英语国家概况-英国Politics分析课件

PoliticsPoliticsPoliticsAttheendofthesessionyoushouldknow:BritishelectionsandelectoralsystemThepoliticalpartiesObjectivesObjectivesAttheendofthesessionyouPart I Warm-up questionsPart I Warm-up questions1.ForhowmanyyearsisageneralelectionheldonceintheUK?Fiveyears2.WhocanstandforelectionasanMP?AnyonewhoiseligibletovotecanstandasanMP.3.Whatarethethreemajorparties?TheConservative,LabourandLiberalDemocrats4.Whichpartyisthepartythatspentmosttimeinpower?TheConservativeParty5.WhichpartydoesTonyBlairbelongto?TheLabourPartyPartIWarm-upquestions1.For Part II Focal pointsPart II Focal pointsPartIIFocalpoints1.Importanceofgeneralelections(大选1 1的重要性)2.Formationofthegovernment(政府的形成)2 23.Voteofnoconfidence(不信任投票)3 34.Politicalparties:TheConservativeparty(保守党),TheLaborparty(工党),LiberalDemocrats(自由民主党)5.RecentpoliticaltrendsintheUK(英国最近的政治动向)6.MargaretThatcher(玛格丽特撒切尔)JohnMajor(约翰梅杰)TonyBlair(托尼布莱尔)GordenBrown(戈登布朗)DavidWilliamDonaldCameron41.Importanceofgeneralel7.classsystemintheBritishsociety(英国社会中的等级制度)8.thehereditaryaristocracy(世袭贵族)9.ethnicrelationsinBritain(英国的民族关系)7.classsystemintheBriPart III Words&ExpressionsPartIIIWords&Expressionsaggressive adj.挑衅的，侵犯的 constituency n.选区，选举区 convict v.证明有罪,宣判有罪 culminate v.告终，达到顶点 dismantle v.废除，取消 eccentric adj.（人，行为等）古怪的，乖僻的 eligible adj.在法律上合格的，有资格的 entrepreneurship n.企业家精神 get under way 开始进行 in a row（口）接连的，连接地 integration n.结合，综合，融成一体 legitimacy n.合法性，合理性 mechanism n.途径，办法，机制 no-hoper n.（英口）必定失败的人，无成功希望的事 opinion polls 民意测验 aggressiveadj.挑衅的，侵犯的constipragmatic adj.讲究实际的，实干的，实用主义的 proportional adj.比例的，成比例的 rascal n.流氓，无赖 redistributive adj.再分发的，重新分配的 slit n.狭长的口子，夹缝 squalor adj.卑鄙，道德败坏 substantial adj.重大的，实质的，实在的 successive adj.连续的，接连的 supplement v.n.增补，补充 the House of Commons n.(英国)下议院 pragmaticadj.讲究实际的，实干的，实用主义的Electionsareheldeveryfiveyears.Votingisnotcompulsoryandisfromtheageof18.Thepartywhichwinsthemostseatsformsthegovernment.I British elections and I British elections and electoral systemelectoral systemElectionsareheldeveryfive 1.1 The importance of elections(held every 5 years)1)Generalelectionsareveryimportantinthewesterndemocracy.Accordingtotheauthor,theyprovideopportunitiesforpeopletoinfluencefuturegovernmentpoliciesandtoreplacethoseincompetentpoliticalleaders.2)Anyonewhoiseligibletovotewith500poundsasdepositcanstandasanMP.3)Afteragovernmenthasbeeninpowerfor5yearsithastoresignandholda“generalelection”.4)Theelectoralcampaigns:beforeageneralelection,inordertomaketheirideologiesandpoliciesknowntothepublic,thepoliticalpartieswouldstarttheirelectoralcampaigns.1970(MPs)18 June 1970Edward HeathConservativeFebruary 1974(MPs)28 February 1974Harold WilsonLabourOctober 1974(MPs)10 October 1974Harold WilsonJames CallaghanLabour1979(MPs)3 May 1979Margaret ThatcherConservative1983(MPs)9 June 1983Margaret ThatcherConservative1987(MPs)11 June 1987Margaret ThatcherJohn MajorConservative1992(MPs)9 April 1992John MajorConservative1997(MPs)1 May 1997Tony BlairLabour2001(MPs)7 June 2001Tony BlairLabour2005(MPs)5 May 2005Tony BlairGordon BrownLabour1970(MPs)18June1970EdwardHConservatives Launch General Election Campaign with David Cameron ConservativesLaunchGeneralEPartyleaderPrimeMinister325constituencies5Government650seatsinCommons(MPs)18years 6 500 pounds deposit parties650constituencies(geographicalareas)1.2 The electoral system1.2 The electoral system12650651Im a possible MP candidate!12650651PartyleaderPrimeThecampaignsarenotsimplyabouttellingpeoplehowgoodyourpoliciesare,butalsoabouttellingthemhowbadyouropponentsare.Sotheycanbequiteaggressiveandcritical.ManyBritishpeoplecomplainthatthecampaignsaretoonegative,thatthepoliticiansdonotproperlyexplaintheirownpolicies,butinsteadexplainwhypeopleshouldntvotefortheiropponents.1.3 Election campaign:problems1.3 Election campaign:problemsThecampaignsarenotsimplyaAgovernmentcannotstandforlongerthanfiveyearsexceptinexceptionalcircumstances(ithappenedtwicelastcentury,whenelectionsweredelayeduntiltheendofWWIandWWII.)1.4 Delayed and early election1.4 Delayed and early electionAgovernmentcannotstandforThePrimeMinistercancallanelectionsoonerthanfiveyears.Ithappensintwocases:In1979,thegovernmentlosesa“voteofnoconfidence”intheHouseofCommons.Thatis,an MP(usually a member of an opposition party)puts forward a statement for the MPs to vote on saying that“This house no longer has confidence in the Government”.IfamajorityofMPSagree,thenthegovernmenthaseffectivelylostitsabilitytogovernandisforcedtoresignandcallageneralelection.Early election happens if Early election happens if ThePrimeMinistercancallanAnearlyelectioncanalsohappenifthePrimeMinisterdecidesthatthegovernmentiscurrentlyverypopular(perhapstheeconomyisbooming)andcallsanearlyelectionhopingtowinanotherfiveyearsratherthanwaitthefullperiodandriskbecomingunpopularinthemeantimeandlosingtheelection.AnearlyelectioncanalsohapTherearethreemajornationalparties:The Conservative PartyThe Labor PartyThe Liberal DemocratsII The Political PartiesII The Political PartiesTherearethreemajornationalthe Conservativethe Labourthe Liberal Democratsthe Green PartyUlster Unionist PartySinn Fin PartytheConservativetheLabourtheThe labor PartyThe Conservative PartyThe Liberal DemocratsEmergedattheendofthe19thcenturyCametopowerin18thcentury,Formedinthelate1980s.TheleaderisEdMiliband.(埃德米利班德)Others:TonyBlair,GedonBrownetc.TheleaderisDavidCameron(戴维卡梅伦).Others:MargaretThatcher(玛格丽特撒切尔)CloserelationswithLaborParty.Cameoutofpowerin2010.Itispopularamongolderpeople,The three partiesThe three partiesThelaborPartyTheConservati Labor ConservativeLabor ConservativeAsocialistparty.Theybelieveasocietyshouldberelativelyequalineconomictermsandpartoftheroleofgovernmentistoactasa“redistributive”agent:transferringwealthfromrichertothepoorerbymeansoftaxingthericherpartofthesociety.TheConservativePartyisthepartythatspentmosttimeinpower.From1979to1997,itwon4electionsinarowandwasinpowerforalongperiod.Labor Labor ConservativeLabor ConservativeSettinguptheNationalHealthService:toprovidehighqualityhealthcareforall,free,“fromcradletograve”.Nationalisation:changingfromprivatetostateownership.Protectingtheindividualsrighttoacquirewealthandtospendithowtheychoose.Favoringlowtaxed.Receivealotoftheirpartyfundingfrombigcompanies.LaborTheLabourParty-partyofunderprivileged-partyofreformists-aimsatnationalizationofbigenterprises-moredemocraticandlooserinorganizationConservativeParty-developedfromtheToryPartyin1830s-partyofrichandprivileged-opposedtonationalization-favormonopoly(垄断)capitalistsTheLabourPartyTheLiberalDemocraticParty(自由民主党)-mixedeconomywithstate-owned&private-ownedenterprises-opposesisolationism(孤立主义政策)-AdvocatespoliciesbasedonfreedomoftheindividualandsupportfortheadoptionofPropositionalRepresentation(比例代表制)atelectionsUKnowisadoptingthewinner-take-all（赢者全胜）system.英语国家概况-英国Politics分析课件ThedifferencesbetweentheLaborandtheConservativepartyisone of degree,notanabsolute.SummarySummaryThedifferencesbetweentheLaMargaretHildaThatcher,BaronessThatcherMargaretHildaThatcher,BaronessThatcher玛格格丽特特 希希尔达达 撒切撒切尔，撒切，撒切尔女男爵女男爵1979-1990ConservativeThe First Woman PM:The First Woman PM:MargaretHildaThatcher,BaronThatcher with US First Lady Nancy Reagan at 10 Downing Street,1986 The Thatchers with the Reagans 16 November 1988 ThatcherwithUSFirstLadyNaMargaretThatcherwasBritainsfirstfemalePrimeMinister.Agraduateof7SomervilleCollege,Oxford,withamasterofartsdegreefromtheUniversityofOxford,sheworkedasaresearchchemistandabarrister,concentratingontaxlaw,beforebeingelectedtotheHouseofCommonsin1953.MargaretThatcherwasBritainSheheldseveralministerialappointmentsincludingeducationminister(1970-74).ElectedleaderofherPartyin1975,shebecamePrimeMinisterin1979.Knownasastrongleaderandan“astuteParliamentarytactician”,sheknewhowtohandledisagreement,nomatterfromwhichbenchitissued.SheheldseveralministerialaIn1982,sheorderedBritishtroopstotheFalkland IslandstoretakethemfromArgentina.Shetookastrongstandagainstthetradeunionsduringtheminersstrike(1984-85),andmovedBritaintowardprivatization,sellingminorinterestsinpublicutilitiestothebusinessinterests.In1989,sheintroducedacommunitypolltax(人头税).In1982,sheorderedBritishtIn1990,hercabinetwasdividedoverissuesincludingtheEuropeanCommunitywhichforcedherregistration.In1992,sheenteredtheHouseofLords,createdBaroness(女性男爵)ThatcherofKesteven.HermemoirswerebeingpublishedbyHarperCollins.Thefirstvolume,“TheDowningStreetYears”waspublishedin1993.In1990,hercabinetwasdivid *Sir John Major,(born29March1943)isaBritishpolitician,whoservedasPrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomandLeaderoftheConservativePartyfrom1990to1997.DuringhistermasPrimeMinister,theworldwentthroughaperiodofpoliticalandmilitarytransitionaftertheendoftheColdWar.*SirJohnMajor,(born29 *Anthony Charles Lynton Blair(born6May1953)isaformerBritishLaborpoliticianwhoservedasthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomfrom2May1997to27June2007.HewastheMemberofParliamentforfrom1983to2007andLeaderofLaborPartyfrom1994to2007;heresignedfromallthesepositionsinJune2007.*AnthonyCharlesLyntonBlTony Blair and George W.Bush on 12 November 2004.TonyBlairandGeorgeW.Bush *James Gordon Brown(born20February1951)isthePrimeMinisteroftheUnitedKingdomandLeaderoftheLaborParty.BrownbecamePrimeMinisterinJune2007,aftertheresignationofTonyBlairandthreedaysafterbecomingleaderofthegoverningLaborParty.*JamesGordonBrown(bornBrown with former U.S.President George W.Bush Gordon Brown and President Barack Obama in the White HouseBrownwithformerU.S.Preside Class system in British societyTheclasssystemdoesexistinBritishsociety.Britishsocietyisconsideredtobedividedintothreemaingroupsofclasses-the Upper Class,the Middle Class,and the Lower or Working Class.ThisisknownastheClasssystemanditisimportanttoknowsomethingaboutitifyouwanttounderstandBritishpeopleandsociety.MostBritishpeoplegrowupwithadeepknowledgeandunderstandingoftheclasssystemeveniftheyarenotveryconsciousofit.Mostpeopleknowwhichclasstheybelongtobythewaytheyspeak,theirclothes,theirinterestsoreventhetypeoffoodtheyeat.ClasssysteminBritishsocie1)MostoftheBritishpopulationwouldclaimthemselvestobeeitherofmiddle-classorworking-class,thoughsomepeoplewouldactuallybelongtotheuppermiddle-classorlowermiddle-class.大多数的英国人宣称他们自己是中产阶级或是工人阶级，不过有些人确切地说应该属于中上阶级或中下阶级。2)Classdivisionsarenotsimplyeconomic,theyareculturalaswell.阶级区分不单单是经济上的，他们也是文化上的。1)MostoftheBritishpopSocialclassisnotonlyaboutbehaviorandattitudes.Forexample,althoughmanyupperclasspeoplearerichandmayownalotofland,havingalotofmoneydoesnotmakeapersonupperclass.Itisalsoimportanttocomefromaparticularkindoffamily,havefriendswhoareconsideredsuitable,havebeentoacertaintypeofprivateschoolandspeakwiththerightkindofaccent.Therearepeoplewhoarepoorbutwhodonotthinkofthemselvesasworkingclassbecausetheirfamilybackground,education,politicalopinions,etc.aredifferenttothoseofmostworking-classpeople.ManypeopledonotliketheclasssystembutitisimpossibletopretendthatthesedifferencesdonotexistorthatBritishpeopledonotsometimesformopinionsinthisway.Socialclassisnotonlyabout3)Peopleofdifferentclassesmaydifferinthekindofnewspaperstheyread,inthewaytheyspeakandinthekindofeducationtheyreceive.OneofthedistinctivefeaturesabouttheBritishclasssystemisthataristocratictitlescanstillbeinherited.不同阶级的人所读的报纸不同，讲话的方式也不同，所受的教育也不同。英国阶级制度一大特点是：贵族头衔仍然可以继承。What is distinctive about the British class-system,and what marks it as different from the American social structure,is that it has retained a hereditary aristocracy.3)PeopleofdifferentclThe hereditary aristocracy(世袭贵族):AdistinctivefeatureoftheBritishclass-system.Childrenfromthesearistocraticfamiliescaninheritaristocratictitlesaswellasfortune.AndtheseniortierofthearistocracyalsoinherittherighttobelordsintheHouseofLords.(*But they do not dominate the UK society because real power in the Parliament rests in the elected House of Commons and the majority of working“Lords”in the House of Lords 上院中的积极分子are not from aristocratic families either,but have been made“life peers”)Thehereditaryaristocracy(世袭 Life peers(爵位不能世袭的)终身贵族:lordsoftheirlifetime,butwhosechildrencannotinheritthetitles.TheyaremadelifepeersoutofrecognitionforachievementinUKsociety.*Oxbridge:referstothetwotopuniversitiesinBritain:OxfordandCambridge.Thesetwouniversitiesnotonlyoffergoodeducation,butalsooffera network of connections.GraduatesfromthesetwouniversitiesoccupyahighproportionofthetoplevelofmanyaspectsofBritishsociety.Lifepeers(爵位不能世袭的)终身贵族:Peerage Dignities Created Under the Life Peerages Act 1958 Prime MinisterPartyTenurePeersHaroldMacmillanConservative1957196348AlecDouglas-HomeConservative1963196414HaroldWilsonLabour19641970123EdwardHeathConservative1970197456HaroldWilsonLabour1974197680JamesCallaghanLabour1976197957MargaretThatcherConservative19791990200JohnMajorConservative19901997141TonyBlairLabour19972007357GordonBrownLabour200730Total 1106PeerageDignitiesCreatedUndeEthnic relations(族群关系族群关系)in the UK1)Around5%ofBritishcitizensareimmigrants:SouthAsiaIndia,PakistanandSriLankaandCaribbeancountriesJamaicaandTrinidad(特立尼达岛)arefromnon-Europeanethnicgroups.SouthAsiaandCaribbeancountries.2)effectspositive:hasgreatlyenrichedBritishculturefood,music,writings,religion.来自世界其它地方的移民大大丰富了英国的文化Ethnicrelations(族群关系)inthenegative:ethnicrelationshavetensed:thelocalpeopleviewthenewcomersasathreattotheirwayofliving;anddespitemuchofficialactiontominimizeracism,bothsubtleandovertoppressionremains.Theimmigrantpopulationisnotwell-offeconomically.Theyfaceproblemsofunemployment,under-representationinpoliticsandunfairtreatmentbypoliceandjusticesystem.但是英国的民族关系有时候还是很紧张:当地的人把新来的人看作是对他们的生活方式的一种威胁。尽管官方采取了许多行动来将种族主义降低到最低限度，但是隐性和显性的压迫还是存在。移民人口在经济上还不富裕。他们面临失业的问题，政治上代表名额不足，受警察和司法制度的不公正待遇。negative:ethnicrelations