalwarmingandtheactionwecouldtakewithscientific statistics,clear structure andprecisediction1.(Para 1-2)makes up the 1st part which serves as the introduction of the whole passage.The author mentions how global warming,which used to a topic of academic journals,has become a matter of increasing public concern.This concern is justified by public fears about the consequences of global warming.Detail studyDetail studyQuestion:whyhavepeopleshownincreasingconcernaboutglobalwarming?Answer:itisaharbingerofwhattocome-thethreattolow-lyingnations,changeofrainanddroughtpatterns,frequenthurricanesandintenseElNinos.Language work1.perusetoreadthroughcarefully.Eg.We perused the companys financial statements for the past five years.Haveyouperusedthearticle?periodical(1)n.Periodicals are magazines,especiallyserious or academic ones,that are published atregularintervals.The periodical is obtainable on the veryfirstdayofeverymonth.(2)adj.Periodicaleventsorsituationshappenoccasionally,atfairlyregularintervals.She made periodical visits to her dentist.=periodicTwenty-fiveyearsagoifyoumadeatriptothelocallibraryandperusedthewarming.Twenty-fiveyearsagoifyougotolocallibraryandreadsomemagazinescarefullyforcertainpassagesconcerningtheissueofglobalwarming.abstract 1)n.Anabstractofanarticle,document,orspeechisashortpieceofwritingthatgivesthemainpointsofit.=summary2)adj.Anabstractideaorwayofthinkingisbasedongeneralideasratherthanonrealthingsandevents.abstract principles such as justice.Its not a question of some abstract concept.=theoretical3)adj.Ingrammar,anabstractnounreferstoaqualityoridearatherthantoaphysicalobject.abstract words such as glory,honor,and courage.hard-core1)adj.Oftenderogativeverystronglyfollowingaparticularbelieforactivity,andunlikelytochangee.g.hard-core opposition to the government 与政府势不两立的反对派a hard-core criminal type 一名死不悔改的罪犯2)adj.Showingordescribingsexualactivityinaveryopenanddetailedway.Hard-corepornography赤裸裸的色情作品Hardcoren.oftenderogativethesmallcentralgroupthat takes the most active part within alargergroupororganization.The hard core of party activists make/makes all the decisions.党的积极分子中的中坚力量制定全部决策。blurbThe blurb about a new book,film,orexhibition is information about it that iswritteninordertoattractpeoplesinterest.esotericIfyoudescribesomethingasesoteric,youmeanitisknown,understood,orappreciatedbyonlyasmallnumberofpeople.(FORMAL).esoteric knowledge.a spoiled aristocrat with pretentious airs and esoteric tastes.youdprobablyhavecomeupwithonlyafewabstractsfromhardcoresciencejournalsormaybeablurbinsomeesotericgeopoliticalmagazine.Maybeyoucanfindsummarizingpartofsomepassagesfromafewmostauthoritativesciencejournalsorsomeintroductoryarticlesaboutglobalwarmingfromunintelligiblemagazineconcerningthefieldofgeography.attestToattestsomethingorattesttosomethingmeanstosay,show,orprovethatitistrue.(FORMAL)Police records attest to his long history of violence.I can personally attest that the cold and flu season is here.Asaninternetsearchonglobalwarmingnowattests,thesubjecthasbecomeasrootedinourpublicconsciousnessasMadonnaormicrowavecookingAsInternetsearchonglobalwarmingprovesthatthesubjectshasgotfixedinpeoplesmind,justlikeMadonnaormicrowavecooking.Madonna:asteroidAnasteroidisoneoftheverysmallplanetsthatmovearoundthesunbetweenMarsandJupiter.Withthepossiblethreattoourplanet.GlobalwarmingwillprobablybethemostseriousthreattoourEarth,ifwedonottakeintoaccountsomeotherpossibleincidents,suchasanotherworldwar,collisionofourEarth with some large orbitingplanets,orspreadofincurabledisease.Paraphrasespew1)Whensomethingspewsoutasubstanceorwhenasubstancespewsfromsomething,thesubstanceflowsoutquicklyinlargequantities.The volcano spewed out more scorching volcanic ashes,gases and rocks.Leaking oil spewed from the tanker.2)VERBIf someone spews or spews up,they vomit.(INFORMAL)FordecadeshumanfactoriesandcarshavespewedInthepastyears,thereisalargeamountofwastegasesdischargedintotheair.harbingerSomethingthatisaharbingerofsomethingelse,especiallysomethingbad,isasignthatitisgoingtohappen.(LITERARY)The November air stung my cheeks,a harbinger of winter.The crowing of the cock is a harbinger of dawn.鸡啼报晓。The cuckoo is a harbinger of spring.布谷鸟预告春天的来临。curbIfyoucurbsomething,youcontrolitandkeepitwithinlimits.advertisements aimed at curbing the spread of Aids.Curbisalsoanoun.He called for much stricter curbs on immigration.Ifyoucurbanemotionoryourbehavior,youkeepitundercontrol.He curbed his temper.=check,restrainemissionAnemissionofsomethingsuchasgasorradiationisthereleaseofitintotheatmosphere.(FORMAL)The emission of gases such as carbon dioxide should be stabilized at their present level.Sulfur emissions from steel mills become acid rain.awashadj.Ifthegroundorafloorisawash,itiscoveredinwater,oftenbecauseofheavyrainorastheresultofanaccident.The bathroom floor was awash.Ifaplaceisawashwithsomething,itcontainsalargeamountofit.This,after all,is a company,which is awash with cash.Ifwedontcurbourgreenhousegasemission,Ifwecanstopthegivingoffofpoisonousgases,thenthenationslyingclosetowaterorgroundlevelcouldbecoveredwithseawater.ElNinointenseIntenseisusedtodescribesomethingthatisverygreatorextremeinstrengthordegree.His threats become more intense,agitated,and frequent.Ifyoudescribeanactivityasintense,youmeanthatitisveryseriousandconcentrated,andofteninvolvesdoingagreatdealinashorttime.The battle for third place was intense.Ifyoudescribethewaysomeonelooksatyouasintense,youmeanthattheylookatyouverydirectlyandseemtoknowwhatyouarethinkingorfeeling.I felt so self-conscious under Lukes mothers intense gaze.Ifyoudescribeapersonasintense,youmeanthattheyappeartoconcentrateveryhardoneverythingthattheydo,andtheyfeelandshowtheiremotionsinaveryextremeway.I know hes an intense player,but he does enjoy what hes doing.PartII:ourwarmingplanetPara3thecauseoftherisingconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Question:what are causes of the risingconcentrationofgreenhousegases?Answers:the emission of carbon dioxidefromourpowerplantsandcars,productionof methane from our trash decompositionandcattle-breeding,andreleaseofnitrogenoxidefromourfertilizer.WhathasworriedmanypeopleSomethingmakespeopleworriednowisinthepast250yearshumanbeingsthemselveshaveemittedsolargequantityofpoisonousgaseswhichincreasethedensityofgreenhousegasesintheair.spitoutflowoutsuddenlyandviolentlyThenursetellthechildtospit outthestone.护士叫孩子把果核吐出来。decomposeWhenthingssuchasdeadplantsoranimalsdecompose,orwhensomethingdecomposesthem,theychangechemicallyandbegintodecay.a dead body found decomposing in a wood.The fertilizer releases nutrients gradually as bacteria decompose it.=rot,decaylandfillLandfillisamethodofgettingridofverylargeamountsofrubbishbyburyingitinalargedeephole.the environmental costs of landfill.Alandfillisalargedeepholeinwhichverylargeamountsofrubbishareburied.The rubbish in modern landfills does not rot.breed1)v.ofanimalstoproduceyoung.Someanimalswillnotbreediftheyarekeptincages.Fig.Usu.DerogativeThesepeoplebreed like rabbits.(=havealotofchildren)2)to cause(a usu.undesirable condition orfeeling)todevelop;produce.e.g.Fliesanddirtbreeddisease.苍蝇和污物会引起疾病。Allthisuncertaintybreedsinsecurity.这样变来变去使人产生不安全感。They oppose corporal punishment because theybelievethatviolencebreedsviolence.他们反对体罚，因为他们相信暴力只会招致暴力。herdAherdisalargegroupofanimalsofonekindthatlivetogether.large herds of elephant and buffalo.belchIfsomeonebelches,theymakeasuddennoiseintheirthroatbecauseairhasrisenupfromtheirstomach.Garland covered his mouth with his hand and belched discreetly.Belchisalsoanoun.He drank and stifled a belch.Para4.Explainshowtherisingconcentrationofgreenhousegasesresultsinclimatechange.QuestionHowdoestherisingconcentrationofgreenhousegasescausethechangeinclimate?Answer:The rising concentration of greenhouse gases,whichisprimarilycausedbyhighlevelscarbondioxide and methane in the atmosphere,istrappingexcessheat(fromthesun)andpreventsitfromleavingtheEarth,henceglobalwarming.thermalThermalmeansrelatingtoorcausedbyheatorbychangesintemperature.thermal power stations.热电站热力发电站火力发电站Inessence,thesegasesthatentersacar.Virtually,thesegasesstopexcessheatintheearthsatmospherejustlikethewindshieldstopssolarenergygettingintoacar.In essence:basically,fundamentally,essentiallyThetwoargumentsareinessencethesame.Para 56 the effect of such concentration on climate changes.MuchoftheavailableappeartobackthesefearsMuchofthepresentclimatedataappeartobeevidenceinsupportofourfear.glacierAslowly-movingmassorriveroficeformedbytheaccumulationandcompactionofsnowonmountainsornearthepolesrecessionArecessionisaperiodwhentheeconomyofacountryisdoingbadly,forexamplebecauseindustryisproducinglessandmorepeoplearebecomingunemployed.The oil price increases sent Europe into deep recession.Readingsgatheredcontinentalglacier.Theinformationgatheredfromglaciersshowaconstantrecedingofworldsglacierssoncontinent.speculateIf you speculate about something,you makeguessesaboutitsnatureoridentity,oraboutwhatmighthappen.The reader can speculate what will happen next.n.speculation Theyhavemuchspeculationoverthecauseoftheaircrash.Hemakessomeunprofitablespeculations.他在做些无利可图的投机生意。Notsurprisingly,manyscientistsspeculatethatfewercooldays.Itisnotsurprisingthatmanyscientistsreasonoutthechangesintheclimatewillpossiblycausehotterdaysandfewercooldays.exceedtobegreaterthan,asinquantityordegree.Americans chemical exports are to exceedimportsthisyear.According to the law of this country,workinghoursmustnotexceed42hoursaweek.Theseregionscouldexceedmeanglobalwarmingbyasmuchas40percentThese areas could surpass the average globalwarmingindexbyalmost40percent.Para 7 the potential threat of global warming to human health and survival.matchingdamageordiseasewithclimatechangesSlightincreaseinheatandrainModerate rise in sealevelMoreintenserainandhurricanesHotter summers andwarmer temperaturesacrosstheglobeAn increase in vectordiseasesuchasmalariaThreattothecoastlineoflow-lyingislandsSever flooding and moredeathsMorecasesofheartstrokeanddeaths;morehospitaladmissionsforthosewithrespiratoryproblemsAsfarashumanhealthisconcerned,inclimate.Intermsofhumanhealth,itisthosewholiveinthepoorercountriesthatwillsuffermost,becausetheydonothavemoneytoprotectthemselvesagainstclimatechange.As far as sth/sb is concerned:Theriseininterestrateswillbedisastrousasfarasfirmsareconcerned.Thecarisfineasfarastheengineisconcernedbutthebodyworkneedsalotofattention.Spark(off)togiveoutsparks;tostimulateoractivateEven the smallest diplomatic incident canspark(off)amajorinternationalconflict.Riots,sparked off by the arrest of sevenstudent leaders,have spread to otheruniversities.Aslightincreaseinheatandrainsuchasmalaria.Asmallincreaseofheatandrainintheareaornearequatormightcauseanincreaseofthespreadingofdiseasecausedbydisease-causingmicroorganismcarriedbymosquitoandsoon,suchasmalariaAllacrosstheglobe,whoarevulnerable.Intheworld,manyweakpeoplewillloselivesorsufferfromheatstrokecausedbythetemperaturerisinginsummers.(Para8-10)theauthorbringsouthissuggestions-whattobedonetoslowdownglobalwarming.Hissuggestionincludessomeactions(Para8),somestrategiestoreducetheimpact(Para9)andsomelong-termpolices(Para10).Para 8-10 Questions1.whataretheimmediateactionsthatweshouldtake?2.What are the long term policies thatshouldbeworkout?1.Weshouldtakesuchimmediateactionsas:tocutourconsumptionoffossilfuels;tousetechnologytoreducetheemissionofgreenhousegases,andtoprotectourforests.2.Weshouldencouragepeopletouseenvironmentallycleanfuelsandtechnologies,andstoptheclear-cuttingofforests.Globalwarmingintotheair.Globalwarmingmostlycausedbypeoplethemselveswhorandomlyemitpoisonousgasesandmaterialintoair,anditwillcauseheatconcentration.Mitigatetomakeanunpleasantsituationoritseffectlessseriousandlessdifficulttobear.This extreme poverty is mitigated slightlybythefactthatRosahasapart-timejob.Impactastronginfluenceofeffectproducedbyanidea,invention,etc.The full impact of changes in computertechnologyhasbeenfeltoverthepastfewyears.Wecanalsodothingslikelytooccur.We can take some measures to reduce theinfluence of global warming on us and adjustourselves to the situation which will probablyappearinthefuture.CombattofightagainstThepresidentemphasizedtheimportanceofcombatinginternationalterrorism.Thegovernmentseepricecontrolsasawaytocombatinflation.Wearealsoadvocating.Forests.Wealsosupportthepoliciestostruggleagainsttheglobalwarmingoveralongperiod;weshouldencouragethepeopletouseenvironmentallycleanfuelandnewenergytechnologiestoreplacethetraditionalone,andstopcuttingforestscompletelyforonetime.4.(Para11)istheconclusioninwhichauthorinvitestheparticipationofeverybodytocombatglobalwarmingandto“makearealdifference”.Itwilltakeeveryonetomakearealdifference.Allthesidesofsocietyshouldtakeactiontogether,thenitwillhaveagreatinfluenceontheproblemtosolvetheglobalwarming.1.Globalclimatechangemayhavebeenresponsiblefortheextinctionofthedinosaur.2.Patientswithincurableillnessoftenseekalternativetreatmentssuchashomeopathy.3.Economictheorypredictsthatafallinthepriceofacommoditywillleadtoanincreaseinconsumption.4.Thecongressisexpectedtotakestrongactionsontheproblemoforganizedcrime.Key to translation5.Theever-presentthreatofunemploymentmakesworkerslesswillingtogoonstrike.6.Elderlypeoplemayfacesomepsychologicalproblemsthatresultfromtheirlossofindependence.7.Thecarindustry,likemostotherindustries,isfeelingtheeffectsoftherecession.8.Yoursuccessatcollegepartlydependsonhowwellyoucanadaptyourselftothenewenvironment.
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