资源描述
ProposalBoth overt and covert factive emotives license bipolar items in their nonmonotonic scope-Explicit emotives in Dutch,Serbo-Croatian and Hungarian-Implicit emotives in Japanese,Korean and ChineseApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity1Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityProposalBipolar Items:mo also/even (Japanese)to also (Korean)ye also (Mandarin)is also/even-series(Hungarian)(Szabolcsi pc)i also/even-series (Serbo-Croatian)ooit ever (Dutch)(van der Wouden 2019)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity2Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityProposalPREDemotive CPBPI(+/-PREDemotive)CPBPI(Japanese,Korean,Mandarin)+/-PREDemotiveCPBPI(Serbo-Croatian)-PREDemotiveCPBPI(Dutch,Hungarian)(BPI:Bipolar Items)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity3Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityProposalBPIs(Bipolar Items)must be licensed in:-Monotone decreasing or anti-additive scope -embedded clause of negative predicateS(van der Wouden 2019)-nonmonotonic(implicit)emotive predicatesBPIs raise at LF April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity4Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityBipolar Items show:(van der Wouden 2019)Combined features of NPI and PPI:Licensed in anti-additive or monotone decreasing environments-medium NPI-hoodAnti-licensed by clausemate negation(antimorphic)-weak PPI-hoodApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity5Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityMonotone decreasingnessIf XY,then f(Y)f(X)(f:monotone decreasing function)Few(1)Few Romanians dance or sing.-Few Romanians dance.April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity6Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityAnti-additivityf(X U Y)=f(X)f(Y)(f:anti-additive function)Nobody AA:(Zwarts 1993)(2)Nobody danced or sang.Nobody danced and nobody sang.April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity7Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityAntimorphic f(X Y)=f(X)U f(Y)f(X U Y)=f(X)f(Y)Not AM:(3)Mary does not sing or dance.Mary does not sing and Mary does not dance.April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity8Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityBipolar items in Dutch,Serbo-Croatian and HungarianlDutch ooit everlSerbo-Croatian i-series also/even lHungarian is-series also/even These items demonstrate:1.NPI-hoodlicensed in medium and weak negative environments 2.PPI-hood anti-licensed by strong clausemate negation(van der Wouden 2019;Progovac 1994;Szabolcsi pc.)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity9Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityDutch ooit ever(4)(Anti-additive)Geen van de kinderen gaat ooit bij oma op bezoek.none of the children goes ever with granny on visitNone of the children ever visits granny(5)(Antimorphic)*Een van de kinderen gaat niet ooit bij oma op bezoek.One of the children goes not ever with granny on visit(van der Wouden 2019:132)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity10Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityNonmonotonic negative factive emotives(6)Ik betreur(het)dat ik dat ooit gedaen heb.I regret it that I that ever done haveI regret of what I have ever done(den Dikken p.c.)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity11Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalitySerbo-Croatian i-NPIsi(also/even)+indeterminatesNo clausemate negation(7)*Milan ikada ne vozi.Milan ever not drives(Progovac 1994:42-43)Acceptable with clausemate few(monotone decreasing)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity12Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityExtra-clausal negation is necessary(8)a.Milan ne tvrdi da Marija ikada vozi.Milan not claims that Mary ever drivesMilan does not claim that Mary ever drives b.*Milan tvrdi da Marija ikada vozi.Milan claims that Mary ever drives(Progovac 1994:42-43)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity13Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityAdversative predicates license Serbo-Croatian i-series:(9)Sumnja-m da Milan voli i(t)ko-ga/*ni(t)ko-ga.doubt-1SG that Milan loves anyone-ACC/no-one-ACCI doubt that Milan loves anyone(Progovac 1994:64)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity14Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityPositive emotive licenses i-series(10)Sretan sam da Milan i(t)ko-ga voli.happy be.1SG that Milan anyone-ACC loves I am happy that Milan loves anyone April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity15Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityHungarian indefinite pronouns someone/something+is and/even(11)*Nem rtettl valamit is not understood-you something also/even (abbl,amit mondtam).(of what I said)You didnt understand anything(12)Nem hiszem,hogy valamit is rtettl Not think-I that something also/even understood-you (of what I said)(abbl,amit mondtam).I dont think that you understood anything(Szabolcsi p.c.)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity16Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityMonotone decreasing scope accommodates valamit is something(13)Kevs ember rtett valamit is(abbl,amit mondtam).Few people understood something also/even(of what I said)Few people understood anythingApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity17Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityNegative emotives license is-series(14)Sajnlom,hogy valamit is adtam neki.regret-I that something-Acc also/even gave-I to-himI regret that I gave him anything(15)?Baj,hogy valamit is adtam neki.trouble that something-Acc also/even gave-I to-himIt is a problem that I gave him anything(Szabolcsi p.c.)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity18Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityNo positive emotives(16)*be happy CPvalamit is(17)*be glad CPvalamit is(18)*want CPvalamit is(19)*be surprised CPvalamit isApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity19Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityInterim summaryNEG/+-EMOTIVECPiNEG/-EMOTIVECPooit/isMONooit/i/isANTI-ADDITIVEooit/i/isApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity20Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityBPIslicensed by implicit nonmonotonic emotives|Japanese|Korean|MandarinApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity21Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityJapanese mo also/even:i)usually requires explicit antecedentii)(20)John-ga ki-te,Tom-mo ki-taiii)John-NOM come-CON Tom-also come-PAST iv)John came and Tom also camev)ii)forms the any-type strong NPI/negative concord item(Watanabe 2019)when it attaches to wh-words(Nam 1994)vi)iii)appears discourse initially out of the bluevii)takes wide scope over a propositiontriggers presupposed implicit events(Numata 2000).April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity22Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityClaim:I argue thatMo3 is a bipolar item licensed by speakers sentimental emotion which is indispensable.April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity23Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityDiscourse initial mo also/even(21)Haru-mo takenawa-ni nari-mashi-ta.spring-also peak-Goal become-HON-PASTThe spring has reached its peakMo(also/even)evokes other events that make the speaker feel the change of season(Numata 2000)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity24Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityDiscourse initial mo(22)Yo-mo hukete-ki-ta.Mo neru-to shi-yo.night-also late-become-Past already sleep-Comp do-willIt grew late(at night).Its time to go to bed (modified from Sadanobu 2019)(23)Ko-no saifu-mo furuku-nat-t-a.this-Gen wallet-also old-become-Past-be This wallet has become oldApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity25Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality(24)Mari-mo kashiko-i.Mari-alsosmart-beMary is smart indeed(25)Soto-mo hiete-ki-ta.outside-mo cold-come-PASTIt has become cold outsideApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity26Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality(26)Omae-mo aho-ya-na.you-mo silly-be-EXCYou are silly,I should say(27)Tabi-mo owari-ni chikazuite-ki-ta.trip-mo end-to approach-come-PASTThe trip is nearing the endApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity27Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityWide scope taking at LF(28)Mo yo-huke-taalso night grow-PASTMo:quantificational element(Kuroda 1969)Mo evokes the kind of events relevant to the change of seasonMo quantifies over eventsApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity28Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityLF:weird movement CP mo CP TP C DP T night vP T v VP v growApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity29Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityIntervention effect byclausemate negation(29)*Yo-mo sue-ja-nai.world-mo end-be-NEGThis is not the end of the worldApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity30Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityExtra-clausal negation is better(30)Yo-mo huke-ta -to -iu-koto-wa nai.world-also grow-PAST-COMP-say-fact-TOP NEG It is not the case that it grew late(31)Ko-no kaban-mo huruku-nat-ta-to-iu-koto-wa nai.this-Gen bag-also old-become-PAST-say-fact-TOP NEG It is not that this bag became oldApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity31Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityMo licensed in monotone decreasing scope(32)Seizei 5-nin-no gakusei-mo tsukare-ta.at most 5-CL-GEN student-also tired-PASTAt most five students became tiredApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity32Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityMo sentences are embedded under implicit emotives(33)(Unfortunately,)Yo-mo huke-ta.night-also get late-PAST (Unfortunately,)it grew late(34)Fortunately,)Haru-mo takenawa-ni nari-mashi-ta.1.spring-also peak-GOAL become-HON-PAST(Im glad that)the spring reached its peakApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity33Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityCovert negative/sentimental emotives are always there(35)(Zannenna-koto-ni)yo-mo hukete-ki-ta.regretful-fact-Goal night-alsolate-become-Past Mo neru-to shi-yo.already sleep-Comp do-will(I am sorry)it grew late(at night).Its time to go to bed(36)(Shimijimi-to)ko-no saifu-mo furuku-nat-t-a.heartful-and this-Gen wallet-also old-become-Past-be(Sentimentally)This wallet has become oldApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity34Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityImplicit emotives are indispensable(37)*(Sentimentally/Negatively,)Omae-mo aho-ya-na.you-also silly-be-EXCYou are silly,I should sayApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity35Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityPositive emotives are licensersNot only negative but positive emotive licenses this mo(also):(38)(Ureshii-koto-ni)haru-mo takenawa-ni nari-mashi-ta.(happy-fact-Goal)spring-also peak-GOAL become-then&happy(Im glad that)the spring has reached itspeakApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity36Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityOvert emotive can be licensers(39)Shikuramen-mo karete-ki-te kanashii.cyclamen-also wither-come-CON sadMo haru-da.already spring-beIm sad that the cyclamens have withered.It is already spring April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity37Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality(40)Shogo-mo shakaijin-ni nat-te ureshii.Shogo-also adult-GOAL become-CON happyIm glad Shogo has gone out into the worldApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity38Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityKorean to also/evensentence focus(41)Pom-to wat-ta.spring also come-PASTSpring came(42)#Pom-to ochi-an-at-ta.spring also come-NEG-PAST-DECL(wide scope reading)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity39Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityChinesey also(43)Qiutian ye lai-le.fall also come-PERF Fall came,too.(44)#Qiutian ye bu lai-le.fall also NEG come-PERFFall has not come(45)Ling Ling bu lai-le.Shu ye bu lai-le.Ling Ling NEG come-PERF Shu also NEG come-PERFLing Ling did not come.Shu did not come,either(additive ye)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity40Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityDownward entailment environment(46)Zhangsan zuiduo ye zhi neng he Zhangsan at most also only can drink san bei jiu.three glass liquor Zhangsan can drink at most three glasses of liquor(its a pity).(Monotone decreasing)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity41Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityNo overt positive emotives(47)?Wo hen kaoxing qiutian ye lai-le.I very happy fall also come-PERFI am glad that fall also came(48)#Wo hen kaoxing qiutian yehui lai.I very happy fall also will comeI am glad that fall will also come(49)#Wo bu kaoxing qiutian ye hui lai.I NEG happy fall also will comeIm not happy that fall will comeApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity42Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityOvert negative emotives can be licensers(50)#Kexi qiutian ye lai-le.sorry/regretably fall also come-PERFIm sorry that fall has come(51)Kexi qiutian ye likai-le.sorry fall also leave-PERFIm sorry that fall is gone(52)Bu keqi quitian ye lai-le.NEG sorry fall also come-PERFApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity43Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityThe distribution of BPIs(+-EMOTIVE)CPmo/to/yeNEG/+-EMOTIVECPmo/i/NEG/-EMOTIVECPooit/is/yeMONooit/i/is/mo/to/yeANTI-ADDITIVEooit/i/isApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity44Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityNPI rescues BPI(53)#Haru-mo ko-nai.spring also come-NEGSpring does not come(54)Haru-mo mada ko-nai.spring-also yet come-NEGSpring does not come yetApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity45Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality(55)Ko-no saihu-mo#(zenzen/amari)this-GEN wallet-also at all/muchtsukawa-nakat-ta.use-NEG-PAST I did not used this wallet at all/much April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity46Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityBipolar items escape from factive/veridical scope MODAL PMODAL CP mo CP TP Cfactive DP NP T yo night vP T v VP vApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity47Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityWhen under negationNEG PNEGwNmNsN /CP mowPwNmNsN CP TPC-factiveyo T vP T v VP vApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity48Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityBPI movement and comparative morpheme-er-er raises alonevon Stechow(1984)Heim(2000)Beck et al.(2019)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity49Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityEmotives are Nonmonotonic(56)Im sorry Jim bought a car.Im sorry Jim bought a Honda.Asher(1987)Heim (1992)von Fintel(2019)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity50Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityBernardi(2019)Strong NPI/Antimorphic Even/Anti-multiplicative Medium NPI/Anti-additive Weak NPI/Monotone decreasingApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity51Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityFeature checking between BPIs and the licensersBIPOLAR/NONMONOTONICBIPOLAR/weak negationBIPOLAR/medium negationBIPOLAR=wP wN mN sNWeak PPI=wPWeak NPI=wNApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity52Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityNonmonotonic=wPwNWeak negation=wNMedium negation=wN mNStrong negation=wN mN sN(cf.Carpenter 1993,typed feature inheritance)April 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity53Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityWhy only licensed by extra-clausal negation/emotives?Feature checking between MODAL/NEG and BPISemantic reason:sentence focusApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity54Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityWhy BPIs are anti-licensed by strong negation?BPIs cannot scope over strong negation*BPIstrong negationStrong negationBPIApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity55Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityWhy do we use bipolar items?NPIslStrengthening effect(Jespersen 1917)lDomain widening(Kadmon and Landman 1993)Bipolar itemslStrengthening effectlExpressing emotionsApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity56Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive ModalityConclusion Bipolar items are licensed byExtra-clausal negationExtra-clausal overt/covert emotivesWeak or medium negationApril 15,2006 Swarthmore Workshop on Negation and Polarity57Sumiyo Nishiguchi Bipolar Items and Emotive Modality谢谢你的阅读v知识就是财富v丰富你的人生谢谢！谢谢！5960
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