跨文化交际课件L12NonverbalCommunication

Lecture 12Lecture 12第1页，共45页。Learning ObjectivesWarm-up CasesIntroduction of Nonverbal Communication Functions of Nonverbal Communication Studying Area of Nonverbal Communication第2页，共45页。Part One Warm-up Cases第3页，共45页。Case 1 Personal Space Mark had moved from Denmark to Sydney.One day,at an evening party,a lady approached him,Mark showed his interest to talk with her.At first,the conversation went smoothly,but as it progressed,the lady seemed to step further and further away from Mark as he had been gradually moving closer to her.The lady obviously looked uncomfortable.As Mark was about to ask her more questions,she excused herself and went away to talk with others,leaving Mark standing alone and wondering why the talk had come to a sudden stop.第4页，共45页。Case Analysis l The misunderstanding is caused by different perceptions about body distance.Because body distance varies with different people,different circumstances and different cultures.In Denmark,the intimate space is usually 20-30 cm,while such an occasion in Australia requires 40-50 cm.The Dane is accustomed to a close distance while the Australian lady is comfortable with a great distance.That is why problem arises.l l 40-50 cm 20-30 cm第5页，共45页。Case 2 Left in the ColdlKatherine found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute.One day,she made an appointment with Prof.Wang.When she arrived on time,Prof.Wang smiled at her and gestured her to sit down,for he was talking with another teacher.After five minutes,he ended his talk and focused his attention on her situation.Just as she was discussing,another Chinese teacher interrupted,Prof.Wang apologized to Katherine,and turned to talk with the Chinese teacher,leaving her in the cold,the American lady was impatient and frustrated.第6页，共45页。Case AnalysislThis is a typical cultural clash between Chinese and westerners.There is a great difference in the concept of appointment and behavior pattern in different cultures.To Americans,an appointment is a confirmation to meet at a precise time,both parties should respect the scheduled time,for they adhere time strictly.While Chinese view appointments in a flexible manner.They are causal about commitments.第7页，共45页。Case 3 Trousers or Dresses?l Two Chinese teachers as English experts went to Korean university.They dressed in trousers and typical business clothes.Surprisingly,while exchanging a few formal remarks,the two Korean interpreters constantly observed the womens trousers.While talking,the two interpreters seemed to continue to study their trousers.At first,they thought that the Korean interpreters were too embarrassed to look straight in the eyes of ladies.Later this assumption was proved wrong.Chinese teachers remained a bit puzzled.第8页，共45页。Case Analysisl There is a cultural difference between Chinese and Koreans on clothing habits.In Korea,females,with social status,esp.in high school or university all wear skirts with few exceptions.Only common citizens of low social status wear trousers.The Korean interpreters assumed that two Chinese university teachers should wear skirts.That is why they continued to look at the two Chinese womens trousers.第9页，共45页。Case4 Gesture Issues of Famous FiguresKhrushchevs gesturelIn 1959,Khrushchev visited USA.He gestured a V sign with one hand,with the other a fist.He intended to show his respect to the Americans.The next day,his gestures were interpreted as the victory of the Soviet Union over the US,causing a great political issue.Why?第10页，共45页。Case Analysis Khrushchevs gesturelGesture is the expressive movement of a part of the body,especially the hand and the head.Even though,people talk with their hands,what they mean depends on their culture.In 1959,Former Soviet Union had a cold war with the United States on,therefore a common gesture from Khrushchev may arouse Americans sensitive response in Camp David.第11页，共45页。Cultural Background 1959年年9月月15日以及日以及9月月26日至日至27日日 艾森豪威尔和赫鲁晓夫先后在华盛顿和戴维营会晤，艾森豪威尔和赫鲁晓夫先后在华盛顿和戴维营会晤，这也是美苏这也是美苏1933年建交后苏联领导人首次访问美国年建交后苏联领导人首次访问美国 1959年年9月月15日日 美苏戴维营会议美苏戴维营会议 1959年年9月月15日至日至28日，赫鲁晓夫访问美国，同美国总统艾森豪威尔在离华盛顿日，赫鲁晓夫访问美国，同美国总统艾森豪威尔在离华盛顿100公里公里的美国总统别墅戴维营举行了三天会谈，并发表了会谈公报。这是赫鲁晓夫上台以后，苏美的美国总统别墅戴维营举行了三天会谈，并发表了会谈公报。这是赫鲁晓夫上台以后，苏美两国首脑的第一次会晤。两国首脑的第一次会晤。赫鲁晓夫在戴维营会谈中同艾森豪威尔就德国、柏林、裁军、美苏赫鲁晓夫在戴维营会谈中同艾森豪威尔就德国、柏林、裁军、美苏关系等问题进行了一系列讨论。苏联此后大肆宣扬关系等问题进行了一系列讨论。苏联此后大肆宣扬“戴维营精神戴维营精神”，鼓吹苏美两国领导人坐，鼓吹苏美两国领导人坐在一起，人类历史就进入了新的转折点在一起，人类历史就进入了新的转折点”。但会后仅七个月，就发生美国但会后仅七个月，就发生美国U-2飞机入侵苏联的事件。苏联宣布取消对艾森豪飞机入侵苏联的事件。苏联宣布取消对艾森豪威尔访苏的邀请，苏美关系趋于紧张，两国展开了新的争夺。威尔访苏的邀请，苏美关系趋于紧张，两国展开了新的争夺。在戴维营会谈前在戴维营会谈前夕的夕的1959年年6月，苏联政府背信弃义片面撕毁了中苏双方签订的关于国防新技术的协定，拒月，苏联政府背信弃义片面撕毁了中苏双方签订的关于国防新技术的协定，拒绝向中国提供原子弹样品和生产原子弹的技术资料。绝向中国提供原子弹样品和生产原子弹的技术资料。9月月9日，苏联塔斯社就中印边境争端发日，苏联塔斯社就中印边境争端发表声明，公开偏袒印度尼赫鲁政府，反对中国，作为赴美会谈的见面札。戴维营会谈刚刚结表声明，公开偏袒印度尼赫鲁政府，反对中国，作为赴美会谈的见面札。戴维营会谈刚刚结束，赫鲁晓夫就来到北京劝说中国束，赫鲁晓夫就来到北京劝说中国“不要用武力去试探资本主义制度的稳定性不要用武力去试探资本主义制度的稳定性”。第12页，共45页。Case 5 Love vs.Languagel Edith,an American beautiful and well-educated girl,teaches English in a Chinese university.Xiao Chen,a high school graduate,is a tall policeman who knows little English.Although Edith knows no Chinese at all,they came to know each other at a social gathering.Though they couldnt communicate verbally,they both felt a connection and began to date.A few months later,they got married.lQuestion:Is language communication necessary in making friends or finding lovers?第13页，共45页。Case AnalysislNO.l People communicate through a variety of channels.Language is not the only means by which humans exchange information and affection.In conversation,we can express our ideas and feelings not only with words but also through facial expressions,voice tones,postures,gestures,and even clothing and grooming,etc.As,the research shows less than 30%of communication belongs to verbal messages,while over 70%of it takes place nonverbally.Therefore,there is possibility to build up romantic relationship by nonverbal methods.第14页，共45页。Part TwoGeneral Introduction第15页，共45页。I.Definition of Nonverbal CommunicationlNonverbal communication is communication using our bodies,gestures,facial expressions and tones of voice,etc.,everything except the actual words we use.lIn short,it is the communication without the use of words.第16页，共45页。II.History of Nonverbal Communication1.In the 1920s,a book called“Physics and Character”,is supposed to be the first book on nonverbal communication.2.In 1952,another book“An introduction to Kinesics”was published,which is regarded as a classic book on nonverbal communication.3.In 1959,Edward Hall published“Silent Language”,which laid the foundation for nonverbal communication.第17页，共45页。III.Importance of Nonverbal Communication Research shows less than 30%of communication belongs to verbal messages,while over 70%of communication takes place nonverbally.Mehrabian(1972)stated that 93%of the meanings were conveyed by nonverbal cues.Birdwhistell(1970)indicated that 65%of human communication was nonverbal.第18页，共45页。III.Importance of Nonverbal Communication 1.You cant stop communicating non-verbally.2.Your non-verbal communication,whether intentional or not,has tremendous influence on defining relationship.3.People are more inclined to believe what is expressed non-verbally because they are less subject to conscious control.4.Some of non-verbal communications can be controlled.5.Miscommunication occurs more easily in non-verbal communication,especially in cross-cultural situation.第19页，共45页。III.Meaning of Nonverbal Communication The interpretation of nonverbal communication can be divided into 3 parts:(1)The same nonverbal cue carries the similar meanings in different cultures.(2)The same nonverbal cue carries the different meanings in different cultures.(3)Different nonverbal cues carry the same meaning in different cultures.第20页，共45页。III.Meaning of Nonverbal Communication(1)The same nonverbal cue carries the similar meanings in different cultures.第21页，共45页。III.Meaning of Nonverbal Communication(2)The same nonverbal cue carries the different meanings in different cultures.Hissing 嘘声嘘声A.It is a rude way of indicating disapproval of a person in most cultures.B.It is normal way to ask for silence in Spanish-speaking countries.C.It is a way of applauding in South Africa.第22页，共45页。III.Meaning of Nonverbal Communication(3)Different nonverbal cues carry the same meaning in different cultures.Affirmation A.The nonverbal cue for affirmation is nodding the head up and down.B.Affirmation is signaled in Malaya(马来马来)by thrusting the head forward.C.In Ethiopia,affirmation is shown by throwing the head back.D.In Borneo（婆罗州（婆罗州),it is expressed by raising the eyebrows.E.Among the Ainu(阿伊努阿伊努)of northern Japan,it is shown by bringing both hands to the chest and then gracefully waving them downward with palms up.F.In Indian Calcutta(加尔各答加尔各答),its shown by rocking head from shoulder to shoulder.第23页，共45页。IV.The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Similarity:The entire process of human communication combines verbal and nonverbal communication.(1)Both verbal and nonverbal communication use symbols to represent something,and (2)Both verbal and nonverbal systems require a sender and a receiver to make the communication complete.e.g.You may kiss or hug your lover to show your care and passion instead of saying“I love you”.第24页，共45页。IV.The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationDifference 1:We can consciously control the flow of verbal messages,it is not so easy to control the incidence of nonverbal messages,for the nonverbal messages are the biological reactions which are beyond the conscious control.e.g.blinking of ones eyes,blushing of ones face 第25页，共45页。IV.The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationDifference 2:Verbally we express ourselves word by word or sentence bysentence;Nonverbally several communications may happen at once.Sometimes all the nonverbal cues happen simultaneously.e.g.The speaker may be so nervous that his hands may shiver,his face may blush and his heart may beat more rapidly.第26页，共45页。IV.The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationDifference 3:Only part of verbal communication is available as an international or interracial language.Some nonverbal message can be recognized widely all over the world.e.g.When someone is laughing,we know he is happy.When someone burns cross,we see he is angry.第27页，共45页。IV.The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationDifference 4:4.We learn nonverbal communication much earlier in our life than verbal communication.e.g.A baby will begin to communicate with his mother when he is born,he may cry when he is hungry or feels uncomfortable,he may smile when he is satisfied and happy,and even he can figure out the meanings of facial expressions.第28页，共45页。IV.The Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal CommunicationDifference 5:Nonverbal communication can be more emotional than verbal communication.e.g.When we say.“We are angry.”but with raising our voice and displaying our wide-open eyes and red face,people can know how angry we are.第29页，共45页。Part Three Functions of Nonverbal Communication第30页，共45页。I.Functions of Nonverbal communicationl Nonverbal communication has its own unique functions in human interaction.l Broadford J.Hall(2002)summarized the most distinctive functions as follows:l (1)Repetition (2)Replacement (3)Accentuation/Emphasis (4)Contradiction (5)Regulation第31页，共45页。Repetitionl Nonverbal communication can reinforce what is said in verbal language.Repeating the verbal message nonverbally,as by a gesture,helps the receiver understand the message better.l e.g.When the foreign teacher said,“Class is over.”he pointed to the door showing the end of the class.第32页，共45页。Contradictionl On some occasion,our nonverbal actions send signals opposite to the literal meanings contained in our verbal messages.le.g.Just before an important speech contest,you tell someone you are relaxed,yet your voice quivers and your hands shake.第33页，共45页。Substitutionl Nonverbal behavior can be used to replace verbal behavior to convey certain meaning.l e.g.If someone is sad,you just give a sympathetic hug to produce a better effect than any word.第34页，共45页。Accentuation lNonverbal communication can add more information to messages.It often accents the idea the speaker is trying to make.le.g.You tell the student that you are pleased with his job,and meanwhile you pat the student on his shoulder to show your satisfaction.第35页，共45页。RegulationlNonverbal communication can regulate the flow of verbal interaction.le.g.Silence for a moment sends the message that speaker is ready to begin the speech.第36页，共45页。II.Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication (1)Nonverbal communication is unstructured.(2)Nonverbal communication is nonlinguistic and ambiguous.(3)Nonverbal communication is unconscious.(4)Nonverbal communication is natural and uncontrollable.(5)Nonverbal communication is more universal and more emotional.第37页，共45页。III.Nonverbal Communication and Culturel As verbal communication,non-verbal communication is also closely associated with culture.l People from different cultures have diverse means of sending messages without words.l Understanding nonverbal behavior can help us communicate successfully with foreigners.第38页，共45页。III.Nonverbal Communication and CultureNonverbal behavior and culture have two features in common.(1)They are both pervasive(common),multidimensional and boundless.Theyre everywhere and in everything.(2)Both of them need to be learned.Learning the similarities is very useful to students of intercultural communication.第39页，共45页。III.Nonverbal Communication and Culture Since nonverbal behavior is governed by cultural rules,diversity in the use,and interpretation of nonverbal language is not difficult to be observed.The same nonverbal code may be interpreted differently by people from different cultures.Different codes may be used to convey the same idea or emotion.第40页，共45页。III.Nonverbal Communication and CulturelFirst,we must pay attention to our own nonverbal actions.lSecond,learn the nonverbal ways of the other culture.Most people neglect nonverbal communication because it is so much and natural.So in order to learn another culture,we must watch carefully how the people act and how they respond to.In that case,we may learn as much about our own culture as about others.第41页，共45页。Part Four The Studying Areas of Nonverbal Communication第42页，共45页。I.Kinds of Nonverbal Communication第43页，共45页。II.The studying areas of Nonverbal Communication(1)Kinesics-body language肢体语言肢体语言(2)Oculesics-eye contact 目光对视目光对视(3)Haptics-touching 接触接触(4)Paralanguage 副语音学副语音学(5)Proxemics-spatial language 空间语言空间语言(6)Chronemics-temporal language时间语言时间语言第44页，共45页。II.The studying areas of Nonverbal CommunicationlWe can study Nonverbal Communication from three perspectives:l1.Proxemics（体距学）（体距学）studies how communicatorsl transfer their information by means of physical distance.l2.kinesics（肢体语言（肢体语言)or body language(体态语）体态语）studiesl how communicators transfer their information byl means of movements of physical parts just like faciall expression,gesture,and eye contact.l3.Paralanguage（副语音学）（副语音学）or Sound behavior studiesl the additional contents beyond the language analysis.第45页，共45页。