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Unit1Nevergivein,never,never,neverLanguage work1.Since的用法How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?离开（没住在）上海多久了？It is half a month since he was a League member.他退团（不当团员）半个月了。Its been quite some time since I was last in London.我离开伦敦已很长时间了。比较：He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自从我病愈以来，他屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为状态动词）He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自从我生病以来，他就屡次给我写信。（从句谓语为终止性动词）Sincewehaveownedacar,wehavegonecampingeveryyear.自从我们自己有了汽车，我们每年都去野营。试比较：1.SinceIvebeenatthisschool,wehavehadthreeheadmasters.自从我到这所学校，我们已换了三个校长了。SinceIwasatthisschool,theyhavehadthreeheadmasters.自从我离开这所学校，他们已换了三个校长了。2.HehasneverbeentoseemesinceIhavebeenill.自从我生病以来，他从未来看过我。HehasneverbeentoseemesinceIwasill.自从我病愈以来，他从未来看过我。由此可见，since引导的从句持续动词的一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的意思恰好相反。换言之，前者以肯定的语法形式反映着否定的逻辑内容，而后者的形式与内容是一致的。至于Itis+一段时间+since的句型与Ithasbeen+一段时间+since意思相同。前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法。应注意的是，在这种结构中，since引导的从句绝对不能用否定式的谓语动词来表示否定意义，下面两句都错了：ItisalongtimesincehedidntstudyEnglish.Itstwomonthssinceyoudidntcometoseeme.正确的说法为：ItsalongtimesincehestudiedEnglish他好久没学英语了。Youhaventcometoseemefortwomonths.你有两个月没来看我了。at your Head Masters kind invitationat:in response toDetailed reading1 at your Head Masters kind invitation 1e.g.A meeting was arranged at the ambassadors request.At my suggestion,Mrs.Carey wrote to her former employer.Collocations:at ones invitation/request/suggestion,etc.Detailed readingTranslation:应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。应胡锦涛主席之邀，美国总统将对中国进行国事访问。At the invitation of President Hu Jintao,President of the United States will pay a state visit to China._catastrophic:a.involving or causing sudden great damage or sufferingDetailed reading1 catastrophicSynonym:disastrousDetailed readingCollocations:catastrophic floods/losses/effects/resultsDerivation:catastrophe n.1.adj.Somethingthatiscatastrophicinvolvesorcausesasuddenterribledisaster.灾难性的Atidalwavecausedbytheearthquakehitthecoastcausingcatastrophicdamage.地震引发的海啸袭击了海岸，造成了灾难性的损失。Thewatershortageinthiscountryispotentiallycatastrophic.该国水资源的匮乏很可能是灾难性的。2.adj.Ifyoudescribesomethingascatastrophic,youmeanthatitisverybadorunsuccessful.极糟的;失败的acatastrophicdepression;catastrophicillnessDetailed reading1-ups and downsups and downs:a mixture of good things and bad things n.沉浮；盛衰；高低e.g.Sitting beside the window,he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood.Detailed readingTranslation:从从1999年建立以来，公司历经盛衰浮沉。年建立以来，公司历经盛衰浮沉。The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999._Detailed reading1-positionposition:situation at a particular time Synonym:situationDetailed readinge.g.It is time those companies revealed more about their financial position.Their soccer team is going to be in a very difficult position if nothing particular shows up.1.N-COUNTThepositionofsomeoneorsomethingistheplacewheretheyareinrelationtootherthings.位置Theshipwasidentified,anditsnameandpositionwerereportedtotheCoastGuard.该轮船的身份已得到确认，其名称和位置已报告给了海岸警卫队。2.N-COUNTWhensomeoneorsomethingisinaparticularposition,theyaresitting,lying,orarrangedinthatway.姿势Itiscrucialthattheupperbackandneckareheldinanerectpositiontogivesupportforthehead.重要的是：上背和颈部要挺直以支撑头部，这一点很重要。Mr.Dambarhadraisedhimselftoasittingposition.丹巴先生已坐了起来。3.V-TIfyoupositionsomethingsomewhere,youputittherecarefully,sothatitisintherightplaceorposition.小心放置Positionthecursorwhereyouwantthenewmarginstobegin.将光标放在你所要的新页边空白开端。4.N-COUNTYourpositioninsocietyistheroleandtheimportancethatyouhaveinit.(社会)地位Adjustmenttotheirchangingroleandpositioninsocietycanbepainfulforsomeoldpeople.对有些老年人适应他们在社会中不断变化的角色和地位可能是痛苦的。5.N-COUNTApositioninacompanyororganizationisajob.职位正式HeleftacareerinteachingtotakeupapositionwiththeNEH.他放弃了教职，以便在国家人文基金会任职。6.N-COUNTYourpositioninaraceorcompetitionishowwellyoudidinrelationtotheothercompetitorsorhowwellyouaredoing.(比赛、竞赛中的)名次Bytheninthhourthecarwasrunningineighthposition.比赛进行到第9个小时的时候该赛车跑在第8位。7.N-COUNTYoucandescribeyoursituationataparticulartimebysayingthatyouareinaparticularposition.处境;状况Hesgoingtobeinaverydifficultpositionifthingsgobadlyforhim.他处境将非常困难，如果情况变糟的话。Companiesshouldbemadetorevealmoreabouttheirfinancialposition.应该要求各公司披露更多的财务状况资料。8.N-COUNTYourpositiononaparticularmatterisyourattitudetowarditoryouropinionofit.态度;看法正式Hecouldbedependedontotakeamoderatepositiononmostofthekeyissues.可以相信，他会在大多数关键问题上持温和态度。9.N-SINGIfyouarein a positiontodosomething,youareabletodoit.Ifyouarein no positiontodosomething,youareunabletodoit.(做某事的)适当位置Iamnotinapositiontocomment.我不便发表评论。10.PHRASEIfsomeoneorsomethingisin position,theyareintheircorrectorusualplaceorarrangement.在合适的位置上28,000U.S.troopsaremovingintoposition.2.8万名美国士兵即将到位。desperately:adv.绝望地，希望渺茫地;铤而走险地，不顾一切地，拼命地Thepresidentsayspeoplearedesperatelysearchingforwork,andthegovernmenthasanobligationtoconsidereveryadditionalresponsiblesteppossibletogetthemworkingagain.Theyaretryingdesperatelytogetwaterintothatpooltoavoidanucleardisaster.adj.desperate不顾一切的；令人绝望的；极度渴望的n.desperation绝望的境地；不顾一切拼命unmeasured/nmd/1.adj.measureless;limitless无限的adj.unmeasurable不可测的；无法计量的menace/mns/CET6 TEM4(menacing,menaced,menaces)1.N-COUNTIfyousaythatsomeoneorsomethingisamenacetootherpeopleorthings,youmeanthatpersonorthingislikelytocauseseriousharm.威胁Inmyview,youareamenacetothepublic.在我看来，你对公众是一个威胁。2.N-COUNTYoucanrefertosomeoneorsomethingasamenacewhenyouwanttosaythattheycauseyoutroubleorannoyance.烦人之人;烦人之物非正式Youreamenacetomyprivacy,Kenton.你是个侵犯我隐私的讨厌的人，肯顿。3.N-UNCOUNTMenaceisaqualityoratmospherethatgivesyouthefeelingthatyouareindangerorthatsomeonewantstoharmyou.危险性;威胁性Thereisapervadingsenseofmenace.有一种在蔓延的危险感。4.V-TIfyousaythatonethingmenacesanother,youmeanthatthefirstthingislikelytocausethesecondthingseriousharm.威胁TheyseemdeterminedtomenacetheUnitedStatesanditsallies.他们好像决心要威胁美国及其盟国。Detailed reading2-throwing ourthrowing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago:recollecting our meeting at Harrow School ten months agoe.g.Please throw your mind back to 1945,when people all over the world were engaged in a great war against the Fascists.Detailed readingdeceptive/dsptv/CET6+TEM41.ADJIfsomethingisdeceptive,itencouragesyoutobelievesomethingwhichisnottrue.骗人的JohnstonisnttiredofLasVegasyet,itseems,butappearancescanbedeceptive.似乎，约翰斯顿还没有厌倦拉斯韦加斯，但表象可能是骗人的。2.deceptivelyADV骗人地Thestorylineisdeceptivelysimple.故事情节看似简单。n.deception欺骗，欺诈；骗术deceptiveness虚伪；迷惑骗人Detailed reading3-meet withmeet with:experience;undergoDetailed readinge.g.Attempts to find civilian volunteers have met with embarrassing failure.Efforts to put the Russian space programme into market have met with little success.She was worried that he might have met with an accident.triumph/tramf/CET4 1.N-VARAtriumphisagreatsuccessorachievement,oftenonethathasbeengainedwithalotofskilloreffort.胜利;成就Thechampionshipsprovedtobeapersonaltriumphforthecoach.那些冠军称号证明了教练戴夫多诺万的个人成就。2.N-UNCOUNTTriumphisafeelingofgreatsatisfactionandprideresultingfromasuccessorvictory.(成功或胜利的)喜悦Hersenseoftriumphwasshort-lived.她喜悦的感觉是短暂的。3.V-IIfsomeoneorsomethingtriumphs,theygaincompletesuccess,control,orvictory,oftenafteralongordifficultstruggle.成功;获胜Allherlife,Kellyhadstuckwithdifficulttasksandchallenges,andtriumphed.凯利在一生中遭遇了种种艰巨任务与挑战，但成功了。impostor/mpst/also imposter TEM8 1.N-COUNTSomeonewhoisanimpostorisdishonestlypretendingtobesomeoneelseinordertogainanadvantage.假冒者;冒名顶替者Hewasanimposterwhomasqueradedasadoctor.他是位冒牌医生。Detailed reading3-imagination.imagination makes things out far worse.:.what one imagines tends to be worse than reality.e.g.How do you make that out(=what are your reasons for thinking that)?+wh-I cant make out what she wants.Detailed readingmake out:see or understand Paraphrase:I cant make out how to put it back.I dont know/understand how to put it back._Detailed reading3-far-reachingfar-reaching:TEM41.ADJIfyoudescribeactions,events,orchangesasfar-reaching,youmeanthattheyhaveaverygreatinfluenceandaffectagreatnumberofthings.影响深远的Theeconomyisindangerofcollapseunlessfar-reachingreformsareimplemented.除非实施影响深远的改革，否则经济就有崩溃的危险。e.g.The consequences of the decision will be far-reaching.They decided to carry on far-reaching constitutional reforms.Collocations:far-reaching consequences/implications/changes/reformsDetailed readingaddress CET4 TEM4名词读作drs 或drs。动词读作drs。1.N-COUNTYouraddressisthenumberofthehouseorapartmentandthenameofthestreetandthetownwhereyouliveorwork.地址2.N-COUNTTheaddressofawebsiteisitslocationontheInternet,forexample,http:/.网址计算机Fulldetails,includingthewebsiteaddresstologonto,areatthebottomofthispage.包括要登陆的网址的完整信息在本页下端。3.V-TIfaletter,envelope,orparcelis addressed toyou,yournameandaddresshavebeenwrittenonit.写(收信人的)姓名地址usupassiveApplicationsshouldbeaddressedto:Thebusinessaffairseditor.申请信应该寄给商务编辑。4.V-TIfyouaddressagroupofpeople,yougiveaspeechtothem.作演讲Heisduetoaddressaconferenceonhumanrightsnextweek.他下周要在一个人权会议上发言。5.N-COUNTAddressisalsoanoun.演讲HehadscheduledanaddresstotheAmericanpeoplefortheeveningofMay27.他已经安排在5月27日晚向美国人民作一个演讲。conviction:n.CET4 TEM4 Detailed reading5 convictione.g.She was motivated by deep religious convictions.In face of difficulty,he held a conviction that all would be well in the end.Detailed reading(1)a strong opinion or belief 坚定的信念usuNthat(2)U the feeling or appearance of believing sth.strongly or of being sure about it 坚信e.g.He said he agreed but his voice lacked conviction.The leaders speech in defense of the policy didnt carry much conviction.Weshall,sir,saidThorne,withconviction.索恩坚定地说：“先生，我们会的”。Collocations:political/moral convictionsnever give in or surrender to the seemingly strong enemynever yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy_Detailed reading5yieldDetailed readingyield:v.yield(to sth./sb.):(formal or literary)give up control(of)e.g.After a long siege 围攻，包围,the town was forced to yield.He reluctantly yielded to their demands.If the newly founded regime does not yield,it should face sufficient military force to ensure its certain defeat.I yielded to temptation and had a chocolate bar.Synonym:surrenderParaphrase:overwhelming:1.ADJIfsomethingisoverwhelming,itaffectsyouverystrongly,andyoudonotknowhowtodealwithit.强悍而令人难以应对的Thetaskwontfeelsooverwhelmingifyoubreakitdownintosmall,easy-to-accomplishsteps.如果你把这个任务分解成一个个容易完成的小步骤，就不会觉得那么难以应对。Theotherwomenallseemedoverwhelminglyconfident.其他的女士们似乎都令人难以应对地自信。2.ADJYoucanuseoverwhelmingtoemphasizethatanamountorquantityismuchgreaterthanotheramountsorquantities.(数量上)压倒性的强调Theoverwhelmingmajorityofsmallbusinessesgobrokewithinthefirsttwenty-fourmonths.绝大多数的小公司在最初的24个月里破产。Overwhelminglyadv.(数量上)压倒性地Thepeoplevotedoverwhelminglyforchange.人们以绝对多数投票赞成变革。Detailed reading5overwhelmingThe evidence against him was overwhelming.She had the almost overwhelming desire to tell him the truth.e.g.Detailed readingoverwhelming:a.very great in amount Derivation:overwhelm:v.defeat or make powerless(usu.a group of people)by much greater force of numbers;e.g.to overwhelm the opposing armyTranslation:压倒性的大多数表决反对这个提议。压倒性的大多数表决反对这个提议。An overwhelming majority voted against the proposal._liquidate/lkwdet/TEM81.V-TToliquidateacompanyistocloseitdownandsellallitsassets,usuallybecauseitisindebt.清算商业Aunanimousvote(全票通过)wastakentoliquidatethecompany.投票一致通过对这家公司进行清算。liquidationN-VAR清算Thecompanywentintoliquidation.这家公司进入了停业清理阶段。2.V-TIfacompanyliquidatesitsassets,itspropertysuchasbuildingsormachineryissoldinordertogetmoney.将资产换成现金商业ThecompanycloseddownoperationsandbeganliquidatingitsassetsinJanuary.这家公司在1月份停止运作，开始把其资产折换成现金。flinch/flnt/1.V-IIfyouflinch,youmakeasmallsuddenmovement,especiallywhensomethingsurprisesyouorhurtsyou.畏缩usunegLeostaredbackathimwithoutflinching.利奥毫不畏缩地回瞪着他。2.V-IIfyouflinchfromsomethingunpleasant,youareunwillingtodoitorthinkaboutit,oryouavoiddoingit.退缩Theworldcommunityshouldnotflinchinthefaceofthischallenge.该国际团体不应该在这一挑战面前退缩。3.Ntheactoraninstanceofdrawingback退缩Detailed reading6 persevereDetailed readingpersevere:v.continue in a course of action even in the face of difficulty or with little or no indication of successCollocations:persevere(in sth./in doing sth.);persevere(with sth./sb.)Despite a number of setbacks,they persevered in their attempts to fly around the world in a balloon.She persevered with her violin lessons.e.g.Derivations:persevering a.;perseverance n.adj.persistent固执的，坚持的；持久稳固的persevering坚忍的；不屈不挠的adv.persistently坚持地；固执地perseveringly坚定地n.perseverance坚持不懈；不屈不挠persistence持续；固执；存留perseveration持续言语（指言语反复不止的病态）；持续重复的行为；执拗Detailed reading7 compliment 1compliment:v.politely congratulate or praise(sb.)for sth.e.g.She complimented him on his excellent German.Detailed readingCollocation:compliment sb.(on sth.)These words have similar spellings but completely different meanings.If you compliment someone,you say something very nice to them.If one thing complements another,the two things work or look better because they are together.Comparison:compliment&complement Detailed reading7 compliment 2A.The different flavors each other perfectly.B.She me on my Eplement_Detailed readingcomplimented_Blank filling:stern/stn/CET6 TEM41.ADJSternwordsoractionsareverysevere.(话语或行为)严厉的Mr.Monroeissuedasternwarningtothosewhopersistinviolence.门罗先生向那些顽守暴力之徒发出严厉警告。sternlyADV严厉地Wewilltakethenecessarysteps,shesaidsternly.“我们将采取必要措施，”她严厉地说道。2.ADJSomeonewhoissternisveryseriousandstrict.苛刻的Herfatherwassternandhardtoplease.她父亲苛刻，不易讨好。3.Ntherearorafterpartofavessel,oppositetheboworstem船尾;艉Detailed reading8 venture to do sthCollocations:venture sth.;venture to do sth.;venture+speech;venture that Detailed readingventure to do sth.:be brave enough to say sth.e.g.She hardly dared to venture an opinion.She would never venture to ask for a raise.“And if I say no?”she ventured.Translation:我小心翼翼地说她可能犯了个错误。我小心翼翼地说她可能犯了个错误。I ventured to suggest that she might have made a mistake._Detailed reading1 you are beginning you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull (Paragraph 1)Paraphrase:You are beginning to be anxious because there has been no progress of the war in such a long quiet period.Detailed readingDetailed reading3 appearances appearances are often very deceptive (Paragraph 3)Paraphrase:Surface phenomena tend to be misleading.Detailed readingDetailed reading3 but then but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination.(Paragraph 4)Paraphrase:They wish to be equipped with excessive courage to accomplish or realize this effective and influential blueprint.Detailed readingDetailed reading10.our account.our account was closed.(Paragraph 4)Rhetorical device and explanation:Here the author uses a metaphor of“opening/closing a bank account”to mean that Britain is regarded by many as doomed and completely defeated by the enemy.The word“liquidated”in the next sentence implies the same.Originally,it means to close a business and sell everything it owns,usually in order to pay money that is owed.Detailed readingDetailed reading11 Britain otherBritain,other nations thought,had drawn a sponge across her slate.But instead our country stood in the gap.(Paragraph 5)Explanation:This sentence uses metaphor for rhetorical effects.It means that,although it was believed our country had been virtually wiped out,we were in fact still holding out and shouldered the responsibility in isolation.draw a sponge across her slate:a metaphor,meaning to completely wipe outstand in the gap:to expose ones self for the protection of sth.,take the place of a fallen defender Detailed readingAt the critical moment of world economic recession,a powerful government is needed to stand in the gap.e.g.Detailed reading11 we have only.we have only to persevere to conquer.(Paragraph 5)Paraphrase:We have no choice but to hold on until victory comes.Detailed readingTranslation:我们别无选择，只有坚持不懈，直到胜利。我们别无选择，只有坚持不懈，直到胜利。
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