托福独立写作开头段写法课件

独立写作开头段的写法Adrian独立写作开头段的写法AdrianStructureStructureMain IdeaMain IdeaReason IReason IReason IIReason IIConclusionConclusionStructureMainIdeaReasonIReasRequirementRequirementOG:Score 5An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:Effectively address the topic and task.Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or details.Displays unity,progression,and coherence.Displays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and idiomatically,though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.RequirementOG:How？Effectively address the topic and task.有效地阐明话题.a)Let people know what the topic is.b)Show your personal opinion on the topic.c)The details and examples to support your opinion.How？EffectivelyaddressthetoParagraph I Paragraph I I.Paraphrasetheargument改述原题II.MainIdea发表自己的观点III.AdverbialofCause用一个原因状语简短地提及论据ParagraphIa.What the topic isa.What the topic isDisplays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice.1.topic 一般就在题目中；2.为体现句法的多样性和用词的准确性，不能照抄原题；3.需要对原题进行恰当而准确地改述，即paraphrase.4.What is paraphrase？A paraphrase of something written or spoken is the same thing expressed in a different way.柯林斯英汉双解大辞典a.WhatthetopicisDisplaysce.ge.gDo you agree or disagree with the followingstatement?Always telling the truth is the most important considerationinanyrelationship.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.e.gHow to paraphrase the topic?1.形式与内容的严格对应a)词与词的替换；（synonym）b)词类替换；（word-phrase）c)词性替换（noun-verb,adjective-noun）2.意义的对应Howtoparaphrasethetopic?形式与内容的对应a)词与词的替换（synonym）133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonschildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofapersonslife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:apersons-ones,someonesimportant-significant,momentousofapersonslife-inoneslifetimeParaphrase:Oneschildhoodyearsarethemostsignificantyearsinhislifetime.形式与内容的对应词与词的替换（synonym）词与词的替换（synonymsynonym）9.Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Brainstorming:prefertodosth-wouldratherdosthlive-reside,dwellsmall-littlebigcity-metroplisParaphase:Somepeopleprefertoresideinasmalltown.Otherswouldratherliveinametroplis.词与词的替换（synonym）9.Somepeople词类替换b)word-phrase11.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Universities should give the same amount of money to their studentssportsactivitiesastheygivetotheiruniversitylibraries.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:shoulddo-berequiredtodo,besupposedtodothesameamountofmoney-theequivalentmoneyParaphase:Unversities are supposed to render the equivalent money to theirstudentssportsactivitiesastheydototheuniversitylibraries.词类替换b)word-phrase词性替换c)noun-verb,adjective-noun35.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Attending a live performance(for example,a play,concert,or sportingevent)ismoreenjoyablethanwatchingthesameeventontelevision.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouropinion.Brainstorming:attendsth-attendanceinsthbemoreenjoyable-have/bring/producemorejoy/delight/pleasureParaphase:Attendance in a live performance brings more pleasure thanwatchingthesameoneontelevison.词性替换c)noun-verb,adjective-意义的对应9.Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown.Othersprefertoliveinabigcity.Whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Nowadays,peopleseldomagreewitheachothereveninsuchtrivialissuesaspreferancebetweenlivinginabigcityandasmalltown.133.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonschildhoodyears(thetimefrombirthtotwelveyearsofage)arethemostimportantyearsofapersonslife.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.Paraphrase:Whenlookingbackuponhislifetime,onemayregardhischildhoodasthemostsignificantperiodinhislifetime.意义的对应9.SomepeopleprefertoSentenceI1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格式较为固定：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsider/regard/holdthat.Nowadays,peopletendto/wouldliketo.Inmostcases,peopleargue/contendthat.Inmodernsociety,thereisatendency/phenomenon/controversythat.Nowadays,somepeople.,whileothers.2.在只有意义对应的改述中，格式较为自由、开放，可以展示更多的语法可能性与表达的多样性。SentenceI1.在形式与内容对应的改述中，一般格ExamplesExamplesDoyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Onlypeoplewhoearnalotofmoneyaresuccessful.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceI：Nowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthatonlytheoneswhoearnalargeamountofmoneyaresuccessful.Nowadays,peoplewouldliketoholdtheviewthatonlythosewhoearnmuchmaterialwealthcanbeviewedasthesuccessfulones.Nowadays,manypeoplebelievethatalargeincomeequalssuccess.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.ExamplesDoyouagreeordisagrb.Show your personal opinionb.Show your personal opinion要求：观点鲜明，简明扼要。SentenceII常用句型：前半句：AsfarasIamconcerned/Inmypointofview/Asforme/Formypart/Intermsofme/Personallyspeaking,.后半句：Iwouldsay/assertthat.Itendtoagree/disagreethat.Thereissomethingcertain/wrongtosay/considerthat.Itisnodoubtthat.完整的句子：Itseemstomethat.b.Showyourpersonalopinion要ExamplesExamples27.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldsometimesdothingsthattheydonotenjoydoing.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.SentenceII：.Inmyopinion,therereallyissomethingwrong,nevertheless,tothinkwecouldbefinallysuccessfulbyonlydoingthingsthatwedoenjoydoing.AsfarasIamconcerned,itisnodoubtthatinsomecases,peopleshoulddowhattheyinfactdonotenjoyingdoinginordertobesuccessful.Formypart,Itendtoagreethatundersomecircumstancespeopleoughttodowhattheyarenotgladtodo.Practice:175.Somestudentslikeclasseswhereteacherslecture(doallofthetalking)inclass.Otherstudentspreferclasseswherethestudentsdosomeofthetalking.Whichtypeofclassdoyouprefer?Givespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.Examples27.DoyouagreeordiC.Support your opinionC.Support your opinion对接下来中间段要展开的两至三个分论点用一个原因状语从句或名词短语简要地提及一般接在SentenceII后作状语,不另成句。Why？使作者清楚文章的框架，便于预期和理解加深读者对文章内容的记忆限制思维的广度，使作者能深入思考理由和例证显示语言变化能力增加文章字数C.Supportyouropinion对接下来中间段常用句型I.名词短语：,becauseof/dueto/onaccountof/inviewof/inregardto/intermsof/considering/given/forII.原因状语从句：,given that/considering(the fact that)/for/since/seeingthat/nowthat/as/inviewofthefactthat/inthat/forthereasonthat常用句型SampleSampleSampleINowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthatAsfarasIamconcerned,Iwouldsaythat.,becauseofSampleIINowadays,peopletendtoFormypart,Itendtoagree/disagreethat,forthereasonthatSampleSampleIExampleExample话题：电视已经成为书本更有效的学习方式观点：完全同意理由1：电视画面和声音结合，吸引人，注意力集中，学习效率高。理由2：电视节目丰富多彩，信息量大，更新速度快。Nowadays,peopleoftenconsiderthattelevisionhasbecomeabetterwaytostudythanabook.AsfarasIamconcerned,Itendtoagreewiththeargumentbecauseofthebenefitsonitsvividcombinationofimagesandsound,aswellasitsgoodrenewalofinformationtheybringtoourstudy.ExampleExampleExample话题：学校应当要求学生去上课观点：同意理由1：学生上课能够和同学互相学习，学习他们的思维方式，团队精神有所提高理由2：学生上课是责任和纪律要求，如果学生想上课就上课，那么学校将无法管理Nowadays,peopleoftenarguethatwhetheruniversitiesshouldrequiretheirstudentstoattendtheirclasses.Inmypointofview,Iwouldsaythatattendingclassesisquiteindispensablefor the students,for the reason that it would enhance theirabilityofteamworkandfacilitatethebetterofficialadministrationonthem.Example话题：学校应当要求学生去上课 THANK YOU托福独立写作开头段写法课件