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Grammar and usageOverview: infinitive, verb-ing and verb-ed (1) 什么是非谓语动词？动词的三种形态，不能独立的在句子中做谓语，必须与系动词或者助动词一起充当谓语成分。 非谓语动词的三种形式动词不定式表示未发生的或后发生的动作动词-ing表示主动的动作动词-ed表示被动的动作 非谓语动词在句子中的作用主语宾语宾补表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词作用名称 1、 作主语动词不定式作主语To see is to believe.To recover lost time is impossible. It is / was + adj. + (for / of sb.) to do sth.e.g. It is impossible to recover lost time.It is very friendly of you to invite us to your birthday party. 单个不定式作主语，谓语动词用单数。若不定式太长，往往用it作形式主语，不定式置后。 动名词作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North.It is / was +(no) adj. +doing sth.e.g. Its no use learning lots of words without knowing how to use them.But: It is not useful / good to do sth. It is use / good for sb. to do sth. 动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语常表示具体的某一动作；动名词作主语表示泛指或一般的抽象概念在there / it+be+no use / good/help / need之后常用动名词作主语 不定式可以和when / where /how /what / whether等连用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，而动名词则不能高考链接：_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old. A.The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk 二、作宾语动词不定式作宾语e.g. He decided to work harder in order tocatch up with the others.I refuse to accept whatever you buy for me. 记忆口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动应答选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide / determine, learn, want, hope / expect / wish,refuse, manage, care, pretend,offer, promise, choose, plan,agree, ask / beg, help 高考链接：We agreed _ here, but so far shehasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 动名词作宾语e.g. I would appreciate you calling back tonight.I regret not having taken your advice.Hearing what happened in Sichuan, many people couldnt help crying. 记忆口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏，禁止想象才冒险，不禁建议准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardonadmit, delay/put off, fancy,avoid, miss keep/keep on, practisedeny, finish, enjoy/appreciate,forbid, imaging, risk,cant help, mind, allow/permit, escape 不定式用在介词but，except，besides后时如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，相反则带to。e.g.(1) She could do nothing but cry.(2) I have no choice but to go.(3) What do you like to do besides sleep. 某些特殊动词：forget, remember, regret, stop, try, mean, go on, cease,want, need, require 高考链接：1. The light in the office is still on. Oh, I forgot _. A.turning it off B. turning it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 2. You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 三、作宾补动词不定式作宾补V1 + sb. + to do sth.ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like / think /judge / suppose / believe / consider / imagine / call on / depend on / wait for / ask for V2 + sb. + do sth.感官动词： see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen, smell, taste, feel使役动词：have, make, let “五看三使二听二味一感觉” e.g.You dont have to make Paul learn French. Paul doesnt have to be made to learn French. 某些动词真奇怪，to来to去令人猜； 主动语态to离开，被动语态to回来。 现在分词作宾补 V + sb. + doing sth.e.g. I saw Mary lying on bed, crying, when I ran into the classroom.How could you keep such a little boy working long day?Mother found the boy smoking in the corner.On the grass-covered slopes, one could see sheep and cattle grazing peacefully. 过去分词作宾补 V + sb. / sth.+ done sth.e.g. I need this chapter rewritten before tomorrow.Arriving at the station, we found the train gone already. 四、作定语动词不定式作定语1. 表示将要发生的动作。e.g. He has no wish to see her. (表主动) 他并不想见她。 The power station to be built next year will be of great value to the people. (表被动) 明年将修建的发电站将对人们有利。 2. 在序数词、形容词最高级、 the first， the last，the only 等修饰的名词后作定语。e.g. He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个走。3. 若作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者及物动词与被修饰的词不能构成动宾关系时，则不定式动词后须加上适当的介词。e.g. He is looking for a room to live in. 他正在找房子住。 4. 一个带有宾语的动词不定式短语作定语修饰名词时，为了使句意完整，须加一个相应的介词。e.g. When I handed the report to John, he said that Tom was the person to send it to.当我把报告交给约翰时，他说我应该把报告交给汤姆。 现在分词作定语1. -ing 形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态，相当于一个定语从句。e.g.These dancing girls (= these girls who are dancing) are from my class.正在跳舞的这些女孩是我班上的。At 11 oclock, please find the waiting bus (the bus which is waiting) at the entrance. 十一点钟时，请在入口处找等候的公共汽车。 表示现在(或当时)的状态，变为定语从句时常用一般时态。e.g. The temple standing (=which/that stands) on the top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty.坐落在山顶上的那个寺庙建于明朝。表示正在进行的动作，变为定语从句时要用进行时态。e.g. Do you see the woman talking to (=who/that is talking to) the secretary？你看见那位和秘书谈话的妇女了吗? -ing形式作定语时，它所表示的动作是正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不用-ing形式作定语，这时应用定语从句。e.g. Those who have finished their work can go home now.完成工作的那些人现在可以回家了。being不能单独用作定语。e.g. Anyone who is fit for (不用being fit for) this job can sign your name here.任何能胜任这项工作的人都可在这里签名。 -ing形式的完成式一般不能用作定语，除非为非限制性的后置定语。e.g. The manager wasnt angry with the man who had been so rude. (不用having been so rude)经理并不为这个人的粗鲁而生气。 2. 动名词作定语和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，表示这个名词的某种用途和性能，作“供；作之用”解。e.g. There is a swimming pool (= a pool for swimming) in our school.我们学校有座游泳池。We should do something to improve our living conditions (=conditions for living).我们应该做些事情来改善我们的生活条件。 过去分词作定语1. 过去分词所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，并且表被动。e.g. A letter posted this morning will probably reach her tomorrow.明天她可能会收到今早寄出的信。2. 没有一定的时间性，仅表示被动。e.g. I dont like to see the letter written in pencil.我不喜欢看用铅笔写的信。 3. 表示已经完成的动作，不表示被动，动词通常为不及物动词。e.g. the risen sun = the sun which has risen 已升起的太阳the fallen leaves= the leaves which have fallen 落叶4. 如过去分词作定语时所表示的动作正在发生，其结构为being done。e.g. The question being discussed is important.现在正在讨论的问题很重要。 高考链接：1. Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying2. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew. A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung 3. There are five pairs _, but Im at a loss which to buy. A. to be chosen B. to choose from C. to choose D. for choose4. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed The following verbs are normally followed by the infinitive.afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, come, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, determine, elect, endeavorRemember! expect, fail, get, guarantee, hate, help, hesitate hope, hurry, intend, learn, long, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise refuse, say, seem, tend, threaten, want, wish The following verbs are normally followed by V-ing. avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant help The following verbs are normally followed by V-ing or the infinitive. love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, startBear them in your mind! HomeworkGo over the grammar.Finish Ex A & B on Page 9.
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