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Chapter IIThe Origins of a Nation(5000BC-1066AD)I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts（5000BC-55BC）1.Iberians(the first known settlers)At about 3000 BC Iberians came to Britain,probably from the Iberian Peninsula,now Spain Stonehenge in Wiltshire is more dramatic monuments,which may have religious and political means.2.Beaker Folk(青铜器时代的宽口陶器人青铜器时代的宽口陶器人)At about 2000 BC they come from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland.3.Celts ComefromeasternandcentralEurope,nowFrance,BelgiumandsouthernGermany ReligionwasDruidism(德鲁伊教德鲁伊教).ritesinwoodsbythelightofthemoon.HumansacrificestotheirgodsTheCeltictribesareancestorsofHighlandScots,theIrishandtheWelshThreemainwaves:1.ThefirstwavewastheGaels(盖尔人盖尔人)2.About600BC.(Gaelic盖盖尔语尔语)Threemainwaves:1.ThesecondwavewastheBrythons(布列吞人布列吞人)2.About400BC.Threemainwaves:1.ThethirdwavewastheBelgae(比利其人比利其人)2.About150BC.CeltsCelts in the Modern WorldCeltic Religion Celtic WarriorThe Celtic SocietyCelts SoldiersThe Celts soldiers decorate the face.The Celtic ChildrenCeltic ArtKnotII Roman Britaina.Julius Caesars Invasion(58-50 B.C.)b.Emperor Claudius(A.D.41-54)c.Queen Boudiccas Revolt(A.D.60)1.Romanconquest:Between55and54B.C.,Julius Caesar,thegreatRomangeneral,invadedBritaintwice.2.Therealconquestbeganin43A.D.EnglandbecameaRomanProvinceinname.He was born on July 13,100 B.C.in Rome.His full name was Gaius Julius Caesar.He became the dictator from 46-44 B.C.He was assassinated by a group of nobles,as he was on his way to Pompeys Theatre.ClaudiusHe was born in 10 B.C.as the youngest sun of Nero Drusus.He became the fourth Roman Emperor in A.D.41He undertook the conquest of Britain in A.D.43.He was poisoned by his wife Agrippina in A.D.54.HadriansWall:ThePictsandScotsinScotlandfrequentlyrevoltedagainsttheRomans.About122AD,inordertokeepbackthePictsandScots,theRomansbuiltawall,calledHadriansWall.ContrastinattitudesA.lowland Britons-acceptB.Inhabitants of Wales and Scotland-revoltTribe-head Caratacus Queen Boudicca Queen Boudicca led a revolt against the Roman Conquerorsin A.D.60Governor Julius AgricolaHe served as governor of Roman Britain from 78-85.He completed the conquest of Wales and extended Roman domination northward to the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde in southern Caledonia(Modern Scotland).HadrianHe was born in Spain of provincial Roman stock in A.D.76.He became Roman Emperor in A.D.117.He built up the Hadrian Wall.AntoniusHe was born in A.D.86.He became the Emperor in A.D.138.He built up the Antonine Wall which was located further into Scotland.Roman Buildings11Reasons for untotal occupation:a.Some parts of the country resistb.Roman troops were often withdrawn from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman Empirec.Picts in Scotland(painted faces)still attacked them periodicallyRomanCivilizationtoBritain:A.Architecture:Formilitarypurpose,theybuiltroads,castlesandwallstheHadrianswall.They also built theatres,temples and otherfinebuildings.B.Classformed:TheslavesocietywasintroducedintoEngland.Thelandlords,officials,madeupoftherulingclass.Somenativepeople,Celtsbecameslaves.C.Religion:The Romans brought the newreligion,Christianity,toBritain.Roman Settlementsa.Towns and Other Centers(Caster and Chester means camp)b.London(Londinium)c.Roman Roads15Reasons for withdraw in 410AD 1.Barbarians from Eastern Europe at the gates of Rome2.Repeated attacks from Picts and Scots3.Needing to set up a new military front on the east coast to hold off the Germanic Saxon tribes invading from EuropeWhy was the Roman influence on Britain so limited?1.The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class.2.Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry.3.Emperor Claudius established the Roman domination over southern Britain.4.The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.The Middle Agesdestruction of the Roman Empire in the West in 375,the last of the Roman Emperors of the West,in 476.The close of the Middle Ages:rise of Humanism and the Renaissance,the fourteenth century;with the Fall of Constantinople,in 1453;with the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492 p经常不断地学习,你就什么都知道。你知道得越多,你就越有力量pStudyConstantly,AndYouWillKnowEverything.TheMoreYouKnow,TheMorePowerfulYouWillBe写在最后感谢聆听不足之处请大家批评指导Please Criticize And Guide The Shortcomings结束语讲师：XXXXXX XX年XX月XX日
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