相关标准及路由器测试课件

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第八章第八章网网络设备测试络设备测试测试标测试标准及路由器准及路由器测试测试o目目标标:n了解相关了解相关标标准准n学学习习路由器的常用指路由器的常用指标标及及测试测试方法方法o主要内容主要内容n1相关相关标标准准n2测测量方法概述量方法概述n3路由器的性能指路由器的性能指标标n4路由器性能路由器性能测试测试n5测试实测试实例例7/10/20247/10/20241 1-1 1 相关相关标标准准oRFC2544RFC2544(Benchmarking Methodology for Network (Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices)Interconnect Devices)oRFC2889RFC2889(BenchmarkingBenchmarkingMethodologyMethodologyforforLANLANSwSwitchingitchingDevicesDevices)oYD/T1156-2001YD/T1156-2001路由器路由器测试规测试规范高端路由器范高端路由器oYD/T1098-2001YD/T1098-2001路由器路由器测试规测试规范低端路由器范低端路由器oYD/T1141-2001YD/T1141-2001 千兆比以太网交千兆比以太网交换换机机测试测试方法方法oYD/T1142-2001YD/T1142-2001 IP IP电话电话网守网守设备设备技技术术要求及要求及测试测试方法方法oYD/T1072-2000YD/T1072-2000 IP IP电话电话网关网关设备测试设备测试方法方法oYD/T1075-2000YD/T1075-2000 网网络络接入服接入服务务器(器(NASNAS)测试测试方法方法oYD/T1171-2001 IPYD/T1171-2001 IP网网络络技技术术要求要求网网络络性能参数与指性能参数与指标标7/10/20247/10/20242 2-相关相关标标准准-续续oYD/T1251.1-2003YD/T1251.1-2003 路由路由协议协议一致性一致性测试测试方法方法中中间间系系统统到中到中间间系系统统路由交路由交换协议换协议(IS-IS)IS-IS)oYD/T1251.2-2003YD/T1251.2-2003 路由路由协议协议一致性一致性测试测试方法方法开放最开放最短路径短路径优优先先协议协议(OSPFOSPF)oYD/T1251.3-2003YD/T1251.3-2003 路由路由协议协议一致性一致性测试测试方法方法边边界网界网关关协议协议(BGP4BGP4)oYD/T1260-2003YD/T1260-2003 基于端口的虚基于端口的虚拟拟局域网(局域网(VLANVLAN)技)技术术要求和要求和测试测试方法方法oYD/T1033-2000YD/T1033-2000 传输传输性能的指性能的指标标系列系列oYD/T10912000YD/T10912000 56kbit/s 56kbit/s调调制解制解调调器接口及器接口及传输传输性能性能技技术术要求和要求和测试测试方法方法7/10/20247/10/20243 3-Request for Comments:2544Request for Comments:2544oNetwork Working GroupNetwork Working Group,Benchmarking Methodology Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devicesfor Network Interconnect Devices,S.Bradner S.Bradner,Harvard UniversityHarvard University,J.McQuaid J.McQuaid,NetScout NetScout SystemsSystems,March 1999 March 1999oThis document discusses and defines a number of This document discusses and defines a number of tests that may be used to describe the perfo-tests that may be used to describe the perfo-rmance characteristics of a network intercon-rmance characteristics of a network intercon-necting device.necting device.In addition to defining the In addition to defining the tests this document also describes specific tests this document also describes specific formats for reporting the results of the tests.formats for reporting the results of the tests.7/10/20247/10/20244 4-RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 1RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 1:ThroughputThroughputoDefinition:Definition:The maximum rate at which none of the The maximum rate at which none of the offered frames are dropped by the offered frames are dropped by the device.device.o详见详见:RFC 1242RFC 1242o吞吐量吞吐量测试可以确定被可以确定被测试设备(DUT)(DUT)或被或被测试系系统(SUT)(SUT)在不在不丢弃包的情况下所能支弃包的情况下所能支持的吞吐速率。持的吞吐速率。o二分法二分法7/10/20247/10/20245 5-Throughput test-ProcedureThroughput test-ProcedureoSend a specific number of frames at a Send a specific number of frames at a specific rate through the DUT and then count specific rate through the DUT and then count the frames that are transmitted by the DUT.the frames that are transmitted by the DUT.oIf the count of offered frames is equal to If the count of offered frames is equal to the count of received frames,the fewer the count of received frames,the fewer frames are received than were transmitted,frames are received than were transmitted,the rate of the offered stream is reduced the rate of the offered stream is reduced and the test is rerun.and the test is rerun.oThe throughput is the fastest rate at which The throughput is the fastest rate at which the count of test frames transmitted by the the count of test frames transmitted by the DUT is equal to the number of test frames DUT is equal to the number of test frames sent to it by the test equipment.sent to it by the test equipment.7/10/20247/10/20246 6-RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 2RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 2:LatencyLatencyDefinition:Definition:oFor For store and forward devicesstore and forward devices:The time interval starting when the The time interval starting when the last bit of the last bit of the input frameinput frame reaches the input port and ending when the reaches the input port and ending when the first bit of the output framefirst bit of the output frame is seen on the output is seen on the output port.port.oFor For bit forwarding devicesbit forwarding devices:The time interval starting when The time interval starting when the end of the first bit the end of the first bit of the input frameof the input frame reaches the input port and ending reaches the input port and ending when when the start of the first bit of the output framethe start of the first bit of the output frame is is seen on the output port.seen on the output port.由此定由此定义义看:看:仅仅包括排包括排队队和和处处理理时时延,不包括延,不包括传输时传输时延?延?7/10/20247/10/20247 7-延延时测试时测试o延延时测试时测试测测量一台量一台DUT DUT 在有在有负载负载条件下条件下转发转发数据包所需数据包所需的的时间时间。SmartApplications SmartApplications 在在规规定定时间时间内生成内生成100%100%的的负载负载(或者按或者按测试设测试设置中置中规规定的比例定的比例)。在。在测试过测试过程中,程中,SmartApplications SmartApplications 测测量每量每对对端口上的每一个包的延端口上的每一个包的延时时。o对对于于存存储转发储转发(Store-and-forwardStore-and-forward)设备设备来来说说,测测量量的延的延时时是指从是指从输输入入帧帧的最后一个比特达到的最后一个比特达到输输入端口的入端口的时时刻到刻到输输出出帧帧的第一个比特出的第一个比特出现现在在输输出端口上的出端口上的时时刻的刻的时时间间间间隔。隔。对对于于cut-throughout cut-throughout 设备设备来来说说,延,延时时是指从是指从输输入入帧帧的第一比特达到的第一比特达到输输入端口的入端口的时时刻到刻到输输出出帧帧的第一的第一比特出比特出现现在在输输出端口的出端口的时时刻的刻的间间隔。隔。测试设测试设置中置中规规定的定的每一种包每一种包长长度都要度都要进进行延行延时测试时测试。7/10/20247/10/20248 8-Latency test-Procedure:Latency test-Procedure:oSend a stream of frames at a particular frame size Send a stream of frames at a particular frame size through the DUT at the determined throughput rate to a through the DUT at the determined throughput rate to a specific destination.The stream SHOULD be at least specific destination.The stream SHOULD be at least 120 seconds in duration.120 seconds in duration.oAn identifying tag SHOULD be included in one frame An identifying tag SHOULD be included in one frame after 60 seconds with the type of tag being after 60 seconds with the type of tag being implementation dependent.The time at which this frame implementation dependent.The time at which this frame is fully transmitted is recorded(is fully transmitted is recorded(timestamp Atimestamp A).The).The receiver logic in the test equipment MUST recognize the receiver logic in the test equipment MUST recognize the tag information in the frame stream and record the time tag information in the frame stream and record the time at which the tagged frame was received(at which the tagged frame was received(timestamp Btimestamp B).).oThe latency is timestamp B minus timestamp AThe latency is timestamp B minus timestamp A。RFC 1242RFC 1242oThe test MUST be repeated at least 20 times with the The test MUST be repeated at least 20 times with the reported value being the average of the recorded reported value being the average of the recorded values.values.7/10/20247/10/20249 9-RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 3RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 3:Frame Frame loss rateloss rateoDefinition:Definition:Percentage of frames Percentage of frames thatthat should have been should have been forwarded by a network device under steady state forwarded by a network device under steady state(constant)load(constant)load thatthat were not forwarded due to were not forwarded due to lack of resourceslack of resources.(如何理解两个如何理解两个that?that?并列修并列修饰饰。)oRFC 1242RFC 1242o包包丢丢失失测试测试通通过测过测量由于缺少量由于缺少资资源而未源而未转发转发的包的的包的比例来比例来显显示高示高负载负载状状态态下下DUTDUT的性能。的性能。7/10/20247/10/20241010-Frame Loss rate-test ProcedureFrame Loss rate-test ProcedureoSend a Send a specific number of framesspecific number of frames at a at a specific ratespecific rate through the DUT to be tested and count the frames that through the DUT to be tested and count the frames that are transmitted by the DUT.The frame loss rate at are transmitted by the DUT.The frame loss rate at each point is calculated using the following equation:each point is calculated using the following equation:(input_count-output_count)*100)/input_count (input_count-output_count)*100)/input_countoThe first trial SHOULD be run for the frame rate that The first trial SHOULD be run for the frame rate that corresponds to 100%of the maximum rate for the frame corresponds to 100%of the maximum rate for the frame size on the input media.Repeat the procedure for the size on the input media.Repeat the procedure for the rate that corresponds to 90%of the maximum rate used rate that corresponds to 90%of the maximum rate used and then for 80%of this rate.This sequence SHOULD be and then for 80%of this rate.This sequence SHOULD be continued(at reducing 10%intervals)until there are continued(at reducing 10%intervals)until there are two successive trials in which no frames are lost.two successive trials in which no frames are lost.7/10/20247/10/20241111-RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 4RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 4:Back-Back-to-backto-backoDefinition:Definition:nFixed length frames presented at a rate Fixed length frames presented at a rate such that there is the minimum legal such that there is the minimum legal separation for a given medium between separation for a given medium between frames over a short to medium period of frames over a short to medium period of time,starting from an idle state.time,starting from an idle state.nMeasurement units:Number of N-octet Measurement units:Number of N-octet frames in burstframes in burstoRFC1242RFC12427/10/20247/10/20241212-背靠背性能背靠背性能测试测试o背靠背性能背靠背性能测试测试通通过过以最大以最大帧帧速率速率发发送送突突发传输发传输流流并并测测量无包量无包丢丢失失时时的最大突的最大突发发(BurstBurst)长长度度(总总包包数量数量)来来测试测试DUTDUT的的缓缓冲区容量。冲区容量。oSmartApplications SmartApplications 在全在全负载负载条件下生成突条件下生成突发传输发传输流,如果所有的包都得到流,如果所有的包都得到转发转发,就增加突,就增加突发长发长度,度,并重新并重新进进行行测试测试。但是,如果某一。但是,如果某一对对端口上出端口上出现现包包丢丢失,失,SmartApplicationsSmartApplications将突将突发长发长度减少一半并度减少一半并再次再次进进行行测试测试。然后,。然后,SmartApplicationsSmartApplications利用二利用二分搜索分搜索查查找无包找无包丢丢失失时时的最大突的最大突发长发长度。度。测试设测试设置置中中规规定的每一种包定的每一种包长长度都要度都要进进行背到背性能行背到背性能测试测试。7/10/20247/10/20241313-Back-to-backtest procedureBack-to-backtest procedureoSend a burst of frames with minimum inter-frame gaps to Send a burst of frames with minimum inter-frame gaps to the DUT and count the number of frames forwarded by the the DUT and count the number of frames forwarded by the DUT.If the count of transmitted frames is equal to DUT.If the count of transmitted frames is equal to the number of frames forwarded the the number of frames forwarded the length of the burstlength of the burst is increased and the test is rerun.is increased and the test is rerun.oIf the number of forwarded frames is less than the If the number of forwarded frames is less than the number transmitted,the number transmitted,the length of the burstlength of the burst is reduced is reduced and the test is rerun.and the test is rerun.oThe back-to-back value is the number of frames in the The back-to-back value is the number of frames in the longest burst that the DUT will handle without the loss longest burst that the DUT will handle without the loss of any frames.of any frames.The trial length MUST be at least 2 The trial length MUST be at least 2 seconds and SHOULD be repeated at least 50 times with seconds and SHOULD be repeated at least 50 times with the average of the recorded values being reported.the average of the recorded values being reported.7/10/20247/10/20241414-RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 5RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 5:System recoverySystem recoveryoObjective:Objective:To characterize the speed at which a To characterize the speed at which a DUT recovers from an overload condition.DUT recovers from an overload condition.oProcedure:Procedure:First determine the throughput for a First determine the throughput for a DUT at each of the listed frame sizes.Send a DUT at each of the listed frame sizes.Send a stream of frames at a rate 110%of the recorded stream of frames at a rate 110%of the recorded throughput rate or the maximum rate for the throughput rate or the maximum rate for the mediamedia(线线速)速),whichever is lower,for at least,whichever is lower,for at least 60 seconds.At 60 seconds.At Timestamp ATimestamp A reduce the frame reduce the frame rate to 50%of the above rate and record the rate to 50%of the above rate and record the time of the last frame lost (time of the last frame lost (Timestamp BTimestamp B).).The The system recovery time is determined by system recovery time is determined by subtracting Timestamp B from Timestamp A.subtracting Timestamp B from Timestamp A.7/10/20247/10/20241515-RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 6RFC2544 Benchmarking tests 6:ResetResetoObjective:Objective:To characterize the speed at which a DUT To characterize the speed at which a DUT recovers from a device or software reset.recovers from a device or software reset.oProcedure:Procedure:First determine the throughput for the DUT First determine the throughput for the DUT for the minimum frame size on the media used in the for the minimum frame size on the media used in the testing.Send a continuous stream of frames at the testing.Send a continuous stream of frames at the determined throughput rate for the minimum sized frames.determined throughput rate for the minimum sized frames.Cause a reset in the DUT.Monitor the output until Cause a reset in the DUT.Monitor the output until frames begin to be forwarded and record the time that the frames begin to be forwarded and record the time that the last frame(Timestamp A)of the initial stream and the last frame(Timestamp A)of the initial stream and the first frame of the new stream(Timestamp B)are received.first frame of the new stream(Timestamp B)are received.oThe reset value is obtained by subtracting Timestamp A The reset value is obtained by subtracting Timestamp A from Timestamp B.from Timestamp B.oHardware and software resets,as well as a power Hardware and software resets,as well as a power interruption SHOULD be tested.interruption SHOULD be tested.7/10/20247/10/20241616-转发转发能力能力测试实测试实例例o思博思博伦伦(SpirentSpirent)通)通信的信的SmartBits 6000BSmartBits 6000Bo依据依据RFC 2544RFC 2544完成完成n吞吐率吞吐率n延延迟迟n帧丢帧丢失率失率nBack to BackBack to Back测试测试 7/10/20247/10/20241717-3 3 路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o1 1、吞吐量、吞吐量:吞吐量是指路由器的包:吞吐量是指路由器的包转发转发能力。吞吐量与路由器的能力。吞吐量与路由器的端口数量、端口速率、数据包端口数量、端口速率、数据包长长度、数据包度、数据包类类型、路由型、路由计计算模式算模式(分布或集中)以及(分布或集中)以及测试测试方法有关,一般泛指方法有关,一般泛指处处理器理器处处理数据包理数据包的能力。高速路由器的包的能力。高速路由器的包转发转发能力至少能力至少应应在在2020包包/秒以上。秒以上。o端口吞吐量端口吞吐量:端口吞吐量是路由器在某端口上的包端口吞吐量是路由器在某端口上的包转发转发能力。通常采能力。通常采用两个相同速率用两个相同速率测试测试接口。一般接口。一般测试测试接口可能与接口位置及关系接口可能与接口位置及关系相关,例如同一插卡上端口相关,例如同一插卡上端口间测试间测试的吞吐量可能与不同插卡上端的吞吐量可能与不同插卡上端口口间间吞吐量吞吐量值值不同。不同。整机吞吐量整机吞吐量:整机吞吐量是指整机吞吐量是指设备设备整机的包整机的包转发转发能力,是能力,是设备设备性能的性能的重要指重要指标标。路由器的工作在于根据。路由器的工作在于根据IPIP包包头头或者或者MPLSMPLS(多(多协议标签协议标签交交换换)标记选标记选路,因此性能指路,因此性能指标标是指每秒是指每秒转发转发包的数量。整机吞吐包的数量。整机吞吐量通常小于路由器所有端口吞吐量之和。量通常小于路由器所有端口吞吐量之和。7/10/20247/10/20241818-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o2 2、背板能力、背板能力:背板指:背板指输输入与入与输输出端口出端口间间的物理通的物理通路。路。o背板能力是路由器的内部背板能力是路由器的内部实现实现,传统传统路由器采用共路由器采用共享背板,但是享背板,但是应应用于高性能路由器用于高性能路由器时时不可避免的会不可避免的会遇到遇到拥拥塞塞问题问题,其次也很,其次也很难设计难设计出高速的共享出高速的共享总线总线,所以所以现现有的高速路由器一般采用可交有的高速路由器一般采用可交换换式背板的式背板的设设计计。o背板能力通常大于依据吞吐量和背板能力通常大于依据吞吐量和测试测试包包长长所所计计算的算的值值。但是背板能力只能在。但是背板能力只能在设计设计中体中体现现,一般无法,一般无法测测试试。(电电磁兼容性磁兼容性设计设计)7/10/20247/10/20241919-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o3 3、丢丢包率包率:丢丢包率是指路由器在包率是指路由器在稳稳定的持定的持续负续负荷下,由于荷下,由于资资源缺少而不能源缺少而不能转发转发的数据的数据包在包在应该转发应该转发的数据包中所占的比例。的数据包中所占的比例。n丢丢包率通常用作衡量路由器在超包率通常用作衡量路由器在超负负荷工作荷工作时时路路由器的性能由器的性能。n丢丢包率与数据包包率与数据包长长度以及包度以及包发发送送频频率相关率相关,在,在一些一些环环境下,可以加上路由抖境下,可以加上路由抖动动或大量路由后或大量路由后进进行行测试测试模模拟拟。7/10/20247/10/20242020-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o4 4、时时延以及延以及时时延抖延抖动动:时时延是指数据包第一个比延是指数据包第一个比特特进进入路由器到最后一个比特从路由器入路由器到最后一个比特从路由器输输出的出的时间时间间间隔。隔。该时间间该时间间隔是存隔是存储转发储转发方式工作的路由器的方式工作的路由器的处处理理时间时间。时时延与数据包的延与数据包的长长度和度和链链路速率都有关,路速率都有关,通常在路由器端口吞吐量范通常在路由器端口吞吐量范围围内内进进行行测试测试。o时时延延对对网网络络性能影响性能影响较较大大,对对高速路由器,在最差高速路由器,在最差情况下情况下,要求要求对对15181518字字节节及以下的及以下的IPIP包包时时延均都小延均都小于于1ms1ms。o时时延抖延抖动动是指是指时时延的延的变变化化。数据。数据业务对时业务对时延抖延抖动动不不敏感,所以敏感,所以该该指指标标通常不作通常不作为为衡量高速路由器的重衡量高速路由器的重要指要指标标。对对IPIP上除数据外的其它上除数据外的其它业务业务,如,如语语音、音、视视频业务频业务,该该指指标标才有才有测试测试的必要性(的必要性(VoIPVoIP)。)。7/10/20247/10/20242121-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o5 5、路由表容量、路由表容量:路由器通常依靠所建立及:路由器通常依靠所建立及维护维护的的路由表来决定包的路由表来决定包的转发转发。路由表能力是指路由表内。路由表能力是指路由表内所容所容纳纳路由表路由表项项数量的极限。数量的极限。o由于在由于在InternetInternet上上执执行行BGPBGP(边边界网关界网关协议协议)的路由)的路由器通常器通常拥拥有数十万条路由表有数十万条路由表项项,所以,所以该项该项目也是路目也是路由器能力的重要体由器能力的重要体现现。o一般而言,一般而言,高速路由器高速路由器应该应该能能够够支持至少支持至少2525万条路万条路由由,平均每个目的地址至少提供平均每个目的地址至少提供2 2条路径条路径,系,系统统必必须须支持至少支持至少2525个个BGPBGP对对等以及至少等以及至少5050个个IGPIGP邻邻居。居。7/10/20247/10/20242222-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o6 6、QoSQoS(服(服务质务质量)能力量)能力:主要用于度量与某种:主要用于度量与某种业业务务相关的一整套性能。相关的一整套性能。n队队列管理机制列管理机制:队队列管理控制机制通常指路由器列管理控制机制通常指路由器拥拥塞管塞管理机制及其理机制及其队队列列调调度算法。常度算法。常见见的方法有的方法有REDRED(随机早期(随机早期预测预测)、)、WREDWRED(加(加权权随机随机预测预测)、)、WRRWRR(加(加权轮询权轮询)、)、WFQWFQ(加(加权权平均平均队队列)、以及改列)、以及改进进后的加后的加权权公平流排公平流排队队算算法法WF2QWF2Q等。等。n排排队队策略策略:支持公平排:支持公平排队队算法,支持加算法,支持加权权公平排公平排队队算法。算法。该该算法算法给给每个每个队队列一个列一个权权(weightweight),由它决定),由它决定该队该队列列可享用的可享用的链链路路带宽带宽。这样这样,实时业务实时业务可以确可以确实实得到所要得到所要求的性能,非求的性能,非弹弹性性业务业务流可以与普通(流可以与普通(Best-effortBest-effort)业业务务流相互隔离。流相互隔离。7/10/20247/10/20242323-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o6 6、QoSQoS(服(服务质务质量)能力量)能力(续续)n拥拥塞控制塞控制:必必须须支持支持WFQWFQ、REDRED等等拥拥塞控制机制。由塞控制机制。由该该机制可以机制可以为为不符合其不符合其业务级别业务级别CIR/BurstCIR/Burst合同的流合同的流量量标记标记一个一个较较高的高的丢丢弃弃优优先先级级,该优该优先先级应级应比比满满足足合同的流量和尽力而合同的流量和尽力而为为的流量的的流量的丢丢弃弃优优先先级级高。高。在在有可能存在有可能存在输输出出队队列争列争抢抢的交的交换环换环境中,必境中,必须须提供提供有效的方法消除有效的方法消除头头部部拥拥塞。塞。n端口硬件端口硬件队队列数列数:通常路由器所支持的:通常路由器所支持的优优先先级级由端由端口硬件口硬件队队列来保列来保证证。每个。每个队队列中的列中的优优先先级级由由队队列列调调度算法控制。度算法控制。7/10/20247/10/20242424-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o7 7、网管能力、网管能力:网管是指网:网管是指网络络管理管理员员通通过过网网络络管理管理程序程序对对网网络络上上资资源源进进行集中化管理的操作,包括配行集中化管理的操作,包括配置管理、置管理、计账计账管理、性能管理、差管理、性能管理、差错错管理和安全管管理和安全管理。理。o设备设备所支持的网管程度体所支持的网管程度体现设备现设备的的可管理性与可可管理性与可维维护护性性,通常使用,通常使用SNMPv2SNMPv2协议进协议进行管理。行管理。o网管粒度网管粒度指示路由器管理的精指示路由器管理的精细细程度,如管理到端程度,如管理到端口、到网段、到口、到网段、到IPIP地址、到地址、到MACMAC地址等粒度。管理地址等粒度。管理粒度可能会影响路由器粒度可能会影响路由器转发转发能力。能力。7/10/20247/10/20242525-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o8 8、突、突发发量能力量能力:突:突发发量是指以最小量是指以最小帧间帧间隔隔发发送最多数据包而不引起送最多数据包而不引起丢丢包包时时的数据包数的数据包数量,量,该该指指标标用于用于测试测试路由器的路由器的缓缓存能力。存能力。n具有具有线线速速双工双工转发转发能力的路由器,此指能力的路由器,此指标值标值无无限大。限大。n网网络络中数据的流量并不是一成不中数据的流量并不是一成不变变的,有的,有时时整整个网个网络络的数据会在一段的数据会在一段时间时间内急内急骤骤增加,甚至增加,甚至达到物理介达到物理介质质的理的理论论速度,因此使用突速度,因此使用突发发量能量能力来描述力来描述这这种种环环境下路由器的表境下路由器的表现现。7/10/20247/10/20242626-插插页页线线速?速?o线线速(速(Wire SpeedWire Speed):):线线速是指理速是指理论论上上线缆线缆通通过过最最大大帧帧数数时时的状的状态态。o在在LANLAN交交换换机之机之类类的的产产品目品目录录中所中所说说的的“支持支持线线速速”,表示的是:,表示的是:线缆线缆中流中流过过的的帧帧数理数理论论上支持最大上支持最大帧帧数数。o如果是以太网,如果是以太网,MACMAC帧帧最小最小为为64B64B,这这种种64B64B的的帧帧最最大限量通大限量通过线缆过线缆的状的状态态就是就是“线线速速”。n10M10M以太网以太网1 1秒秒为为1 1万万48814881个,个,100M100M以太网以太网为为10M10M的的1010倍倍-1414万万88108810个。个。7/10/20247/10/20242727-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o9 9、可靠性与可用性、可靠性与可用性:o设备设备的冗余的冗余:冗余可以包括接口冗余、插卡冗余、:冗余可以包括接口冗余、插卡冗余、电电源源冗余、系冗余、系统统板冗余、板冗余、时钟时钟板冗余、板冗余、设备设备冗余等。冗余用冗余等。冗余用于保于保证设备证设备的可靠性与可用性,冗余量的的可靠性与可用性,冗余量的设计应设计应当在当在设设备备可靠性要求与投可靠性要求与投资间资间折衷。路由器可以通折衷。路由器可以通过过VRRPVRRP等等协协议议来保来保证证路由器的冗余。路由器的冗余。o热热插拔插拔组组件件:由于路由器通常要求:由于路由器通常要求2424小小时时工作,所以更工作,所以更换换部件不部件不应应影响路由器工作。部件影响路由器工作。部件热热插拔是路由器插拔是路由器2424小小时时工作的保障。工作的保障。o无故障工作无故障工作时间时间:该该指指标标按照按照统计统计方式指出方式指出设备设备无故障无故障工作的工作的时间时间。一般无法。一般无法测试测试,可以通,可以通过过主要器件的无故主要器件的无故障工作障工作时间计时间计算或大量相同算或大量相同设备设备的工作情况的工作情况计计算算7/10/20247/10/20242828-路由器的路由器的测试测试指指标标o内部内部时钟时钟精度精度:拥拥有有ATMATM端口做端口做电电路仿真或者路仿真或者POSPOS口的路由器互口的路由器互连连通常需要同步。在使用内部通常需要同步。在使用内部时钟时时钟时,其精度会影响,其精度会影响误码误码率。率。o高速路由器的可靠性与可靠性高速路由器的可靠性与可靠性规规定定应应达到以下要求:达到以下要求:o 系系统应统应达到或超达到或超过过99.999%99.999%的可用性。的可用性。o 无故障无故障连续连续工作工作时间时间:MTBF10MTBF10万小万小时时。o 故障恢复故障恢复时间时间:系:系统统故障恢复故障恢复时间时间 30 mins 30 mins。o 系系统应统应具有自具有自动动保保护护切切换换功能。主功能。主备备用切用切换时间应换时间应小于小于50ms50ms。o SDH SDH和和ATMATM接口接口应应具有自具有自动动保保护护切切换换功能,切功能,切换时间应换时间应小于小于50ms50ms。o 要求要求设备设备具有高可靠性和高具有高可靠性和高稳稳定性。主定性。主处处理器、主存理器、主存储储器、交器、交换换矩矩阵阵、电电源、源、总线总线仲裁器和管理接口等系仲裁器和管理接口等系统统主要部件主要部件应应具有具有热热备备份冗余。份冗余。o 系系统统必必须须不存在不存在单单故障点。故障点。7/10/20247/10/20242929-4 4 路由器路由器测试测试o一般可以分成以下几一般可以分成以下几类类:n功能功能测试测试n性能性能测试测试n稳稳定性可靠性定性可靠性测试测试n一致性一致性测试测试n互操作性互操作性测试测试n网管网管测试测试o路由器路由器测试测试方法通常分方法通常分为为本地本地测试测试法、分布法、分布测试测试法、法、远远端端测试测试法和法和协协同同测试测试法。法。7/10/20247/10/20243030-(一)功能(一)功能测试测试 o(1 1)接口功能)接口功能:该该功能用作将路由器功能用作将路由器连连接到网接到网络络。可以分可以分为为局域网接口及广域网接口两种。局域网接局域网接口及广域网接口两种。局域网接口主要包括以太网、令牌口主要包括以太网、令牌环环、令牌、令牌总线总线、FDDIFDDI等网等网络络接口。广域网接口主要包括接口。广域网接口主要包括E1/T1E1/T1、E3/T3E3/T3、DS3DS3、通用串行口(可通用串行口(可转换转换成成X.21DTE/DCEX.21DTE/DCE、V.35DTE/DCEV.35DTE/DCE、RS232DTE/DCERS232DTE/DCE、RS449DTE/DCERS449DTE/DCE、EIA530DTEEIA530DTE)等网)等网络络接口。接口。o(2 2)通
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