专升本考试辅导语法

一 、 动 词 时 态 重 要 考 点 ： 完 成 时 。 过 去 完 成 时 现 在 完 成 时 将 来 完 成 时 一 、 用 过 去 完 成 时 的 几 个 典 型 情 况 ： by+过 去 时 间 ： by then, up to then, till then, By1 9 8 8 , scientists surely had discovered cure for the common cold. It was the first/second/last time+从 句 This was the second time he had been out with her alone. 注 ： it is the first /second/last time that 用 现 在 完 成 时 。 固 定 结 构 ： hardly/scarcely /barely when; no soonerthan 表 示 “ 刚 刚 就 ， 不 等 就 ”。 1 .She had hardly (scarcely, barely) gone to bed when the bell rang. 2 .No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded. 注 ： 主 句 用 过 去 完 成 时 ， 从 句 用 一 般 过 去 时 。 二 、 用 将 来 完 成 时 的 典 型 情 况 ： by + 将 来 时 间 We will have made our country one of the medium developed countries in the world by the year of 2 0 5 0 . By next Monday, she will have studied here for three years. 时 态 练 习 ： David_ the golf club for 2 years. A. has joined B. has been C. joined D. has been in Yesterday when we left, they_ a meeting. A. were having B. have C. are having D. had If it_ next Sunday, we wont go to the park. A. rains B. rain C. raining D. will rain We _ in touch with each other since 2 0 0 3 . A. have kept B. had kept C. kept D. keep Even if it _ this afternoon, I will go there. A. has rained B. will rain C. rains D. will have rained When we arrived at the airport, we were told our flight _. A. had been cancelled B. had cancelled C. has been cancelled D. cancelled 3 . His grandfather_ for quite some years. A. had died B. has been died C. has been dead D. is death Its been 5 years since he_ China. A. left B. had left C. has left D. leaving By the time you get back, great changes _ in this area. A. will take place B. will be taken place C. are going to take place D. will have taken place He _ in a small workshop, but now he is the head of a big business company. A. used to working B. was used to work C. used to work D. was used to working My grandpa _ rural life. A. has used to B. used to C. is used to D. uses to 二 、 语 态 重 要 考 点 ： 被 动 语 态 。 及 物 动 词 才 有 被 动 语 态 形 式 ： be + done will be done have/had been done be being done1 .He was hit by a car yesterday.2 .A notice will be put up on the wall.3 .That important problem has been discussed for nearly two weeks.4 .A new lake is being built in the park. 只 能 作 为 不 及 物 的 动 词 和 词 组 ： occur, happen, break out, take place, come true, become a reality1 .May 4 th Movement took place in 1 9 1 9 .2 .When did the accident occur? 用 主 动 结 构 表 示 被 动 含 义 的 情 况 ： （ 1 ） read, write, wash, cook, keep, open, sell 等 常 和 well, easily, smoothly等 连 用 ， 用 主 动形 式 表 示 被 动 意 义 。 1 .The cloth washes well. 2 .In hot weather, meat wont keep long. （ 2 ） need, require, want, deserve, be worth +doing My watch needs repairing. This film is really worth seeing. Who said the boy deserve punishing.（ 3 ） 某 些 系 动 词 如 ： feel, prove, smell, taste, sound 等 形 容 词 ， 也 是 主 动 表 被 动 意 义 。 The food tastes delicious. How sweet these flowers smell! （ 4 ） 某 些 作 表 语 的 形 容 词 后 ， 用 不 定 式 主 动形 式 表 示 被 动 意 义 。 1 .He is hard to please. 2 .The article is difficult to understand. sth.+ be +easy/hard/difficult + to do 在 主 动 语 态 中 ， 感 官 动 词 和 使 役 动 词 常 跟不 带 to的 动 词 不 定 式 ， 但 在 被 动 语 态 中 要 有to。 1 . I saw her pass by the window. 2 . She was seen to pass by the window. 语 态 练 习 ： The anti-Japanese War _ in 1 9 3 7 . A) broke out B) was broken out C) had broken out D) was happened The work _ by the time you get here. A) would have been done B) will have been done C) would have done D) has been done “ The ceremony has already started.” “ Look! The flag is _ now.” A) being raised B) risen C) being rising D) raising The film _ this Saturday. A) shows B) will show C) is to be shown D) is to show The United Kingdom _ Great Britain and Northern Ireland. A. consisted of B. is consisted of C. consists of D. consist There are more than fifty proposals _ at the conference. A. discussed B. to be discussed C. discussing D. having discussed 三 、 强 调 句 It is that It was in Germany _ Einstein spent his childhood. A where B which C that D when It was not until she arrived in class _ realized she had forgotten her book. A and she B she C when D that she 四 、 倒 装1 、 当 否 定 词 置 于 句 首 时 ， 主 谓 倒 装 。否 定 词 有 ：Never, not, nowhere, little, seldom,Hardly, scarcely, rarely,Not only, no longer, not until, In no way, by no means, on no account, In /under no circumstances, in no case, 2 、 为 了 避 免 句 子 部 分 重 复 ， 常 用 倒 装 。 即 so (neither, nor)+be 动 词 （ 助 动 词 ， 情 态动 词 ） + 主 语 ， 表 示 “ 也 ” 。 My father is an engineer; so is my husband. Jane didnt attend my class; nor did Tom.注 意 ： 如 表 示 赞 同 别 人 的 陈 述 ， so 后 面 的 部分 不 倒 装 。- Jane is a good swimmer.- So she is. 3 、 条 件 句 中 有 were, had, should, could时 ,可 以省 略 if， 把 were/had/should/could放 在 主 语前 。 If he had studied more, he would have been able to pass the exam. Had he studied more, he would have been able to pass the exam. 1 . If it were necessary, I might resign. 2 . If you had informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract. 3 . If I should have time, I would call on her. 4 、 only + 状 语 放 在 句 首 时 。 Only then did they notice that Susan was sitting in the dark.5 、 当 sothat 或 suchthat结 构 中 的 so/such放在 句 首 时 。 So beautiful is the scenery of my hometown that each year it attracts thousands of tourists. Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. By no means can we create or destroy energy. 五 、 比 较 结 构表 达 方 式 原 级 的 表 达 ： asas, not so/asas 比 较 级 的 比 较 范 围 通 过 than 表 达 。 最 高 级 的 比 较 范 围 通 过 among, of, in等 表 达 。 1 .of the two T-shirts, I chose the less expensive. 比 较 结 构 中 的 省 略 ： We often advise him not to drink more wine_ is good for his health. A. as B. that C. than D. but 比 较 结 构 中 的 替 代 ： By 2 0 1 1 , production in the area is expected to double _of 2 0 1 0 . A. that B. it C. one D. what 比 较 级 惯 用 法 ：More thanMorethan与 其 说 不 如 说No more than 至 多No less than 至 少 六 、 主 谓 一 致 就 近 原 则 ： 由 or, neithernor, eitheror, not only but also等 连 接 的 并 列 主 语 。1 ) Either he or you like playing football. 2 ) Either you or he likes playing football. there be 结 构1 ) There is a speaker and many students in Room A2 0 9 . 2 ) There are many students and a speaker in Room A2 0 9 . 特 殊 情 况 ：1 )My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.2 )The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV. 某 些 词 语 构 成 的 短 语 出 现 在 主 语 中 心 词 之 后 ，谓 语 仍 和 前 面 的 主 语 保 持 一 致 。 例 如 ： as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than， 由 more than one或 者 many a 作 主 语 ， 表 示“ 许 多 ” ， 但 谓 语 动 词 要 用 单 数 。1 ) More than one student has passed the examination. 2 ) Many a boy learns to swim before he can read. “ one of + 复 数 名 词 定 语 从 句 ” ： 复 数 。 “ the only one of + 复 数 名 词 定 语 从 句 ” ： 单 数1 ) She is one of the engineers who are good at English. 2 ) She is the only one of the engineers who is good at English. 七 、 非 谓 语 动 词 不 定 式 分 词 动 名 词参 见 B级 相 关 语 法 七 (一 ） 不 定 式 后 面 + to do 的 动 词 : (后 面 接 不 定 式 做 宾 语 ） afford, agree, ask, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, decline, seek, swear, wish, aim, long, strive, tend, fail, think, threaten, care, hate, prepare, undertake, help, want, hesitate, propose, plan, seem; 后 面 接 sb. + to do: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, encourage, expect(要 求 ), forbid, hire, invite, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, want, warn; 固 定 词 组 ， 作 独 立 成 分 ： to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to get (back) to the point, to put it another way, to tell the truth; 动 词 + how / what / where / which / when/why + to do 有 些 动 词 后 面 跟 不 定 式 时 ， 不 定 式 前 需 要加 疑 问 词 ， 如 how, when, why ,where, whether, which等 。 这 些 动 词 有 ： know, wonder, find out, guess, discuss等 。 The old man forgot how to get home after he left the shop. The leader concerned told the news reporters frankly that he did not know whom_ for the accident caused by fake wine.A. is blame B. to blame C. blames D. will blame 在 “ 名 词 （ 代 词 ） +be +easy (difficult, fit) + 不 定 式 ” 结 构 中 ， 有 时 尽 管 句 中 主 语 是 动作 的 承 受 者 ， 不 定 式 在 意 义 上 是 被 动 的 ，形 式 上 却 是 主 动 的 。The book is difficult to read. The path is easy to find. （ 参 见 被 动 语 态 部 分 ） 有 些 动 词 后 面 加 不 带 to 的 动 词 不 定 式 ： had better, would rather, may/might as well, cant help but do nothing but/except do anything /everything but/except 1 . my sister could do nothing else but read books. 当 but/except前 没 有 do时 ， 后 面 则 接 to do sth 2 . I had no choice but to go with him.注 ： 有 do 没 to, 没 do 有 to . 并 不 是 所 有 的 to 都 是 动 词 不 定 式 。 下 面 的to 是 介 词 ， 以 下 是 固 定 搭 配 。 attributeto（ 归 因 于 ) applyto（ 致 力 于 ） accustomto (使 习 惯 于 ) confineto (限 于 范 围 内 ) dedicateto（ 奉 献 ） preferto （ 喜 欢 ） Oweto （ 归 功 于 ） be accustomed to （ 惯 于 ） be used to （ 习 惯 于 ， 适 应 于 ） be devoted to （ 致 力 于 ） look forward to （ 盼 望 ） be similar to （ 类 似 ） be loyal to （ 忠 于 ） be superior to （ 优 于 、 胜 过 ） answer to（ 回 答 、 答 复 ） key to （ 解 答 ， 关 键 ） According to（ 根 据 ， 按 照 ） As to（ 关 于 ） Thanks to （ 由 于 ， 多 亏 ） In addition to （ 除 之 外 ） 固 定 搭 配 练 习 ：1 . You must accustom yourself to _( get ) up early.2 . We are looking forward to _(see) you again.3 . He used to _(smoke ) a pipe. 七 （ 二 ） 现 在 分 词 现 在 分 词 的 形 式 跟 动 名 词 一 样 : -ing过 去 分 词 的 形 式 : -ed. 现 在 分 词 表 示 “ 主 动 ” 、 “ 进 行 ” 。 过 去 分 词 表 示 “ 被 动 ” 、 “ 完 成 ” 。 主 动 语 态 ： doing（ 一 般 式 ） ， having done（ 完 成 式 ） 被 动 语 态 ： being done（ 一 般 式 ） , having been done（ 完 成 式 ） 下 列 结 构 后 面 通 常 接 ing 形 式 ： it is no use + doing sth. it is no good + doing sth. it is no help + doing sth. It is not worth + doing sth. it 作 形 式 主 语 ， 动 名 词 做 真 正 的 主 语 。 但 在 it is of no use 后 面 则 用 动 词 不 定 式 。 例 如 ： It is of no use to cry over spilt milk. 下 列 结 构 后 面 通 常 接 ing 形 式 : have a hard time doing have difficulty (in) doing have trouble （ in） doing have fun (in) doing there is no point (in) doing take risks (in) doing take pleasure (in) doing take pride (in) doing 后 面 加 doing 的 常 见 动 词 有 ： avoid, admit, delay, enjoy, risk, finish, mind, miss, imagine, suggest, keep, deny, postpone, appreciate, give up, be opposed to, put off, devote to, feel like, look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, object to, cant help, 分 词 独 立 结 构 分 词 的 逻 辑 主 语 与 谓 语 动 词 主 语 不 一 致 时 ，分 词 必 须 有 自 己 的 主 语 。 这 种 带 主 语 的 分词 结 构 叫 做 分 词 的 独 立 结 构 。 独 立 主 格 选 择 题 的 特 点 ： 句 中 两 个 部 分 各 有 主 语 ， 之 间 用 逗 号 分 开 ，中 间 没 有 任 何 连 接 词 。 分 词 的 独 立 结 构 例 句 ： Night falling, we hurried home. =When the night fell,(表 时 间 ） The train being late, we missed our plane. =Because the train was late,(表 原 因 ） Weather permitting, well have the match tomorrow. = If weather permits, (表 条 件 ） 悬 垂 分 词 是 一 种 具 有 独 立 性 的 分 词 ， 在 句 中 做 状 语时 ， 它 的 逻 辑 主 语 不 必 与 句 子 主 语 保 持 一致 。 Regarding, Concerning, Judging from, Considering, Generally speaking, Admitting (that), Judging from the number of cars, there were not many guests in the restaurant. 从 汽 车 的 数 量 来 看 ， 饭 店 里 的 人 不 多 。 Considering his age, he did a good job. 就 他 的 年 龄 而 言 ， 他 做 得 很 不 错 。 分 词 练 习 ： All flights _ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were being canceled B. having canceled C. had been canceled D. having been canceled As an English saying goes: Its no use _ over spilt milk. A. to be crying B. to cry C. crying D. cried All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) considered B) be considered C) considering D)having considered You will see this product _ wherever you go. A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertise D) advertising _,a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. A) Other things being equal B) Were other things equal C) To be equal to other things D) Other things to be equal The editorial _ now will appear in tomorrows newspaper. A) writing B) to write C) being written D) write It _ now pretty late, we took our things to our room. A) is B) being C) turned D) got I understood you were third-year students _ in English. A) who majors B) who major is C) have majored D) majoring The lab _ next year will be more advanced than the old one. A) built B) to be built C) being built D) to build Though small, the room is comfortable _. A. to live B. to live in C. living in D. live in We were surprised at _ the exam. A. him not pass B. his passing not C. his not passing D. him not to pass The decision _, what is to be done now is how to carry it out. A. been made B. has been made C. having been made D. having been making I forgot _ her that my coat buttons need to be sewn on. A. reminding B. having reminded C. to remind D. to have reminded As we approached the village we saw many new houses _. A. built B. build C. being built D. building 八 、 虚 拟 语 气与现在事实相反 条 件 从 句 ： If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) + 动词 过 去 式 (be动 词 的 过 去 式 一 律 用 were) 结 果 主 句 ： I (we, you, he, it, they) + would + 动 词 原 型 He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors. 与过去事实相反 条 件 从 句 ： If I (we, you, he, she, it, they) had + 过 去 分 词 结 果 主 句 ： I (we, you, he, it, they) + would + have + 过 去 分 词 If we had left earlier, we wouldnt have missed the train. 与将来时间相反 条 件 从 句 ：were+不 定 式 / 一 般 过 去 式 /should+动 词 原 型 结 果 主 句 ： would (should) + 动 词 原 型If she were to marry me, I would be the happiest man in the world.If it rained tomorrow, we wouldnt play basketball.If he should leave, we whould be sad. 总 结 ：总 结 ： If 从 句 主 句与 现 在 事 实相 反 一 般 过 去 时 / were Would/should/could/might+ 动 原与 过 去 事 实相 反 过 去 完 成 时 Would/should/could/might + have +过 去 分 词与 将 来 事 实 相反 或 将 来 不 可可 能 实 现 一 般 过 去 时或 should/ were to + 动原 Would/should/could/might+ 动 原 表 示 要 求 、 建 议 、 命 令 等 动 词 : suggest, propose, insist, prefer, order, command, advise, desire, recommend, require, intend, desire, request, deserve, demand, determine, arrange, beg, 句 子 用 虚 拟 语 气 ， 即 （ should ） +动 词 原 形 。 衍 生 句 型 ：It is + V-ed + that从 句 ：It is suggested that （ should)+动 词 原 形It is insisted thatIt is requested that It is recommended thatIt is proposed that It is required thatIt is advised thatIt is ordered that It is + adj.+ that从 句 ： It is important that should + 动 词 原 形 It is essential that It is vital that It is necessary that 表 示 “ 请 求 、 建 议 ” 等 动 词 构 成 的 名 词 后面 的 同 位 语 从 句 ， 用 虚 拟 语 气 。 suggestion, advice, decision, desire, order, idea, proposal, request, resolution, request, recommendation, requirement, 1 .His desire is that he (should) visit the Great Wall someday. 2 .We made the suggestion that such device (should) be designed and produced without delay. 虚 拟 语 气 的 特 殊 句 型 ：1 . It is high time + that 从 句 It is about time + that 从 句 It is time + that 从 句“ 该 是 的 时 间 了 ” ， 从 句 中 用 一 般 过 去 时 。 It is time you went to bed. it is about time you made up your mind. 虚 拟 语 气 的 特 殊 句 型 ：2 . would rather + that 从 句 had rather + that 从 句 would sooner + that 从 句 “ 宁 愿 做 什 么 ” ， 从 句 用 一 般 过 去 时 或 过 去完 成 时 。 Jeans uncle insists _ in this hotel. A) he stays B) that he not stay C) not to stay D) staying not 2 . We must stop now. It is time we _ home. A) have gone B) are going C) went D) will go _ your advice yesterday, I would have missed the train. A) Had I not taken B) If I did not take C) If I have not taken D) I did not take It was essential that the application form _ back before the deadline. A)must be sent B) be sent C) would be sent D) were sent Without electronic computer, much of todays advanced technology _. A) havent been achieved B) hadnt been achieved C) wouldnt be achieved D) wouldnt have been achieved 九 、 定 语 从 句 只 用 that不 用 which的 情 况 ： 当 先 行 词 是 all, something, nothing 等 不 定 代词 ； 或 先 行 词 前 有 first, last, only, few, much, some, any, no等 修 饰 时 ； 或 先 行 词 前 有 形 容词 最 高 级 修 饰 时 。 I have explained everything (that) I can do to you. This is the most beautiful campus (that) Ive ever been to. 先 行 词 也 可 以 是 整 个 句 子 。 一 般 用 which或as 来 引 导 。 Which 可 以 做 主 语 或 宾 语 ， as 一 般 只 做 主 语 。 其 区 别 ： which只 能 置 于 句中 或 句 末 ， as 比 较 灵 活 。 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, which (as) is known to all. As had been expected, he finished first in decathlon(十 项 全 能 ) at that Olympic Games. 关 系 代 词 可 以 做 介 词 的 宾 语 ， that 不 可 以 ，只 能 是 which 或 whom。 This is the ring on which she spent $ 1 ,0 0 0 . Ill never forget the mountain village where (in which) I spent my childhood. I dont know the reason why (for which) he did that. Mr. Smith, from _ I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of _ is 3 0 0 0 0 0 kilometers per second.The sun heats the earth, _ is very important to us.