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1Iliad&Odyssey1Iliad&Odyssey2Outline?Homer in Ancient Greece?Themes and Persons?Illiad?Odyssey?Closing Thoughts2Outline?Homer in Ancient Gree3Homer in Ancient Greece?Earliest Greek Literature Written c.750 BCE from oral trad.(c.1200 BCE)Recited by Rhapsodes Epic=dactylic hexameter or long poem on war/myth?Cultural Importance for Greeks Taken as History Hellenic Unity Educational Texts3Homer in Ancient Greece?Earli4Some Themes?Glories of War/Adventure Reasons for War Realistic Descriptions?Ideals of Heroism Aret,tim,and kleos Fate&Courage“shame culture”?Others Gods&Humans Individual vs.Society Word vs.Deed4Some Themes?Glories of War/Ad5Greece and Trojan War5Greece and Trojan War6AretExcellence,virtue,or what makes and individual the best or among the best;usually some combination of physical prowess&persuasive speech or command.TimHonor,material symbol of status among others,usually capable of being taken away(prize,booty,trophies).KleosGlory or Fame,understood as public opinion,or what others say or remember.6AretExcellence,virtue,or w7Persons in the Iliad?Acheans Achilles&Patrocles Agamemnon&Menalaos Odysseus,Ajax,Phoenix?Trojans Hector&Alexandros Priam,Helen,Andromache?Gods Zeus,Apollo,Aphrodite Athena,Hera,Thetis7Persons in the Iliad?Acheans8Iliad(Book I)?Wrath of Achilles,Part I In medias res:Trojan War&Plague of Apollo Menis:Quarrel with Agamemnon?Consequences Thetis Supplication of Zeus Glimpse of Olympus?Is Achilles anger his own fault?8Iliad(Book I)?Wrath of Achil9Thetis supplicant to Zeus9Thetis supplicant to Zeus10Iliad(Book VI)?Behind the Walls of Troy Hector as Tragic Hero Women and Family Life Fate?Troy&Hector?Trojan Women?Is Hector a sympathetic hero?Why or why not?10Iliad(Book VI)?Behind the W11Iliad(Book IX)?Embassy to Achilles Discourse among equals?Odysseus plea Phoenixs plea Ajaxs parting words?Is Achilles being unreasonable?Why or why not?11Iliad(Book IX)?Embassy to Ac12Death and Heroism?The prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue tim(honor).?The hero is defined by his(her)action in the face of mortality,especially in combat or contests.?And resulting kleos(glory)is the heros only immortality.12Death and Heroism?The prospe13Sarpedon declares to Glaukos(Book XII.322-28)“Man,supposing you and I,escaping this battle,would be able to live on forever,ageless,immortal,so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory.But now,seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands,no man can turn aside nor escape them,let us go on and win glory for ourselves,or yield it to others.”13Sarpedon declares to Glaukos14Iliad(Book XXI)?Wrath of Achilles,Part II Death of Patrocles and Achilles Armor Death of Lycaon:a ruthless death Death of Hector:revenge?Is Achilles anger inhuman?14Iliad(Book XXI)?Wrath of Ach15Hector at the Gates of TroyAchilles was coming closer,like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spear made of Pelian ash.The bronze around him glittered like a blazing fire or rising sun.At that moment,as he watched,Hector began to shake in fear.His courage gone,he could no longer stand there.Terrified,he started running,leaving the gate.Peleus son went after him,sure of his speed on foot.Just as a mountain falcon,the fastest creature of all the ones which fly,swoops down easily on a trembling pigeon as it darts off in fear,the hawk speeding after it with piercing cries,heart driving it to seize the prey in just that way Achilles in his fury raced ahead15Hector at the Gates of Troy16Hector faces AchillesWhen theyd approached each other,at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:Ill no longer try to run away from you,son of Peleus,as I did before,goingthree times in flight around Priams great city.I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked.But my heart prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you,or you kill me.So come here.Lets call on gods to witness,for theyre the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,Ill not abuse your corpse in any way.Ill strip your celebrated armour off,Achilles,then give the body back again to the Achaeans.And youll do 桴?慳敭尮Swift-footed Achilles,with a scowl,replied:Hector,dont talk to me of our agreements.Thats idiotic,like a faithful promise between men and lions.Wolves and lambs dont share a common heartthey always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way,its not possible for us,for you and me,to be friends,or,indeed,for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls,glutting Ares,warrior with the bulls hide shield,on blood.Youd best remember all your fighting skills.Now you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior.Youve got no escape.Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear.Right now youll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through when you slaughtered my companions.”With these words,he hefted his long-shadowed spear,then hurled it.16Hector faces AchillesWhen th17Achilles abuses Hectors bodyThen on noble Hectors corpse he carried out a monstrous act.He cut through the tendons behind both feet,from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs,and then tied these onto his chariot,leaving the head to drag behind.He climbed up in his chariot,brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses.They sped off eagerly,dragging Hector.A dust cloud rose above him,his dark hair spread out round him,and Hectors head,once so handsome,was covered by the dust,for Zeus had given him to his enemies to dishonour in his own native land.So all his head grew dirty.From Book XXII,translated by Ian Johnston:http:/www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm17Achilles abuses Hectors bod18Abuse of Hectors Body18Abuse of Hectors Body19Iliad(Book XXIV)?Priams Plea?Achilles grief?What moved Achilles to release Hectors body?Has Achilles finally come to his senses?19Iliad(Book XXIV)?Priams Ple20Questions about the Iliad?What are the chief motivations for war or conflict in the Iliad?Compare/Contrast Achilles and Hector as representing heroic ideals.?Does the character of Achilles develop over the course of the Iliad?If the Iliad is about the wrath of Achilles,what is the lesson to be learned,if any?What relevance,if any,does the Iliad have for us now?20Questions about the Iliad?Wh212122The Odyssey?Journeys?Disguise,Deception&Craftiness?Fantastic Voyages?Women in the Odyssey?Homecoming:Loyalty&Order?Concluding Remarks22The Odyssey?Journeys?Disguis23Two Journeys in One Story?Odysseus and Telemachus Fantastic and Worldly Narrative Thread:Time and Memory?Theme:Heroic Struggles Gods/immortality(Bk.V)Monsters Finding home?Theme:Xenia generosity and courtesy towards strangers23Two Journeys in One Story?Od241.Mt.Olympus2.Troy3.Cicones4.Lotus Eaters5.Cyclops6.Aeolias Island7.Laestrygonians8.Circes Kingdom9.Land of the Dead10.Sirens11.Scylla&Charybdis12.Calypso13.Ithaca241.Mt.Olympus2.Troy3.C25Disguise,Deception and Craftiness?Odysseus is polutropan=of many twists(Bk.I,Proem)?Odysseus arete Cf.Achilles&Hector?Examples:Nausicaa(Bk.VI)Polyphemus(Bk.IX)Circe(Bk.X)Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)25Disguise,Deception and Craf26Fantastic Voyages?Horrible and Seductive Cyclops(Bk.IX)Circes Island(Bk.X)Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)Sirens,Scylla and Charybdis(Bk.XII)26Fantastic Voyages?Horrible a27Women in the Odyssey?Seduction and Symbol Cf.Women in the Iliad?The Women Calypso Nausicaa(&mother)Circe Penelope27Women in the Odyssey?Seducti28Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)?Rites of the Dead?Vision of the Underworld?The Message28Land of the Dead(Bk.XI)?Ri29Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)?Disguises at Ithaka Now Athena?Killing the Suitors Xenia?Penelope&Telemachus:Loyalty and Order29Homecoming(Bk.XXIII)?Disgu30Concluding Remarks:Iliad&Odyssey?Heroic Ideals:arete,time,kleos?Gods and Humans:mortality or fate?Moral and Social Order:xenia,arete,women?Place of Homer in Greece30Concluding Remarks:Iliad&O
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