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ObjectivesUpon completion of this module,the participant will be able to:Define scientific divingOutline the History of Scientific Diving and the exemption to OSHA commercial diving standardsIdentify the mission,purposes and goals of AAUSObjectivesUpon completion of this module,the participant will be able to:Outline the operational control mechanism within Scientific DivingDiscuss policies,procedures,and requirements detailed in AAUS Scientific Diving StandardsScientific DivingScientific diving is defined(29 CFR 1910.402)as diving performed solely as a necessary part of a scientific,research,or educational activity by employees whose sole purpose for diving is to perform scientific research tasksHistory of the Scientific Diving ExemptionIn 1982,OSHA exempted scientific diving from commercial diving regulations(29 CFR Part 1910,Subpart T)under certain conditions which are outlined belowThe final guidelines for the exemption became effective in 1985(Federal Register,Vol.50,No.6,p.1046)History of the Scientific Diving Exemption1975-Petition filed by United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America AFL-CIOUrged an emergency temporary standard(ETS)be issued with respect to diving operationsETS issued on June 15,1976 to be effective July 15,1976History of the Scientific Diving ExemptionChallenged in U S Court of Appeals by several diving contractorsETS withdrawn in November 1976 and permanent standard was formulatedFinal Standard for Commercial Diving became effective October 20,1977Scientific diving was not exemptedHistory of the Scientific Diving ExemptionAmerican Academy of Underwater Sciences(AAUS)was formed to petition OSHA for an exemptionSubmitted arguments for ANPR on October 15,1979 Self-regulationConsensual standard for over 20 yearsLow accident incidence rateFinal Ruling granting exemption effective November 28,1982Scientific Diving Exemption29CFR 1910.401(2)(iv)OSHA exempted from commercial diving regulations any diving operation defined as scientific diving and which is under the direction and control of a diving program containing at least the following elements:Scientific Diving Exemption29CFR 1910.401(2)(iv)A diving safety manual which includes at a minimum:Procedures covering all diving operations specific to the program;including procedures for emergency care,recompression and evacuation;and the criteria for diver training and certificationScientific Diving Exemption29CFR 1910.401(2)(iv)Diving control(safety)board,with the majority of its members being active scientific divers,which shall at a minimum have the authority to:approve and monitor diving projects,review and revise the diving safety manual,assure compliance with the manual,certify the depths to which a diver has been trained,take disciplinary action for unsafe practices,and assure adherence to the buddy system(a diver is accompanied by and is in continuous contact with another diver in the water)for scuba diving29CFR 1910.401(2)(iv)Appendix B to Subpart TOSHA has granted an exemption for scientific diving from commercial diving regulations under the following guidelines(Appendix B to Subpart T):The Diving Control Board consists of a majority of active scientific divers and has autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving programs operation29CFR 1910.401(2)(iv)Appendix B to Subpart TThe purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of science;therefore,information and data resulting from the project are non-proprietaryThe tasks of a scientific diver are those of an observer and data gatherer Construction and trouble-shooting tasks traditionally associated with commercial diving are not included within scientific diving29CFR 1910.401(2)(iv)Appendix B to Subpart TScientific divers,based on the nature of their activities,must use scientific expertise in studying the underwater environment and therefore,are scientists or scientists-in-trainingTHE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF UNDERWATER SCIENCES(AAUS)AAUSIncorporated in California in 1983Active since before the OSHA exemption of 1982Currently over 100 organizational membersRecognized by OSHA as the scientific diving standard setting organizationAAUS101 Bienville BlvdDauphin Island,AL 36528251-861-7504 PhoneEmail:aausdisl.org Web Address:aaus.org AAUSAAUS Organizational Members,or OM(s),include Universities,Marine Labs,Museums,and others involved in scientific diving activities throughout the United States and around the worldAAUS Mission StatementThe mission of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences(AAUS)is to facilitate the development of safe and productive scientific divers through education,research,advocacy,and the advancement of standards for scientific diving practices,certifications,and operations AAUS Purposes and GoalsTo develop,review and revise standards for safe scientific diving certification and the safe operation of scientific diving programs;To collect,review and distribute statistics relating to scientific diving activities and scientific diving incidents;AAUS Purposes and GoalsTo conduct symposia and workshops to educate the membership and others in safe scientific diving programs and practices;To represent the scientific diving interests of the membership before other organizations and government agencies,and;AAUS Purposes and GoalsTo fund research,education and development of safe scientific diving programs and practicesResearch vs.ScientificDiver(Rec.)Diver(AAUS)NO STANDARDIZED INSTRUCTION PRACTICAL TRAINING ONLYVARIABLE NUMBER OF TRAINING DIVESNO MEDICALLIFETIME CERTNOT RECOGNIZED AS A PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONOSHA DEFINEDMUST MEET AAUS TRAINING STANDARDSAAUS MEDICAL REQUIREDMINIMUM 100 HOURS TRAININGMUST MAINTAIN CERTIFICATION STATUSEMERGENCY TRAINING REQUIREDRECOGNIZED AS A PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONAAUS SCIENTIFIC DIVING STANDARDSAAUS Diving StandardsThese standards were developed and written by the AAUS by compiling the policies set forth in the diving manuals of several university,private,and governmental scientific diving programsAAUS Diving StandardsThese programs share a common heritage with the scientific diving program at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography(SIO)Adherence to the SIO standards has proven both feasible and effective in protecting the health and safety of scientific divers since 1954Volume 1Sections 1 through 6 Required For All OM Diving ManualsSECTION 1:GENERAL POLICYPurposeThe purpose of AAUS Scientific Diving Standards is to ensure that all scientific diving is conducted in a manner that will maximize protection for scientific divers from accidental injury and/or illness,and set forth standards for training and certification that will allow a working reciprocity between organizational membersOperational ControlOM Auspices includes any scientific diving operation in which an OM is connected because of ownership of any equipment used,locations selected,or relationship with the individual(s)concernedOperational ControlThis includes all cases involving the operations of employees of the OM or employees of auxiliary organizations,where such employees are acting within the scope of their employment,and operations of other persons who are engaged in scientific diving of the OM or are diving as members of an organization recognized by the OMOperational ControlIt is the OMs responsibility to adhere to the AAUS StandardsThe administration of the local diving program resides with the OMs Diving Control Board(DCB)Operational ControlEach OM is responsible for the development and maintenance of a scientific diving manual containing policies and procedures that will enable the OM to meet requirements for local environments and conditions as well as complying with the AAUS minimal standardsOperational ControlThe regulations in the OMs Diving Manual shall be observed at all locations where scientific diving is conducted Operational ControlThe Diving Safety Officer(DSO)is responsible through the DCB for the conduct of the OM scientific diving programOperational ControlThe DSO is empowered by the DCB and guided in the performance of the required duties by the advice of the DCB,but operational responsibility for the conduct of the local diving program is retained by the DSOOperational ControlThe DCB:Has autonomous and absolute authority over the scientific diving programs operationShall approve and monitor diving projectsShall review and revise the diving safety manualShall assure compliance with the diving safety manualOperational ControlThe DCB:Shall certify the depths to which a diver has been trainedShall take disciplinary action for unsafe practicesShall assure adherence to the buddy system for scuba divingOperational ControlThe DCB:Shall act as the official representative for the OM in matters concerning the scientific diving programShall act as a board of appeal to consider diver-related problemsShall recommend the issue,reissue,or the revocation of diving certificationsOperational ControlThe DCB:Shall recommend changes in policy and amendments to AAUS and the OMs diving safety manual as the need arisesShall establish and/or approve training programs through which the applicants for certification can satisfy the requirements of the OMs diving safety manualShall suspend diving programs that are considered unsafe or unwiseOperational ControlThe DCB:Shall establish criteria for equipment selection and useShall recommend new equipment or techniquesShall establish and/or approve facilities for the inspection and maintenance of diving and associated equipmentOperational ControlThe DCB:Shall ensure that the OMs air station(s)meet air quality standards as described in Section 3.60 of the AAUS manualShall periodically review the DSOs performance and programShall sit as a board of investigation to inquire into the nature and cause of diving accidents or violations of the OMs diving safety manualOperational ControlThe Lead Diver:For each dive,one individual shall be designated as the Lead DiverThis individual shall be at the dive location during the diving operationOperational ControlThe Lead Diver is responsible for:Coordination with other known activities in the vicinity that are likely to interfere with diving operationsEnsuring all dive team members possess current certification and are qualified for the type of diving operationOperational ControlThe Lead Diver is responsible for:Briefing dive team members on:Dive objectivesUnusual hazards or environmental conditions likely to affect the safety of the diving operationModifications to diving or emergency procedures necessitated by the specific diving operationSuspending diving operations if in their opinion conditions are not safeReporting to the DSO and DCB any physical problems or adverse physiological effects including symptoms of pressure-related injuriesOperational ControlReciprocity and Visiting Scientific Diver:Two or more AAUS OMs engaged jointly in diving activities,or engaged jointly in the use of diving resources,shall designate one of the participating DCBs to govern the joint projectOperational ControlReciprocity and Visiting Scientific Diver:A scientific diver from one OM shall apply for permission to dive under the auspices of another OM by submitting to the DSO of the host OM a Request for Diving Reciprocity Form(see AAUS Appendix 6)This form must be signed by the divers home DSO or DCB Chair Operational ControlReciprocity and Visiting Scientific Diver:A visiting Scientific Diver may be asked to demonstrate their knowledge and skills for the planned diveIf the host OM denies a visiting Scientific Diver permission to dive,the host OM shall notify the visiting diver and their DCB with an explanation of all reasons for the denialOperational ControlWaiver of Requirements:The organizational Diving Control Board may grant a waiver for specific requirements of training,examinations,depth certification,and minimal activity to maintain certificationConsequence of Violation of RegulationsFailure to comply with the regulations of the diving manual may be cause for the revocation or restriction of the divers scientific diving certificate by action of the OM DCB SECTION 2:DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA(OPEN CIRCUIT,COMPRESSED AIR)IntroductionNo person shall engage in scientific diving operations under the auspices of the OM scientific diving program unless they hold a current certification issued pursuant to the provisions of this manualPre-Dive ProceduresDive Plans:Dives should be planned around the competency of the least experienced diverRequired for all scientific diving operationsMust be formulated by the Lead Diver prior to the start of a projectPre-Dive ProceduresDive Plans Include:A list of participants,their qualifications and the type of certificate or certification held by each diverThe approximate number of proposed divesThe location(s)of proposed divesPre-Dive ProceduresDive Plans Include:Estimated depth(s)and bottom time(s)anticipatedDecompression status and repetitive dive plans,if required Proposed work,equipment,and boats to be employedAny hazardous conditions anticipatedPre-Dive ProceduresDive Plans Include:An Emergency Plan with the following information:Emergency contact information for each diverNearest accessible hospitalNearest operational decompression chamberAvailable means of transportEmergency contact numbers appropriate for the dive locationPre-Dive ProceduresDiver Responsibilities:Each diver shall conduct a functional check of his/her diving equipment in the presence of the diving buddy or tender;enduring that their equipment is in proper working order and that the equipment is suitable for the planned diving operationPre-Dive ProceduresDiver Responsibilities:It is the divers responsibility and duty to refuse to dive if,in his/her judgment,conditions are unfavorable,or if he/she would be violating the precepts of his/her training,or of the OMs diving manualPre-Dive ProceduresDiver Responsibilities:It is the divers responsibility to notify the DSO/Lead Diver/Diving Supervisor if he/she is unfit to safely participate in diving operationsPre-Dive ProceduresEquipment Evaluations:Each diver shall on every dive have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive buoyancyA divers flag shall be displayed prominently in areas frequented by boat trafficAppropriate safety,and first aid equipment that is suitable for meeting project needs,and Oxygen will be available on sitePre-Dive ProceduresThe environmental conditions at the site will be evaluatedDiving ProceduresSolo Diving ProhibitionAll diving activities shall assure adherence to the buddy systemDiving ProceduresRefusal to Dive:The decision to dive is that of the diver A diver may refuse to dive,without fear of penalty,whenever they feel it is unsafe for them to make the diveThe ultimate responsibility for safety rests with the individual diverDiving ProceduresTermination of the Dive:A diver will terminate the dive,without fear of penalty,whenever they feel it is unsafe to continue the dive,unless it compromises the safety of another diver already in the waterDiving ProceduresTermination of the Dive:The diver shall terminate the dive while there is still sufficient tank pressure to permit the diver to safely reach the surface,including decompression time,or to safely reach an additional air source at the decompression stationDiving ProceduresEmergencies and Deviations from Regulations:Any diver may deviate from the requirements of this standard to the extent necessary to prevent or minimize a situation that is likely to cause death,serious physical harm,or major environmental damageSuch actions require a written report be submitted to the OM DCB explaining circumstances and justificationsPost-Dive ProceduresAfter the completion of a dive,each diver shall report any physical problems,symptoms of decompression sickness,or equipment malfunctionsFlying After Diving or Ascending to AltitudeThe minimum preflight surface interval following a Single No-Decompression Dive is 12 hoursThe minimum preflight surface interval following Multiple Dives Per Day or Multiple Days of Diving is 18 hoursFlying After Diving or Ascending to AltitudeThe minimum preflight surface interval following Dives Requiring Decompression Stops is 24 hoursDivers should follow the appropriate guidelines for preflight surface intervals before ascending to Altitude above 1000 feet(300 meters),unless the decompression procedure used has accounted for the increase in elevationDiving LogEvery dive made under the auspices of an OM shall be logged with the OM Diving Safety OfficerMinimum Dive Log Information Includes:Date;Time In/Out;Location;Diving Mode;Diving Classification;Gas Used;Max Depths;Name of Diver,Buddy,and Lead Diver;Decompression Method;Detailed report of any near or actual incidentsAccident/Incident ReportingAll diving incidents requiring recompression treatment,or resulting in moderate or serious injury,or death shall be reported to the OMs Diving Control Board and AAUSSECTION 3:DIVING EQUIPMENT General PolicyAll equipment shall meet standards as determined by the OM DSO and DCBEquipment that is subjected to extreme usage under adverse conditions should require more frequent testing and maintenanceAll equipment shall be regularly examined by the person using itRegulatorsRegulators will consist of a first stage,a primary second stage,an alternate air source(such as an octopus second stage or redundant air supply),and a submersible pressure gauge The regulator must also provide a IP hose for connecting to a power inflator Regulators to be used with a dry suit must have an additional port for an IP hose to connect to the suit inflatorFlotation DevicesEach diver shall have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive buoyancy Buoyancy compensators,drysuits or other variable volume BCD shall be equipped with an exhaust valveDivers wearing a drysuit will also wear a BCDTiming Devices,Depth,and Pressure GaugeBoth members of the diving pair must have an underwater timing device,an approved depth indicator,and a submersible pressure gauge Determination of Decompression StatusA set of diving tables,approved by the DCB,must be available at the dive locationDive computers may be utilized in place of diving tables but only those makes and models of dive computers specifically approved by the DCB or their designee(DSO)may be usedSupport EquipmentA first aid kit adequate for the diving operation shall be available at the dive locationOxygen shall be available at the dive location for emergency situationsSupport EquipmentA divers flag shall be displayed prominently whenever diving is conducted under circumstances where required or where water traffic is probableAir Quality StandardsBreathing air for scuba shall meet CGA(Compressed Gas Association)Grade E specificationsSECTION 4:ENTRY LEVEL TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ScopeThis section describes training for the non-diving applicant,previously not certified for diving,and equivalency for the certified diverEvaluationsMedical Examination:The applicant for training shall be certified to be medically qualified for diving by a licensed physician before proceeding with the training outlined in sections four and fiveDetails of this examination are discussed in section sixEvaluationsSwimming Evaluation:Without the use of swim aids,applicants for certification under AAUS standards must:Swim underwater for a distance of 25 yards without surfacingSwim 400 yards in less than 12 minutesTread water for 10 minutes,or 2 minutes without the use of handsTransport another person of equal size a distance of 25 yards in the water EvaluationsScuba Training-As a minimum in a pool or sheltered water,the non-scuba certified trainee must satisfy the DSO of their ability to:Clear their face maskAlternate between snorkel and scuba while kickingAir share as both the donor and recipient,with and without a face maskDemonstrate understanding of underwater signs and signalsAssist and transport a passive simulated victim
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