资源描述
English For DebateEnglish For DebateWhat is a Debate?A debate is a form of argument.It contains two teams arguing opposite sides of a“proposition”in an orderly manner,following the agreed upon rules.?The team that agrees with the topic is called the affirmativeand the team that disagrees with the topic is called the negative.?Teams argue their proposition using reasoningand evidence.What is a Debate?A debate is The Benefits of a Debate?develop positive attitudes toward the intellectual exchange of ideas?develop an interest in the investigation of issues and problems?become more adept at developing and putting forward ideas?learn to think quickly?learn to work as a team?develop leadership skills?develop speaking and listening skills.The Benefits of a Debate?develTo be a good debater,you need?the confidence to speak in public.?the abilityto present an argument persuasively.?the visionmost arguments.to understand that there are two sides to?the respect for others,to let them have their say.?the sensespeak in a given time period.of timing,to prioritize your material and To be a good debater,you need?the structureintroduce,develop and summarize your to order your thoughts,to points.?thecurrent affairs topics,learnt through general and specific knowledge of many research and debate.?the flexibilityand to remain unflustered in crises.to react quickly to new ideas,?the structureintroduce,develPreparing for a debate,you should learn?to use a library,and to find the exact information you need in the shortest possible time.?to be thorough and accurate.?to analyze,to distinguish between the vital and the unimportant.?to learn the need of proving your statements;of supporting every statement with valid evidence and sound reasoningPreparing for a debate,you sh?to demand the same sort of proof for the statements of others.?to present ideas in a clear and effective manner,and in a way,which wins others to your way of thinking.?to think under pressure,to“use his head”in a time of need,to make decisions quickly and accurately.?to demand the same sort of pr?How to Construct Effective Arguments?How to Construct Effective ArLanguage?Accurate pronunciation?Articulation?Diverse pace and pitch?Vocabulary.?Avoid speaking too quickly.?Try to avoid being too nervousLanguage?Accurate pronunciatioContent?Content can be divided into argumentsand supporting materials.Content?Content can be divide?An argument is a statement“The topic is true or false(depending on which side you are on)because of x”,where the argument fills in for the x.?For example in the topic“That the zoos should be closed”an argument may be:“the zoos should be closed because they confine the animals in an unnatural environment”.?An argument is a statement“T?The most important aspect of debating is that assertions must be justified.No one can be convinced or persuaded of anything if they are given no reason for doing so.That is to say you should use materials to support your arguments.?The most important aspect of?Supporting materials can be examples.Your arguments can also be backed up with other supporting materials,like reasons,statistics,and even with anecdotes,idioms,proverbs,quotations and analogies.?Supporting materials can be eDelivery?Cue cardsDo not write out all your speech on cue cards.Debating is an exercise in lively interaction between two teams and between the audiences,not in reading a speech.The audience can tell when you are reading.Use cue cards the same way you would use a prompt(提示词）提示词）in a play.They are there for reference if you lose your spot.Delivery?Cue cardsDo not writeEye contactVoiceBody languageEye contactVoiceBody languageRemember Confidenceis vital in debate.Your presentation,speech,and appearance matter almost as much as your delivery and your content.So?Dress appropriately?Have notes prepared.You do not want your debate to be an oral presentation of a written essay.?Practice speaking aloud in front of a mirror and then in front of other people.RememberConfidenceis vital inRefute arguments?Refutation is the process of proving that an argument or a series of arguments,or the conclusions drawn from that argument or arguments,is false,erroneous,or at least doubtful.In a debate,effective refutations are key to success.Refutation should be handled systematically.Refute arguments?Refutation isGuidelines to follow?Anticipate what your opponent will say.?Take careful notes of what your opponent says and note your reactions to what is said.?Find your opponents fallacies in arguments and attack on that basis?Organize your arguments effectively.Guidelines to follow?AnticipatAvoid fallacies in arguments?Making effective and logical arguments is the most effective key to success in a debate.?To make your arguments sound,you have to be careful about fallacies in reasoning.Avoid fallacies in arguments?MTypical fallacies?Emotional argumentEmotional argumentEmotional arguments are based on feelings,not logic.For example,Listen!I love New Zealand.I love the All Blacks,the Tall Ferns.We should get down on our knees and thank the sporting gods for them”Typical fallacies?Emotional ar?Doubtful authorityAn argument supported by a person who is not accepted as an expert is consideredineffective.Here is one example:Let us consider the questions of sport.My Dad told me that the America s Cup is organized for millionaires,and funded by the money the Australians pay us to lose to them in all sports.?Doubtful authorityAn argument?Circular argumentYou should avoid arguments that go round and round but never get to the point.For example:Segregation should be prohibited for it is morally wrong;we know it is morally wrong because it is a practice that should be prohibited.?Circular argumentYou should a?Irrelevant conclusionAnother typical type of fallacy is forming an argument that can not be proved by theideas put forward.For instance:that on this planet we are theAll these points go to show sporting nation ever!greatest?Irrelevant conclusionAnother?Limited exampleYou should avoid an argument which only applies in a few situations.Here is one example:And what about Peter Hillary climbing Everest?That is proof that we are the worlds top climbing nation.?Limited exampleYou should avo?Personal attackPersonal attack means criticizing the speaker instead of what they have said,Do not criticize the individual speakers,criticize what they say.?Personal attackPersonal attacOral Functions BankOral Functions BankHow to agree strongly with an?I couldnt agree more!opinion?Thats absolutely true?Absolutely/Sure/Good idea.?Definitely/Exactly.?I agree completely/entirely with this idea.?I totally agree with you.?I take your point?Id go along with youIm with you on that.How to agree strongly with an?I m for you/on your side.?I think so too.?You can say that again.?I don t think so either.?Thatsay/what I mean/what I was s just what I want to thinking.?Thats exactly what I think.?Im for you/on your side.?I t?Thats a good point.?Thats just how I see it.?Thats exactly my opinion.?That sounds perfect/a good idea.?Sounds good to me.?I have no objection to it.?Thats a good point.?Thats jHow to disagree strongly with an opinion?Are you crazy?What?You must be joking.?Thats absurd/ridiculous!How to disagree strongly with?Nonsense/Rubbish!?No way.?Just on the contrary/Just the other way round.?I disagree?Im afraid I dont agree.?Im afraid you are wrong.?Nonsense/Rubbish!?No way.?Ju?I think you are absolutely wrong!?I really cant agree.?I wouldnt accept that for one minute.?You cant really mean that.?I wouldnt go along with you there.?You cant be serious.?Thats your opinion,but not mine.?I think you are absolutely wr?To tell you the truth,I have different opinions.?You must be joking.?I think this idea is impossible/impractical/bad.?I think this idea cannot be implemented.?I dont agree with this idea.?I think it is a bad idea.?To tell you the truth,I haveHalf agree with an opinion?Yes,perhaps.?Well,yes.?Yes,in a way.?Mmm,possibly.?Yes,I agree up to a point.?Well,youve got a point there.?Theres something in that,I suppose.Half agree with an opinion?YesI guess you could be right.?Yes,I suppose so.?I agree partially with this idea.?This idea is partially right.?I sort of agree.?Thats worth thinking about.?Maybe.I guess you could be right.?YeHow to disagree politely with an opinion?I am not so sure really.?Do you think so?Well,it depends.?Im not so certain.?Well,I dont know.?Well,lm not so sure about that.?Mmm,Im not really sure youre right.How to disagree politely with?Im not sure that I agree with this idea.Im inclined to disagree with that.No,I dont think so really.I think this idea is possible,butThe project is feasible,but.As a matter of fact,I would say?Im not sure that I agreHow to present both sides of an argument?On the one hand.,on the other hand.?Although its true to say that.,its also true to say that.How to present both sides of aAssignmentGet ready to take part in a debate on the topic you are going to choose.Your debate should cover:?distribution of the roles?clear statement of your arguments?valid evidence and sound reasoning?brief and to the point summaryTime limit:First debater:1 minsSecond&third debater:30 seconds Last debater:1 minsFree debate:10 minsAssignmentGet ready to take paTopics for further debate1.Can we live without our mobile phone?2.Should college students be allowed to rent a house off-campus?3.Does EQ outweigh IQ for a successful career?4.Children:to have or not to have?5.Is the College Entrance Examination the best way for universities to enroll students in China?6.Does the pursuit of money contradict with the pursuit of morality?Topics for further debate1.CaResponsibilitiesYou are now a member of your selected team.Your team will be graded as a whole.Be sure that you work together so that all members of your team have an adequate background of the positions and arguments that you will be proposing.-1.There will be an opening statement made by your team.This should be 1 minute long and should state your teams position and the arguments/solutions you will be proposing.Responsible Members:_ResponsibilitiesYou are now a Useful Expressions?主席?chairman?评委?judge?一辩?first debater?二辩?second debater?对方辩友?my fellow debaters?正方?the positive side?反方?the con side?Honorable judges,distinguished guests,ladies and gentlemenUseful Expressions?主席?chairmanAssessment?Presentation 20%?Questioning 5%?Answering 20%?Free debate 20%?Summarizing 20%?Demeanor 15%Assessment?Presentation 20%?
展开阅读全文