国际工商管理

1会计学国际工商管理国际工商管理2Objectives of the ChapterREVIEW current trends in international investment and tradeEXAMINE the present economic status in the major regions of the global communityANALYZE some of the major developments and issues in various regions of the world第1页/共53页3IntroductionInternational Managementn nThe process of applying management concepts and techniques in a multinational environment第2页/共53页4Multinational Corporation(MNC)n nOperates in more than one countryn nSells its products in international marketsn nManagers and owners are of different nationalitiesn nMust learn to work effectively with people from different countries第3页/共53页5Small and medium-sized businesses are being affected by the trend toward internationalization第4页/共53页6Increasing InternationalizationRegional Developmentsn nNorth American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA)n nA free trade agreement between the U.S.,Canada,and Mexico which has in essence removed all barriers to traden nMay expand to include Latin American countries第5页/共53页7n nEuropean Union(EU)n nConsists of 27(2010)countriesn nMost trade barriers have been removedn nEuro is the common currencyn nPacific Rim n nJapan and China are the dominant economiesn nAssociation of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)第6页/共53页8International Investment and Traden nForeign direct investment(FDI)n nThe amount invested in another countryn nApproximately 80%of all international investments come from developed countries第7页/共53页9n nInternational trade has increased substantially over the last two decadesn nPercentage of world trade accounted for by the three major trading blocs has remained fairly consistentn nGroups share of imports and exports remains in the range of 55-59 percent第8页/共53页10-MNCs buy domestic companies rather than trying to export products to that country第9页/共53页11RECENT TRENDS IN FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN OECD COUNTRIES.http:/www.oecd.org/dataoecd/13/30/35439819.pdf.2007-9-9Table 1-1第10页/共53页12Table 1-2 Top 10 trading Partners of the U.S.:1999 ImportingImporting U.S.U.S.Exporting U.S.Exporting U.S.RankRank Country/DistrictCountry/District ExportsExports*RankRankCountry/DistrictCountry/District ImportsImports*1 1 CanadaCanada166,600.0166,600.0 1 1Canada Canada 198,711.1198,711.1 2 2MexicoMexico 86,908.9 86,908.9 2 2JapanJapan130,863.9130,863.9 3 3JapanJapan 57,465.7 57,465.7 3 3MexicoMexico 109,720.5109,720.5 4 4U.K.U.K.38,407.1 38,407.1 4 4ChinaChina 81,788.281,788.2 5 5GermanyGermany 26,800.2 26,800.2 5 5GermanyGermany 55,228.455,228.4 6 6South KoreaSouth Korea 22,958.4 22,958.4 6 6U.K.U.K.39,237.239,237.2 7 7NetherlandsNetherlands 19,436.6 19,436.6 7 7TaiwanTaiwan 35,204.435,204.4 8 8TaiwanTaiwan 19,131.4 19,131.4 8 8South South KoreaKorea 31,178.6 31,178.6 9 9FranceFrance 18,877.4 18,877.4 9 9FranceFrance 26,708.6 26,708.6 10 10 SingaporeSingapore 16,247.3 16,247.3 10 10ItalyItaly 22,356.522,356.5*in millions of dollars 第11页/共53页13Table 1-3 Top Ten Countries/District Table 1-3 Top Ten Countries/District with which the U.S.Trades:with which the U.S.Trades:For the For the month of June 2007month of June 2007 The values given are for Imports and The values given are for Imports and Exports added together.Exports added together.These Countries/District represent These Countries/District represent 66.85%of U.S.Imports,and 64.64%66.85%of U.S.Imports,and 64.64%of U.S.Exports in goods.of U.S.Exports in goods.SourceSource:http:/www.census.gov/foreign-http:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.htmltrade/top/dst/current/balance.html.2007-9-92007-9-9第12页/共53页14Country/District NameTotal in Billions of U.S.$Year To Date Total in Billions of U.S.$Canada49.49277.07China32.96178.59Mexico29.62167.92Japan17.29103.08Federal Republic of Germany11.9569.74United Kingdom9.2853.65Korea,South7.1441.37France5.9633.91Taiwan5.6830.95Netherlands4.2724.93第13页/共53页15Table 1-4 Top Ten Countries/District Table 1-4 Top Ten Countries/District with which the U.S.Trades:with which the U.S.Trades:For the For the month of June 2010month of June 2010 The values given are for Imports and The values given are for Imports and Exports added together.Exports added together.These Countries/District represent These Countries/District represent 66.75%of U.S.Imports,and 62.08%66.75%of U.S.Imports,and 62.08%of U.S.Exports in goods.of U.S.Exports in goods.SourceSource:http:/www.census.gov/foreign-http:/www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.htmltrade/top/dst/current/balance.html.2010-8-162010-8-16第14页/共53页16Country/District NameTotal in Billions of U.S.$Year To Date Total in Billions of U.S.$Canada46.98260.74China39.58201.86Mexico33.70187.65Japan15.2785.13Federal Republic of Germany11.2961.53United Kingdom8.7748.14Korea,South7.7241.58Taiwan5.3628.46Brazil5.2427.77France5.2231.62第15页/共53页17Economic Status and Issues of the Major RegionsNorth American nNAFTA has resulted in:n nElimination of tariffs as well as import and export quotasn nOpening of government procurement markets to companies in partner countries第16页/共53页18n nIncreased opportunity to make investments in partner countriesn nIncreased ease of travel between partner countriesn nRemoval of restrictions on agricultural products,auto parts,and energy goods第17页/共53页19n nUnited Statesn nU.S.MNCs have holdings throughout the worldn nForeign MNCs find U.S.to be a lucrative market第18页/共53页20North America(cont.)n nCanadan nU.S.s largest trading partnern nLegal and business environments similar to those of the U.S.n nTarget of increased international investment第19页/共53页21n nMexicon nEconomic fortunes have varied in the recent pastn nMexican firms expanding worldwide operations第20页/共53页22Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)South American nCountries have experienced difficult economic problems第21页/共53页23n nBraziln nAttracted substantial foreign investmentn nEconomic future still uncertainn nChilen nEconomic success story in South American nFuture still uncertain第22页/共53页24n nMercosur and Andean Common Marketn npromote economic and social integration and cooperationn nCountries increasingly looking to trade with the U.S.第23页/共53页25Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)Europen nPrivatization of traditionally nationalized industriesn nEUn nintended eliminate all trade barriers among member countries第24页/共53页26n nEU-based firms“plan globally,act locally”n nTo gain a foothold in the EU,foreign MNCs have:n ncreated acquisitions and alliancesn nbegun co-operative research and development programs第25页/共53页27n nEuropean Research Cooperation Agencyn nEU agency that funds projects in a number of fields to make Europe more productive and competitive in the world marketn nFuture challenge is the absorption of formerly communist Eastern neighbors第26页/共53页28Europe(cont.)n nCentral and Eastern Europen nCollapse of the Soviet Union in 1991n nGlasnost(openness)n nPerestroika(economic and political restructuring)第27页/共53页29n nRussian nUndergone economic reformn nMany attempts to stimulate the economyn nGreater privatization requiredn nCriminal activity increasing第28页/共53页30n nCzech Republic,Hungary,and Polandn nFormer communist countries that have become most visible in international arenan nSome former communist countries are struggling第29页/共53页31Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)Asian nJapann nEconomic success in the 1970s and 1980s attributed to:n nCultural values第30页/共53页32n nMinistry of International Trade and Industryn nGovernment agency that identifies and ranks national commercial pursuitsn nGuides the distribution of national resources to meet these goals第31页/共53页33n nKeiretsusn nOrganizational arrangement in which a large group of vertically integrated companies are bound together by cross-ownership,interlocking directorates,and social ties provide goods and services第32页/共53页34n nSevere recession during the past ten yearsn nTarget for foreign investment第33页/共53页35Asia(cont.)n nChinan nLarge reported annual growth in GDPn nAttracts substantial foreign investmentn nMNCs find it difficult to do business in China第34页/共53页36n nThe Four Tigersn nSouth Korean nChaebolsn nLarge,family-held conglomerates that have considerable political and economic powern nHit hardest by Southeast Asia economic crisis第35页/共53页37n nThe Four Tigers(cont.)n nHong Kongn nHeadquarters for successful multinational operations in Asia第36页/共53页38n nSingaporen nLeader and financial center of Southeast Asian nOne of the most competitive nationsn nTaiwann nEconomy dominated by technologically sophisticated industries第37页/共53页39n nSoutheast Asian Countriesn nBaby Tigers lack the economic prowess of the Four Tigers第38页/共53页40Table 1-5 Table 1-5 Worlds Most Competitive Worlds Most Competitive Nations/District:2000 RankNations/District:2000 RankUnited States 1Singapore2Finland3Netherlands4Switzerland5Luxembourg6Ireland7Germany8Sweden 9Iceland 10Canada 11Denmark 12Australia 13Hong Kong 14United Kingdom 15第39页/共53页41Country Rankings 2009-2010Country Rankings 2009-20101.Switzerland 9.1.Switzerland 9.CanadaCanada2.US 10.2.US 10.NetherlandsNetherlands3.Singapore 11.3.Singapore 11.Hong Kong SARHong Kong SAR4.Sweden 12.4.Sweden 12.Taiwan,ChinaTaiwan,China5.Denmark 13.5.Denmark 13.United KingdomUnited Kingdom 6.Finland 14.6.Finland 14.NorwayNorway7.Germany 15.7.Germany 15.AustraliaAustralia 8.Japan 8.Japan 29.China 29.China SourceSource:http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Comhttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Reportpetitiveness_Report.2010-8-17.2010-8-17Table 1-6 Table 1-6 Worlds Most Competitive Worlds Most Competitive Nations/Districts:2009-2010 RankNations/Districts:2009-2010 Rank第40页/共53页42Characteristics of Less Developed CountriesLowGDPHighinternationaldebtSlow(ornegative)GDPgrowth percapitaLargepopulationHighunemploymentInexpensiveunskilled orsemi-skilledlaborLessDevelopedCountries第41页/共53页43Economic Status and Issues of the Major Regions(cont.)Less Developed Countries(LDCs)n nIndian nSteady economic growth in the past few yearsn nAttractive to investment by MNCs第42页/共53页44n nMiddle East and Central Asian nOil reserves are an attractive economic assetn nBalance geopolitical,religious forces with economic viabilityn nOrganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)第43页/共53页45n nAfrican nInternational trade not a major source of incomen nSub-Saharan nations troubled by tribal warfare,disease,poverty,and starvation第44页/共53页