定语从句的功用和结构

一、定语从句的功用和结构 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如： This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.Do you know everybody who came to the party?I still remember the night when I first came to the village?This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.二、关系代词和关系副词的功用 关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者 联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语， 定语，关系副词可作状语。1. 作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。 例如：I dont like people who talk much but do little.The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.2. 作宾语：She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.The book that my grandmother gave me is called The Great Escape.3.作定语关系代词 whose 在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whats the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.4.作状语Ill never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.This is the house where I was born.三、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法1.who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：The person who broke the window must pay for it.The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.2.whom 指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.3. whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.I know the boy whose father is a professor.4. which 指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.5. that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ive read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?6. when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm.He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.7. where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：This is the house where we lived last year.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.四、关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与 定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将 介词置于定语从句的后面，如：That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the roomwhich we had lived in for ten years.五、具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1只能使用that,不用which的情况：(1) 先行词是 all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。例如：All that he said is true. 先行词被only, no, any, all等词修饰时。例如：He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：He was the second (person) that told me the secret.(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。This is the best book (that) I have read this year.(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：He talked about the people and the things he remembered.2只能用which,不用that的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从中。例如：The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导,先行词是物时。例如：The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.中考范例1.(2004 年哈尔滨中考试题)-Does the teacher know everybody planted the trees?-Yes, he does.A. whichB. whoseC. whereD. who解析答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系 代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。2. (2004 年常州市中考试题)The letter I received from him yesterday is very important.A. whoB. whereC. whatD. that解析答案：D。该题考査的是定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词 在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。3. (2004 年扬州市中考试题)-Where is the scientist gave us the talk yesterday?-He has gone back to Qinghua University.A. whomB. whoC. whoseD. which解析答案：B。该题考査的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系 代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。4.（2004 年益阳市中考试题）I hate people talk much but do little.A. whoseB. whomC. whichD. who解析答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系 代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。二、用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句1. The boy is my younger brother.He was here a minute ago.2. The old man is a professor.He teaches chemistry in a college.3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square.The foreign visitors live there.4. The woman is here now.You were talking about her.5. This is the hall.We listened to the report in it the other day.6. The car was going 90 miles an hour.The car just passed us.7. The man waved to us.The man was my uncle.8.1 enjoyed reading the book.You gave me a book last week.9.1 prefer the subject.The subject is science.10.1 spoke to the man.The man is a professor练习答案二、I.The boy who was here a minute ago is my younger brother.2. The old man who teaches chemistry in a college is a professor.3. Beijing Hotel where the foreign visitors live is near Tian An Men Square.4. The woman whom you were talking about is here now.5. This is the hall where we listened to the report the other day.6. The car which just passed us was going 90 miles an hour.7. The man who waved us was my uncle.8.1 enjoyed reading the book you gave me last week.9. The subject I prefer is science.10. The man I spoke to is a professor.关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词 是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which,作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制 性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。 （作主语）The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作 see 的宾语， 可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语) Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。(作主语)This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作 visited 的宾语，可以省略)He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮 的书。关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when, where, why,在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when 的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes 等地点或情形名词；why 的先行词只能是 reason。关系副词when和where有时可用介词+ which”代替，why可用for which代替。 如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由 吗？ 注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。 (作状 语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978 年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作 主语)