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大血管病变的影像学表现大血管病变的影像学表现一、一、动动 脉脉 粥粥 样样 硬硬 化化(Atherosclerosis)常见,严重,常见,严重,发达国家:主要死因发达国家:主要死因 我国:我国:尸检尸检40-49岁岁 冠状冠状A 58%主主A 88%北方高于南方,老人多,但有年轻化趋势,北方高于南方,老人多,但有年轻化趋势,40-49岁发展最快岁发展最快一、动 脉 粥 样 硬 化常见,严重,概念:是一种与血脂异常及血管壁成分改变有关的动脉疾病n累及大中动脉累及大中动脉 n动脉内膜脂质沉积,内膜灶性纤维化,动脉内膜脂质沉积,内膜灶性纤维化,深部组织坏死、崩解形成粥样斑块深部组织坏死、崩解形成粥样斑块纤纤维维管壁变硬、管腔狭窄管壁变硬、管腔狭窄Whats atherosclerosis?概念:是一种与血脂异常及血管壁成分改变有关的动脉疾病What一、危险因素危险因素 1.高脂血症高脂血症 2.高血压高血压 重要相关因素重要相关因素3.吸烟吸烟 与剂量相关与剂量相关4.致继发性高脂血症的疾病致继发性高脂血症的疾病 高血糖高血糖 高胰岛素高胰岛素 肾病综合征肾病综合征5.遗传因素遗传因素:家族性高脂血症家族性高脂血症 6.其它:其它:年龄、性别和肥胖年龄、性别和肥胖 一、危险因素主动脉夹层讲课课件复合病变复合病变(Complicated lesion)斑块内出血斑块内出血斑块破溃斑块破溃 血栓形成;血栓形成;钙化;钙化;动脉瘤形成动脉瘤形成复合病变(Complicated lesion)斑块内出动脉粥样硬化钙盐沉积(Calcification)动脉粥样硬化钙盐沉积(Calcification)动脉粥样硬化动脉瘤(aneurysm)aneurysm动脉粥样硬化动脉瘤(aneurysm)aneurysm夹层动脉瘤形成(Aorta Dissecting Aneurisms)夹层动脉瘤形成(Aorta Dissecting Aneur(3)(3)脑动脉粥样硬化脑动脉粥样硬化 Cerebral Vessels AS基底动脉,大脑中动脉,Willis环脑萎缩 痴呆脑梗死 Brain Infarct(Stroke)Brain Infarct(Stroke)脑出血:动脉瘤形成破裂偏瘫死亡(3)脑动脉粥样硬化 Cerebral Vessels主动脉夹层讲课课件与大动脉炎鉴别n由于动脉夹层导致血管真腔变窄,故听诊可闻及血管杂音,加之患者年轻,有低热,极易与多发性大动脉炎混淆。与大动脉炎鉴别由于动脉夹层导致血管真腔变窄,故听诊可闻及血4/23/2024 流流 行行 病病 学学n主动脉夹层(主动脉夹层(aortic dissectionaortic dissection,ADAD)临床上最复杂、最危险的心血管疾病之一,通常认为AD的形成是血流进入动脉管壁破裂口致动脉撕裂的结果。因主动脉中层囊性坏死常出现局灶性出血,随着出血灶的扩大,血肿逐渐将中层撕开,加之主动脉内压力高,撕开的夹层向远端及主动脉各大分支扩展,形成广泛的动脉夹层。7/28/2023 流 行 病 学主动脉夹层(aort4/23/2024病病 理理n组织病理学:组织病理学:1.1.弹性纤维的断裂、缺失,蛋白聚糖的弹性纤维的断裂、缺失,蛋白聚糖的 沉积增加的中层变性为特点沉积增加的中层变性为特点 2.2.中层平滑肌细胞部分缺失中层平滑肌细胞部分缺失 3.3.动脉粥样硬化的表现动脉粥样硬化的表现 4.4.炎性细胞浸润的表现(最近文献报道)炎性细胞浸润的表现(最近文献报道)7/28/2023病 理组织病理学:4/23/2024 危危 险险 因因 素(一)素(一)主动脉壁压力增加主动脉壁压力增加n 未受控制的高血压未受控制的高血压n 嗜络细胞瘤嗜络细胞瘤n 服用可卡因或其他兴奋剂服用可卡因或其他兴奋剂n 举重或做举重或做ValsalvaValsalva动作动作n 外伤外伤n 减速或扭转损伤(如:汽车相撞时)减速或扭转损伤(如:汽车相撞时)n 主动脉缩窄主动脉缩窄7/28/2023 危 险 因 素(一)主动脉壁压力增加4/23/2024危危 险险 因因 素(二)素(二)n主动脉中层异常主动脉中层异常n遗传:遗传:MarfanMarfan综合征、综合征、Ehlers-DanlosEhlers-Danlos综合征、综合征、二叶式主动脉瓣、二叶式主动脉瓣、TurnerTurner综合征、综合征、Loeys-Loeys-DietzDietz综合征、遗传性胸主动脉瘤或夹层综合综合征、遗传性胸主动脉瘤或夹层综合征征n炎性血管炎:炎性血管炎:大动脉炎、巨细胞性动脉炎、大动脉炎、巨细胞性动脉炎、BehetBehet病病n其他:其他:妊娠、多囊性肾病、长期使用激素或妊娠、多囊性肾病、长期使用激素或免疫抑制剂、感染免疫抑制剂、感染7/28/2023危 险 因 素(二)主动脉中层异常4/23/2024分期(三)分期(三)n分期分期 急性主动脉夹层定义为发病在急性主动脉夹层定义为发病在2 2周以内;发病周以内;发病在在2626周间为亚急性;大于周间为亚急性;大于6 6周为慢性周为慢性 7/28/2023分期(三)4/23/2024 辅助检查(一)辅助检查(一)n目前公认的影像诊断方法有主目前公认的影像诊断方法有主动脉造影、动脉造影、CT CT 增强扫描、增强扫描、MRIMRI和经食管超声心动图和经食管超声心动图(TEE)(TEE)检查检查n胸部胸部X X线线:主要作为评估潜在的急性胸主动脉疾病手段的一部分,可用来鉴别其他疾病,很少用来排除胸主动脉疾病,除非极低危患者。nCTCT:多层螺旋CT的敏感性可达100%,特异性98%99%能够清晰的显示主动脉腔内,主动脉壁及动脉周围组织的情况,胸主动脉及其分支血管的解剖学异常,判断各种急性主动脉疾病如主动脉壁内血肿、穿透性溃疡、急性主动脉夹层等 7/28/2023 辅助检查(一)目前公认的影像诊断4/23/2024 辅助检查(二)辅助检查(二)n超声心动图超声心动图 n经胸超声诊断主动脉夹层的敏感性约77%80%,特异性约93%96%n经食管超声的敏感性与特异性分别为88%98%与90%95%n主动脉扩张的诊断主要依靠测量胸主动脉内径,同时考虑到患者的年龄、性别、身高、体表面积等因素的影响。7/28/2023 辅助检查(二)超声心动图 4/23/2024辅助检查(三)辅助检查(三)n 动脉造影术动脉造影术n优点优点:精确的显示夹层部位,受累分支以及真假腔的情况,同时可以对冠状动脉疾病做诊断与治疗。n缺点缺点:有创检查,需要经验丰富的医生;操作时间比较长,患者受到的辐射及造影剂使用量较大;当假腔内血栓形成时可能出现假阴性结果。7/28/2023辅助检查(三)动脉造影术4/23/20247/28/2023主动脉夹层讲课课件主动脉夹层讲课课件多发性大动脉炎TAKAYASU ARTERITIS多发性大动脉炎TAKAYASU ARTERITIS多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎n定义:是一种原因不定义:是一种原因不明,发生在主动脉和明,发生在主动脉和/或其主要分支的慢性或其主要分支的慢性非特异性炎症性动脉非特异性炎症性动脉疾病。疾病。n国外一般命名为高安国外一般命名为高安动脉炎(动脉炎(Takayasu Arteritis,TA)多发性大动脉炎定义:是一种原因不明,发生在主动脉和/或其主要多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎n一般发病情况一般发病情况青少年多见,发病年龄多在5-40岁女性:男性7-8:1n以头部及臂部动脉受累最多见以头部及臂部动脉受累最多见n其次可累计降主动脉、腹主动脉、肾动其次可累计降主动脉、腹主动脉、肾动脉脉n冠状动脉、肺动脉受累较少见冠状动脉、肺动脉受累较少见多发性大动脉炎一般发病情况多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎n可能的病因可能的病因1.自身免疫性:及球蛋白,IgG、IgM,抗主动脉壁抗体(+),急性期可有Coombs抗体(+)等2.遗传因素:与HLA系统有一定关系3.内分泌功能:与高雌激素水平有关n病理生理改变病理生理改变1.病变远侧缺血2.病变近侧高血压多发性大动脉炎可能的病因多发性大动脉炎多发性大动脉炎n临床表现临床表现1.全身症状:活动期可有发热、全身不适、纳差、体重下降等。可能伴有关节炎、结节红斑、雷诺综合症及脾肿大等。2.局部症状:可分为5型 头臂动脉型 胸腹主动脉型 肾动脉型 肺动脉型 混合型多发性大动脉炎临床表现实验室检查实验室检查n无特异性检查nESR、CRP可有明显升高。n抗“O”阳性,白细胞及血小板可升高。实验室检查无特异性检查影像学检查影像学检查n金标准:动脉造影检查。动脉造影显示髂总动脉狭窄影像学检查金标准:动脉造影检查。动脉造影显示影像学检查影像学检查血管多普勒检查n可发现增厚的颈动脉壁中亚毫米的改变,空间分辨率高于CTAn与动脉粥样硬化鉴别:管壁增厚管壁增厚狭窄狭窄狭窄段长狭窄段长度度TA弥漫性环形增厚向心性长atherosclerosis不均匀不对称增厚偏心性短影像学检查血管多普勒检查管壁增厚狭窄狭窄段长度TA弥漫性环形影像学检查影像学检查磁共振检查(MRI/MRA)的优点n避免动脉穿刺n避免碘造影剂负荷n避免大量放射线暴露n可提供清晰的动脉壁解剖图像n可提供完整的全身大动脉信息影像学检查磁共振检查(MRI/MRA)的优点 T2加权未见明显异常 EWI见管壁狭窄、水肿 钆增强扫描可见活动性病变 T2加权未见明显异常 EWI见管壁狭窄、水肿 钆增强扫描可 MRA显示颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉及肾动脉多发狭窄 MRA显示颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉及肾动脉多发狭窄病变初期病变初期起病起病12个月之后个月之后病变初期起病12个月之后影像学检查影像学检查PET-CT检查n可在病变早期,尚未发生动脉狭窄时发现细胞代谢异常n缺点:特异性不高影像学检查PET-CT检查第二节第二节 动脉病变动脉病变一、动脉硬化【典型病例】1.患者,男,68岁,因心悸、心慌、胸痛、胸闷、四肢凉麻、头晕来诊,临床诊断为冠心病。第二节 动脉病变一、动脉硬化主动脉夹层讲课课件2.患者,男,45岁,患糖尿病10年,发现两侧下肢发凉2月,行CTA检查。2.患者,男,45岁,患糖尿病10年,发现两侧下肢发凉2月【CT诊断要点】多层螺旋CT对血管显像具有极大优势,可直接显示血管走行、形态,血管壁钙化情况、软硬斑块情况、血管狭窄程度及与周围组织关系,检查快捷,诊断符合率高。【CT诊断要点】二、主动脉夹层动脉瘤【典型病例】患者,女,37岁,因撕裂样胸痛、大汗淋漓1小时就诊。二、主动脉夹层动脉瘤【CT诊断要点】1.平扫,主动脉局限性或广泛性增宽、增粗,钙化的内膜瓣内移,此征象具有诊断价值。2.增强扫描可显示充满造影剂的高密度双腔间的低密度内膜片,有确诊价值。3.真假两腔形成,尤以增强扫描表现突出。4.真腔受压变形。5.血栓形成,多见于假腔内。【CT诊断要点】三、主动脉瘤【典型病例】1.患者,男,58岁,腹部钝痛月余,腹腔可触及包块,听诊可闻及血管杂音。三、主动脉瘤2.患者,女,71岁,近期出现腹部和背部疼痛血压高并心动过速。2.患者,女,71岁,近期出现腹部和背部疼痛血压高并心动过3.患者,男,65岁,高血压病史30年,突然腹部剧痛就诊,临床考虑为夹层动脉瘤。3.患者,男,65岁,高血压病史30年,突然腹部剧痛就诊,4.患者,男,60岁,因恶心、呕吐入院。无明显发热,白细胞计数不高,无腹肌紧张。4.患者,男,60岁,因恶心、呕吐入院。无明显发热,白细胞【CT诊断要点】1.主动脉扩张直径3cm或超过瘤体近端主动脉管径的1/3以上作为诊断标准。2.瘤体可是囊状或梭形,瘤壁钙化及血栓形成,平扫可见弧形、线状或小斑块状钙化。3.增强血栓表现为瘤体内环形或新月形低密度影。4.主动脉瘤破裂表现为主动脉旁高密度影,并沿筋膜扩展至肾周间隙,液-液平面常见。【CT诊断要点】四、大动脉炎【典型病例】患者,女,33岁,因头疼、头晕、低血压个月,近日加重就诊。四、大动脉炎【CT诊断要点】1.以腹主动脉、胸降主动脉、锁骨下动脉和肾动脉为其好发部位。主动脉分支病变多累及开口部或近心段,局限性狭窄、阻塞多见。侵犯主动脉的狭窄,病变多较广泛。2.管腔粗细不均、边缘比较光滑的向心性动脉狭窄和阻塞。3.动脉扩张和动脉瘤形成。4.病变部位钙化,见于青少年者意义大。5.可闻及局部血管杂音。6.心脏可有不同程度的增大,多为以左室为主的轻至中度增大。【CT诊断要点】主动脉夹层讲课课件The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 40yrs AVMn突发头痛呕吐2周。头颅CT脑室出血。MRI提示胼胝体占位性病变。DSA:左顶枕区AVM,供血动脉来自双侧大脑前动脉、左侧大脑后动脉,左侧横窦充盈差,闭塞。The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College VRThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College MIPThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 57yrs nClinical Data:头晕、恶心、呕吐,伴肢体无力,右侧面瘫,病理征阳性,有高血压史。MRI:大脑前动脉瘤,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄。BUS:双侧颈内动脉斑块,左侧颈总动脉斑块。CT:脑内多发腔梗The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 62yrs L-ICA-S、R-ECA-SThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeM 63yrs PE+DVTnClinical Data:左下肢肿胀半月,胸疼、咳嗽10天。彩超:左股总至股浅静脉上段见中等回声物填充,其内见少量血流信号。曾2006年12月9日住院,最终手术切除左腹股沟淋巴结(转移性低分化粘液表皮样癌)。The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeM 63yrs PE+DVTThe Affiliated Hospital of Innn优维显(300mgI/ml)80ml(速率4ml/s)自动触发The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College优维显(300mgI/ml)80ml(速率4ml/s)自动触The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeM 64yrs AA+TnClinical Data:中腹部搏动性包块2月。无明显诱因中腹部偏右侧可触及包块,有搏动。无高血压、糖尿病史。人工血管置换术。The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeM 64yrs AA+TThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeVRThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeMIPThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College F 69yrs AD-Type InClinical Data:间断性头晕20年,发作性胸痛2年,加重3小时。血压:160/100mmHg。The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College F 69yrs AD-Type IThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College VRThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College CTVEThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College CTVEThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College CTVEThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegenClinical Data:反复头痛3年。血压210/120mmHg,上腹部闻及3/8级收缩期杂音。双下肢水肿。M 37yrs RASThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 37yrs RASThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College RASThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College F 70yrs LE-AThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 79yrs LEA-OnClinical Data:2月前无明显诱因出现左下肢行走乏力,发困,休息时略好转。近2月患者上述症状频发,并渐加重,半月前患者左下肢远端麻木,肢体发凉。彩超:动脉粥样硬化闭塞。查体:双侧足背动脉无搏动,左足发凉,皮温低。The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 79yrs LEA-OThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 60yrs Takayasus arteritis:history 2-year、nClinical Data:4年前无明显诱因出现左侧肢体活动不灵。双下肢肿胀疼痛1周。双下肢麻木。1周前因长时间行走出现右足红肿胀痛,渐加重,伴行走困难(感染)。足背动脉搏动消失。血压180/110mmHg。BUS:左上肢及双下肢深动脉血流充盈减少,双下肢动脉与腹主动脉壁增厚。腹主动脉MRI示未见异常。DSA(2948):右髂总动脉狭窄,球囊扩张后支架植入,左股动脉人工血管搭桥术。The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College M 60yrs Takayasus arteritis:history 2-year、The Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of InnThe Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical CollegeThe Affiliated Hospital of Inn祝本次大会圆满成功!THANKS
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