一讲主题句结尾句-常见错误及用法课件

写作能力的提高是一个日积月累、循序渐进的过程，难以通过捷径“速成”。考试意义上的写作则受到考试时间、大规模判卷等客观因素的制约，这种种制约又通过试卷的命题形式直接对作文字数以及通过提纲、提示和图表对写作内容及短文展开方向等作出限制。这些限制便使本无“诀窍”可循的写作有了“套路”、“模式”、“捷径”和“章法”。写作能力的提高是一个日积月累、循序渐进的过程，难以通过捷径“四六级考试中的短文写作每一段均可包括主题句+扩展句+终结句，每段都可由这三句展开，其中扩展句可并列使用，这就是三句式段落展开法。同时，四六级考试中的短文写作又都包括主题段+扩展段+终结段，每篇短文写作都可依这样的模式展开，这就是三段式短文展开法。四六级考试中的短文写作每一段均可包括主题句+扩展句+终结句，历年真题剖析高分最基本要素：内容；结构；用词历年真题剖析高分最基本要素：内容；结构；用词1.1.1.1.主题句基本概念主题句基本概念主题句基本概念主题句基本概念主题句是论说文或说明文中阐明段落中心思想或主要内容的核心句子，对全段的论述起着宏观指导和限制作用,是构成英语段落的重要手段。主题句就象公路上各路段的路标一样，引导驾驶员依循指定的路线行驶，以避免迷失方向。例如：例如：例如：例如：1.主题句基本概念主题句是论说文或说明文中阐明段落中心思想If a person expects to do things successfully,he should have confidence.Itisconfidencethatenablesapersontofacetheobstaclesordrawbackthatstandinhisway.Infact,onecanhardlyaccomplishanythingifhehasdoubtabouthisabilityinwhathedoes.Whenones confidence is shaken,he tends to becomediscouraged and depressed and chances are that hemayfailtodowhathecould.Incontrast,apersonwhonever loses heart will succeed in what seemsimpossible.Ifapersonexpectstodothin并非所有句子都能充当主题句。例如并非所有句子都能充当主题句。例如ThisiswhatIwanttosay.EveryoneknowsthatMay1stisLaborDay.Handsup,orIllkillyou!并非所有句子都能充当主题句。例如ThisiswhatI这些句子要么缺少能进一步讨论的话题，或者没有围绕话题待展开的内容，因此不具备主题句的功能。检验主题句有一个较为简便的方法，既针对句子用Why?(待解释)和How?(待描述)设问，如果能够解答，则可基本认定为主题句。如果难以解答，或答案很荒谬，则可排除主题句的可能性。例如：例如：这些句子要么缺少能进一步讨论的话题，或者没有围绕话题待展开的wPronouncingalanguageisaskill.(可解答)wReadingextensivelyhelpstoenrichourknowledge.(可解答)wHeismyfather.(不可解答)wShetoldmethatIcouldntmakeprogressifIworkhard.(不可解答)Pronouncingalanguageisas主题句多见于段首。这样，既可以突出要点，使读者从一开始就可以明了段落的主题和中心思想；也利于作者有效地组织段落，控制段落内容，提醒作者紧扣主题。有时主题句也可能位于段落的中间。这种位置利于先举事例，然后于段落中间部分用主题句综合概括，接着进一步举例和引深说明。段尾主题句主要是对前文进行总结和概括。或者为了突出具体内容，引起读者的思考和兴趣，也可将主题句置于段尾。3.3.3.3.主题句在段落中的位置主题句在段落中的位置主题句在段落中的位置主题句在段落中的位置主题句多见于段首。这样，既可以突出要点，使读者从一开始就可以（1 1 1 1）直接表达式）直接表达式）直接表达式）直接表达式这这这这种种种种方方方方式式式式多多多多用用用用简简简简单单单单句句句句，毫毫毫毫不不不不拖拖拖拖泥带水，直奔主题。泥带水，直奔主题。泥带水，直奔主题。泥带水，直奔主题。主题句的呈现（1）直接表达式这种方式多用简单句，毫不拖泥带水，直奔主题。OnMakingFriends1.Friendsareimportanttous.2.Butrealfriendshipisnoteasytocomeby.3.Afriendinneedisafiendindeed.OnMakingFriends1.FriendsarThe“ProjectHope”1.NowProjectHopeisunderwayinChina.2.TheProjectisofgreatimportancetoChinaseducation.3.Povertyisnotsoterrible,butpooreducationisfatal.The“ProjectHope”1.NowProje（2 2 2 2）强调式）强调式）强调式）强调式为了体现某个意思的重要性，人们在书面语中可用一些特定的句式来突出重点或凸现主题。这些句子就称为强调句。如倒装，it前置强调，反问，重复某词语等。构成强调主题句的句式以it引导的句子居多。因为这类句式较易掌握，也颇为实用。例如：例如：（2）强调式为了体现某个意思的重要性，人们在书面语中可用一些OnMakingFriends1.Itiscertainthatamanwithoutfriendswillsufferagreatdealfromsolitude.2.Itisnotdifficulttomakefriends,butitisnoteasytoobtainrealfriendship.3.Hopefully,frommyfriendIwilllearnalotandtomyfriendsIcanofferwhatIshould.OnMakingFriends1.ItiscertThe“ProjectHope”1.Tohelppoorkidstogobacktoschool,ChinahassponsoredaspecialprojectknownasProjectHopeforyears.2.ItwillbeveryhardforChinatoachieveitsplannedeconomic growth and make great progress insciencewithoutawell-educatedpopulation.3.ItisontheyounggenerationthatChinaplaceshergreathope.The“ProjectHope”1.Tohelp（3 3 3 3）条件句式）条件句式）条件句式）条件句式为为避避免免句句式式过过于于单单调调，还还可可以以用用表表条条件件的的主主题题句句引引出出段段落落出出题题。这这种种句句式式便便于于先引出话题，再进一步亮明观点。先引出话题，再进一步亮明观点。（3）条件句式为避免句式过于单调，还可以用表条件的主题句引出Ifapersonwantstoliveahappylife,heshouldhavesomefriends.Ifallthekidscanbewell-educated,Chinawillundoubtedlybecomestrongerinnearfuture.Iftheewerenoelectricity,theworldwouldbeaquitedifferentone.Ifapersonwantstoliveaha了解了主题句的概念和作用，为写好主题句作文打下了基础。但怎样才能由主题句有效展开段落，是不少学习者颇为头疼的问题。虽然知道主题句是段落中最具概括性的句子，后面的句子应该是起支撑作用的、描叙或讨论细节的拓展句，但究竟如何拓展法，还是朦朦胧胧，不得要领。4.4.4.4.主题句的拓展方式主题句的拓展方式主题句的拓展方式主题句的拓展方式了解了主题句的概念和作用，为写好主题句作文打下了基础。但怎样1)1)1)1)解答法解答法解答法解答法根据给出的主题句或自己写出的主题句，先用why?或How?设问，然后把段落主题句作为一个总的问题以解释、讨论或描述的方式来给予解答。这样，写段落就变为回答问题。1)解答法根据给出的主题句或自己写出的主题句，先用why?2)2)2)2)逐句问答法：逐句问答法：逐句问答法：逐句问答法：确立主题句之后，将主题句作为一个总问题，接下来，以前句问，后句答的连锁问答方式展开段落。这样，不但把错综复杂的思维表达化解为前后相接的简便的问与答的模式，以便于有效地展开论述，而且能有效地保持句子间的连贯性和逻辑性。2)逐句问答法：确立主题句之后，将主题句作为一个总问题，接3)3)3)3)分项阐述法分项阐述法分项阐述法分项阐述法根根据据主主题题句句提提出出的的论论点点或或话话题题从从几几个个不不同同的的角角度度围围绕绕段段落落主主题题展展开开讨讨论论，由由此此及及彼彼，分分门门别别类类，不不愁愁没没有有内内容容和和缺乏说服力。缺乏说服力。例如：例如：例如：例如：3)分项阐述法根据主题句提出的论点或话题从几个不同的角度围4)4)4)4)两点法两点法两点法两点法人人们们都都习习惯惯用用一一分分为为二二的的方方法法分分析析和和看看待待事事物物。用用这这种种方方法法来来展展开开段段落落，既既便便于于操操作，也具有较强的逻辑性和说服力。作，也具有较强的逻辑性和说服力。例如：例如：例如：例如：4)两点法人们都习惯用一分为二的方法分析和看待事物。用这种IhavelearnedEnglishforalmosttenyears,butitisdifficult for me to have a good command of thelanguage.For one thing,I just learn English bymemorizingmanyrules.Rulesareimportant.Butrulesdont always tell us how to use English properly ingivensituation.Foranother,Ifailtounderstandthatthestudy of a language is to communicate rather thancompete for good grades.Admittedly,I have acomparativelylargevocabulary,butIoftenfeelatalossforwordswhenItrytospeakorwrite.Infact,tolearnalanguageisnotsodifficult,buttoapplywhatonehaslearnedaboutalanguageisfarfromeasy.IhavelearnedEnglishforalm5 5 5 5）反证法）反证法）反证法）反证法从从反反面面来来论论证证由由主主题题句句提提出出的的观观点点，用用反反面面的的事事实实来来证证明明某某一一观观点点的的正正确确性性，使使自自己己的的论论述述更更有有说说服服力力，也也利利于于段段落落的展开。的展开。5）反证法从反面来论证由主题句提出的观点，用反面的事实来证明Electricity plays a very important part to our modern society.Aworldwithoutelectricitywillbeaterrible one.Factories have to be closed because ofpowerfailure.Busytrafficlineswillbeinastateofchaos and suffer from great loss.Moreover,moderncommunicationsystemswillfallapartandpeoplewillfindithardtogetinformationontime.Also,itwillbeimpossible for us to enjoy the convenience andentertainmentinourdailylife.Suchaworldwilllooklikeahell.ElectricityplaysaveryimporNaturally everyone expects to be perfect.Butunfortunately there is no one who never makesmistakes,andnooneistobeblamedunlessherefusesto learn from them.Many young people becomediscouraged when they recognize in themselvesqualitiesthattheydonotlikebadtemper,selfishness,lazinessandotherunpleasantthings.Justrememberthatweallhavesomeofthesefaultsandhavetofighttoovercome them.So one must learn not to be toounhappywhenhemakesamistake.NaturallyeveryoneexpectstoTheImportanceofconfidence1 1凡事都要有信心凡事都要有信心凡事都要有信心凡事都要有信心2 2缺乏信心的原因缺乏信心的原因缺乏信心的原因缺乏信心的原因3 3树立信心是可能的树立信心是可能的树立信心是可能的树立信心是可能的TheImportanceofconfidence11.No one will succeed in doing thing without confidence.a.encourageustofaceanydifficultyb.thestudyofEnglish(example)c.jobinterview1.Noonewillsucceedindoin2.There may be several reasons for one to become unsure of himselfa.lackexperiencesb.doubtaboutonesownabilityc.overestimatedifficulty2.Theremaybeseveralreason3.Confidence can be built up if one takes a correct attitude toward difficulties.a.ifwetry,wecanb.neverloseheartwhenwehappentofail3.Confidencecanbebuiltup文章一开始就道破主题，这是最简单实用的方式。常用于记叙文、说明文和议论文。英语作文开头和结尾的写作方式：英语作文开头和结尾的写作方式：英语作文开头和结尾的写作方式：英语作文开头和结尾的写作方式：1)1)1)1)点明主题点明主题点明主题点明主题文章一开始就道破主题，这是最简单实用的方式。常用于记叙文、说Grades are really important for most students.Schoolsandthesocietyasawholetendtovalueastudentbygrades.Studentswithhighergradesarepreferable for admission to good schools orcolleges.Also,successfulapplicationforsatisfactory jobs depends a great deal on goodgrades.Gradesarereallyimportantfo开头段用提问的方式引出主题，激起读者的阅读兴趣，也为下面段落的展开提供了条件。但这种开头应避免“Do you think so,my dearfriend?”“Do you agree with me?”“Whats youropinion?”等毫无意义的提问，以免引起读者的不快或反感。2)2)2)2)提出问题提出问题提出问题提出问题开头段用提问的方式引出主题，激起读者的阅读兴趣，也为下面段落作文开头先概括性地叙述某一现象或事物，再由一般到具体引出主题。这样，可使作文的开头更显自然。例如：例如：3 3 3 3）一般到具体）一般到具体）一般到具体）一般到具体Every year there are changes in climate indifferentpartsoftheworld.Someofthesechangesareduetonaturalcauses.However,someclimatechanges are caused by air pollution and thesechangesmayincrease.作文开头先概括性地叙述某一现象或事物，再由一般到具体引出主题开头段直接说明写作目的或表明对某事物的看法，使读者能一目了然。例如：例如：WhenIdecidedtoentertheuniversity,likemostfreshmen I had only the vaguest notion of whatsubjectIintendedtomajorin.Butnowaftertwoquartersofaimlesslychosencoursework,andaftera good deal of self-analysis,I have decided thatthereareatleastfour goodreasonswhy I shouldmajorinbusinessadministration.4 4 4 4）说明目的）说明目的）说明目的）说明目的开头段直接说明写作目的或表明对某事物的看法，使读者能一目了然在作文开头段根据自己的认识对某事物给出一个简单的定义，并适当说明。Humans are social animals.They depend ongroupsforsurvival.Anindividualhumanbeinglostinawildnessiscapableofdoingmanythings.Butheor she will probably be thinking constantly abouthow much better it would be if there were otherpeoplearoundtotalktoandtohelp.5)5)5)5)以简单定义开头以简单定义开头以简单定义开头以简单定义开头在作文开头段根据自己的认识对某事物给出一个简单的定义，并适当恰当的引用一谚语或某一句名言开头，引出讨论的主题，可使读者印象较深。Thereisthesayingthattimeismoney.Itistruethatmoneyisaspreciousasmoney.Butitisalsotruethatnoonecanafford towastehistimenomatterhowrichheis,becausewhentimeisgone,itwillnevercomeback.6 6 6 6）用引语或谚语开头）用引语或谚语开头）用引语或谚语开头）用引语或谚语开头恰当的引用一谚语或某一句名言开头，引出讨论的主题，可使读者印Mannersareveryimportantineverycountry,butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentformcountry to country.What is good manners in onecountrymaynotbeappropriatebehaviorinanother.So the safe advice for a foreigner,no matter whatcountryheisvisiting,istofollowtheoldproverb:“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo.”Mannersareveryimportantin好好好好的的的的开开开开头头头头等等等等于于于于成成成成功功功功的的的的一一一一半半半半。但但但但结结结结尾尾尾尾也也也也十十十十分分分分重重重重要要要要。草草草草率率率率结结结结尾尾尾尾，无无法法给给人人留留下下完完整整的的印印象象，更更更更可可可可能能能能使使使使自自自自己己己己的的的的努努努努力力力力前前前前功功功功尽尽尽尽弃弃弃弃。故故故故应应应应力力力力求求求求做做做做到到到到有始有终。常见的结尾有以下四种方式：有始有终。常见的结尾有以下四种方式：有始有终。常见的结尾有以下四种方式：有始有终。常见的结尾有以下四种方式：好的开头等于成功的一半。但结尾也十分重要。草率结尾，无法给人在结尾段对全文讨论的问提或要点进行概括总结，并进一步明确和深化主题，使读者留下较深刻的印象。例如：例如：Awell-handedtelephonecallwillgivethecallera good impression of the company he or she isdealingwith.Forthisreason,anofficesecretarywhocanhandletelephonecallscheerfully,tactfully,andefficientlyisavaluableassettoanyorganization.1)归纳总结归纳总结在结尾段对全文讨论的问提或要点进行概括总结，并进一步明确和深Childrenwhowalkintheirsleepusuallyoutgrowthehabit.Inmanyadults,too,theconditionismoreor less temporary.Although sleepwalking itself isnothingtobecomealarmedabout,theproblemsthatcausethesleepwalkingmaybeveryserious.Childrenwhowalkintheirsl针对文中论述的问题提出作者的建议，以引起读者的注意和思考。例如：例如：Therefore,itisnecessaryforustoexploitmoreenergy resources to meet the ever-increasingdemandofmodernsociety.Forexample,garbagecan be used to generate electricity.Also,theextensive application of solar energy should beencouraged.Even the heat of human bodies willbecomeanewresourcesofenergy.2)提出建议提出建议针对文中论述的问题提出作者的建议，以引起读者的注意和思考。例Infact,paymentforajobshouldvarywithanydifferences in the way that the job is performed.Whereitissimpletomeasuretheworkdone,asintheworkdonewiththehands,monetaryencouragement schemes are often chosen;forindirect workers,where measurement is difficult,methodsofadditionalpaymentsmustbeemployed.Infact,paymentforajobsho在结尾段对未来作出展望，启发和激励读者。Asforthefuture,itseemscertainthatEnglishinone form or another will be spoken by far morepeoplethanitistoday.Itwilldoubtlesscontinuetochange and develop as a living language alwaysdoes.3)展望未来展望未来在结尾段对未来作出展望，启发和激励读者。AsforthIngeneral,alloftheworkdoneinthetwentiethcenturyin theseareashas improved life for manypeople.Manyscientistsinthesefieldsnowfeelthattheirmainconcerniskeepingpeoplehealthy.Theyare less concernedwith curing diseasethat peoplealreadyhave.Muchworkstillremainstobedone.Allofthesuccessfulworkdescribedhereprovidesgreathopeforthefuture.Ingeneral,alloftheworkdo以提问的方式结尾，促使读者对全文内容进一步思考和产生更大的兴趣。例如：例如：Itseemsthatalmosteveryoneissuperstitiousinonewayofanother.Weallwanttobeabletotellthefuture,control the world around us,or have someluck.Inthelastpartofthetwentiethcentury,nowthatscienceisthewayoftheworld,westillholdmanyofour ancient superstitions.Do they work?Are theyfact?Ofcoursenot.Orarewesure?4)问句结尾问句结尾以提问的方式结尾，促使读者对全文内容进一步思考和产生更大的兴文章的各个段落既自成体系，又必须相互协调和照应，以利于全文主题思想的表达。一般来说，因为不同的位置，段落的功能也有所不同。段落之间的关系段落之间的关系段落之间的关系段落之间的关系文章的各个段落既自成体系，又必须相互协调和照应，以利于全文主(1)(1)作文存在的障碍和问题作文存在的障碍和问题(1)作文存在的障碍和问题However,somebooksareharmful.Booksthattellpeopletodobadthingswillcertainlydogreatharmtous.Especiallyyellowbookswillruintheyoungpeople.Thesebooksarenogood.Sowemustchoosebookstoread.a.翻译式作文。翻译式作文。例例:However,somebooksareharmfuTheFirstDayICametoCollegeIalwaysrememberthedayIcometocollege.ItwasasunnydayandIwasveryexcited.Ihavearrivedatthecollegeintheafternoon.Everythinghadseemedfreshtome.Thecampuswasbeautiful.ThecollegewaslocatedatthefootofaMountainandwassurroundwithtrees.Totheeastofitwecanseeablueriver.Therearesomanyteachingbuildings.ItwasherethatIwouldstudyforfouryears.IthoughtthatImuststudyhardinordertoliveuptotheexpectationsofmyparentsandfriends.Itistruethattherearemanychallenges,butIwillprovemyselfaworthycollegestudent.b.时态混杂。时态混杂。例例:TheFirstDayICametoCollegComputerNowadays computers are widely used in oursociety.Wecanseecomputerseverywhere.Manypeopleusecomputersinschoolsandcolleges.Wealsousecomputersinoffices,libraries,banksandathome.c.没啥可写。没啥可写。例例:ComputerNowadayscomputersareFakecommoditiesarebadtous.Theynotonlyarebadtoourlife,butalsotoourhealth.Inastore,even a supermarket,all kind of fake commoditiesalwayscanbefound.Itisveryharmfultocustomerssocietyandeventoacountry.FakeCommoditiesFakecommoditiesarebadtousDo you like travelling?Probably you willsay“Yes,Ilikeitverymuch!”Thatsright.TravelingIthinktravellingisreallygoodtoeveryoneofus.Doyouagreewithme,mydearfriend?d.套用中文模式。套用中文模式。例例:Doyouliketravelling?Probab.AsIwasalittletiredfromthejourneytothecollege,I went to bed early.At mid night,Isuddenlywokeup.Ifoundthattherewasnogateinthecollege.TheFirstDayICametoCollegee.主题模糊。主题模糊。例例:.TheFirstDayICametoCol(2)(2)作文与词语作文与词语Im a student of Hunan University.ImstudyinginTumuDepartment.Ilikemymajorverymuch.要能正确和恰当地用词语表达意思，首先必须意识到英语词语和汉语词语并非是一一对应的。应适当了解正式文体与非正式文体的差异，尤其是词语的区别。例如，汉语的“觉得”可用英语的feel、find、think等词语来表达，但具体怎么用，还须依句意而定：(2)作文与词语ImastudentofHuna1.你觉得这个计划怎么样？Whatdoyouthinkoftheplan?2.他觉得有人在注视着他们。Howdoyouliketheplan?Hebecameawarethatsomeonewaswatchinghim.3.我觉得他不会同意。Ihaveasensethathewontagree.4.你觉得这样做合算吗？Doyoufinditpays?1.你觉得这个计划怎么样？Whatdoyouthi没没能能cantfailto/unableto/notbeinapositionto/很很多多alotofvarious/plentiful/numerous/countless/abundant/quiteafew必必须须mustbesupposedto/beobligedto/havenoalternative希希望望hopefeellike/wouldlike/expect/bedyingto/cantwaitto没能cantfailto/unableto努努 力力 work hard hardworking/diligent/industrious/dedicated得得到到getobtain/acquire/achieve/gain/win/earn有有趣趣interestingfascinating/attractive/entertaining/pleasant/enjoyable增增 进进 increase expand/add to/enhance/enlarge/broaden/develop/improve努力workhardhardworking/di这些单词在作文中出现频率较高，有必要格外小心，老出错，就会给读者或评卷人以不好的印象。求表达正确求表达正确:behaviorinformationtrafficequipmenthomeworkdamageknowledgeprogresstroubleexperienceworkmoneyadvice这些单词在作文中出现频率较高，有必要格外小心，老出错，就会给排比结构排比结构排比结构排比结构把语法结构相同，意思同等重，语气一致的句子结构或句子平行排列，可加重语气，增强节奏感。也是展开段落的一种有效方式。例如：句式结构单一句式结构单一句式结构单一句式结构单一排比结构把语法结构相同，意思同等重，语气一致的句子结构或句子再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何运用的：再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何运用的：Televisionpresentsavividworldinfrontofus.TVprogramsnotonlyinform us ofcurrenteventsbothathome and abroad,but also bring us with marvelouswondersintheworld.BywatchingTV,wecanalsoenjoyexciting sports games,lovely wild animalsandcolorful foreign customs.Itistruethattelevisionhelpsto expand our knowledge and beautify our life in avividway.再看看排比句在一般作文段落中是如何运用的：TelevisioSports and games are good for our health.Undoubtedly,regular participation in games andsportswillenableoneto build astrongbody,to have a good appetiteandto delay the process of aging.Whatismore,bythetrainingofsportsandgamesthatapersonwillbequicker in doingthingsandstronger in fightingagainstdisease.Sportsandgamesaregoodfor1.Nothingis+erthanto+V/Nothingis+more+adj+thanto+Ve.g.Nothingismoreimportantthantoreceiveeducation.2.cannotemphasizetheimportanceoftoomuch.（再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。）3.Thereisnodenyingthat+S+V.4.Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat+:5.Thereisnodoubtthat+6.Thereasonwhy+句子isthat+句子1.Nothingis+erthanto7.So+adj+be+主词+that+如此.以致.）Sopreciousistimethatwecantaffordtowasteit.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费8.Adj+as+Subject（主词）+be,S+VRichasourcountryis,thequalitiesofourlivingarebynomeanssatisfactory.9.enable+Object+to+V10.Onnoaccountcanwe+V（我们绝对不能.）11.Itistime+S+过去式（该是.的时候了）12.Itisconceivablethat+（可想而知的）Itisobviousthat+（明显的）Itisapparentthat+7.So+adj+be+主词+that+dueto/Owingto/Thanksto+N/Ving,Whata+Adj+N+S+V!=How+Adj+a+N+V!leavemuchtobedesired（令人不满意）haveagreatinfluenceondogoodto，doharmto,poseagreatthreattodoonesutmostto,sparenoeffort一讲主题句结尾句-常见错误及用法课件有些同学在写作文时,常感到句与句之间的意思连接不顺，但却找不到原因。其实，这往往是受汉语思维影响的缘故。汉语文句的逻辑关系和上下意思的衔接，往往可通过句子的意义来体现，如“小张病了，没来上课。”“虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。”英语则须加上必要的连结词；作文常用连接词：作文常用连接词：有些同学在写作文时,常感到句与句之间的意思连接不顺，但却找“Mr.Zhangwasabsentfromclassbecausehewasill.”“Modesty helps one to go forward,whereasconceitmakeonelagbehind.”英语句子为体现文句和内容的连贯，常借助于各种连接手段。其中最常用的就是过渡词(transitions)或连接词(connectors)。“Mr.Zhangwasabsentfromcla能能否否较较好好地地使使用用过过渡渡词词来来体体现现作作文文各各层层次次间间的的内内在在联联系系，是是评评判判一一篇篇作作文文优优劣劣的的重重要要依依据据之之一一。故故要要练练好好作作文文，必必须须掌掌握握常常用用过过渡渡词词语的功能和作用。语的功能和作用。根据其本身的意思和作用，常用过渡词语可以分为以下几类：能否较好地使用过渡词来体现作文各层次间的内在联系，是评判一篇first,second,third(themostimportant),第一，第二，第三firstly,secondly,thirdly(finally),首先，第二，第三1.1.1.1.列举列举列举列举first,second,third(themostforexample(forinstance),例如，Take,forexample,.以为例，suchas(namely),比如，2.2.2.2.举例说明举例说明举例说明举例说明forexample(forinstance),例如especially(obviously/surely/undoubtedly),尤其是(的确/毫无疑问),infact,(asamatteroffact),事实上，其实，3.3.3.3.强调强调强调强调especially(obviously/surely/usimilarly,likewise,同样，也4.4.4.4.比较比较比较比较similarly,likewise,however(but)然而(但是)onthecontrary(bycontrast)相反ontheotherhand另一方面5.5.5.5.对照对照对照对照however(but)然而(但是)onthec6.6.6.6.并列并列并列并列thatis即，也就是说inotherwords换言之6.并列thatis即，也就是说ininaddition(besides)另外moreover此外furthermore(whatismore)还有7.7.7.7.增加增加增加增加inaddition(besides)另外mtherefore(so)因此，asaresult(consequently)结果，becauseofthis/that；onaccountof为此，由于，thus/hence因此，这样，8.8.8.8.原因原因原因原因/结果结果结果结果therefore(so)因此，asaresulInconclusion(Tosumup),总之，综上所述，Inbrief,简言之，Inmyopinion(Tomymind),asfarasIamconcerned;whenitcomestome;asfor;frommypointofview/frommystandpoint/perspective我认为，9.9.9.9.结尾结尾结尾结尾(总结总结总结总结)Inconclusion(Tosumup),总之，It is generally acknowledged that there aresomesimilaritiesbetweencityandcountryside.Yettherestillexistsomedifferences.CityandCountryLifeItisgenerallyacknowledgedtGenerally speaking,as center of culture andcommerce,city offers people a good chance ofreceivingeducation.Itisincitythatpeoplehavemorejob opportunities.In cities,modern transportationmakes it convenient for people to go outdoors.Moreover,cityinhabitantscanentertainthemselvesbecause of various places for recreation.However,pollution and housing problem are threats to manycities.Generallyspeaking,ascentera.Itisgenerallyagreed/acknowledged/believed/knownthat.b.Noonecandenythefactthat.c.Withthedevelopment/popularity/increaseof.开头开头3.作文常见句型作文常见句型a.Itisgenerallyagreed/acd.At present,more and more peoplebecometorealize/understandthat.e.Peopleusedtobelievedthat.but.f.According to a recent study/survey/investigation/poll,.d.Atpresent,moreandmoreph.Thereasonsareasfollows:i.Theremaybeseveralreasons.g.Thereisanoldsaying/aproverb/that.h.Thereasonsareasfolla.It is true that.But it is also true that.b.There is no doubt that.c.There are indications that.d.However,we cant deny the fact that.e.There is every reason for us to say/believe that.中间中间a.Itistruethat.Butita.In conclusion,b.Despite the advantages/merits of.We must be aware of the fact that.c.In my opinion.As far as Im concerned.As for me.d.It is hoped/suggested/advisable that.e.Hopefully.结尾结尾a.Inconclusion,b.Despitet常用结构词常用结构词:generally,undoubtedly,admittedly,obviously,interestingly,surprisingly,surely,actually,hopefully,probably,especially,infact,常用结构词:generally,undoubtedly二、四级考试其它作文题型二、四级考试其它作文题型看图作文与中文提示等作文不同,文字信息不多,大部分为图表、表格、曲线等。要求考生在观察和理解的基础上用文字客观具体地反映图表所含信息和内容。由于图表、曲线是用数据反映和说明某事物的情况和变化或事物间的相关性，故作文是通过对数据的比较和分析来说明图表和数字的内涵，并据此阐明自己对某事物的认识和看法。1.看图作文看图作文二、四级考试其它作文题型看图作文与中文提示等作文不同,文字看看看看图图图图作作作作文文文文与与与与其其其其它它它它类类类类型型型型作作作作文文文文的的的的写写写写作作作作不不不不完完完完全全全全相相相相同同同同，其写作要领是：其写作要领是：其写作要领是：其写作要领是：1)首先要看懂图表，结合题目认真分析图表所指事物的相关性、复杂性、和代表性。2)通过图表中数据和线条起伏变化的趋势，抓住主要问题。根据其所揭示的信息，简明扼要地概括出图形或数据所表示的事物和现象。看图作文与其它类型作文的写作不完全相同，其写作要领是：1)4)摘取图中关键数据，作为文章内容的事实和依据。但不能简单罗列。5)作文的结构可为三段或四段.第一段为总起(略述图表所反映的现象,如人口问题,环境问题等).第二段适当引用关键数据对图表反映的主题进行分析和讨论.结尾段则做出结论或提出建议.3)摘取关键数据或信息，有必要的话，先写出各段主题句。4)摘取图中关键数据，作为文章内容的事实和依据。但不能简单看图作文常用句型看图作文常用句型看图作文常用句型看图作文常用句型:1)Thisisachart/table/diagram/graphabout.2)Fromthechartwecanseethat.3)Asisshowninthechart.4)Accordingtothegraph/chart,wecanconcludethat.5)Whatisimportant/significantisthat.看图作文常用句型:1)Thisisachart/1)1)1)1)英文书信的英文书信的英文书信的英文书信的5C5C5C5C原则原则原则原则:a.Consideration(体贴体贴)例例:YourletterofJune26,1999arrivedthismorning.Thankyouverymuchforyourreplytomyinquiry.2.英文书信英文书信1)英文书信的5C原则:a