社会心理学ppt课件.ppt

1 社会心理学 2 社会心理学是什么？ 3 社会心理学的定义 社会心理学是一门就人如何看待他人 (或如何 对他人作出反应 )，如何影响他人（或被影 响），又如何互相关联的种种问题进行科学 研究的学科。 研究重点：个体在社会情境中的行为 4 社会心理学研究对象 -1 社会思维 如何知觉自我和他人 我们的社会信念 如何对他人的行为作出判断和预测 如何对自我和他人的行为进行推理 每个人都是科学家 5 社会心理学研究对象 -2 社会影响 文化和社会情境的影响 顺从和从众 说服 团体及团体所带来的影响 社会影响无所不在，而却又为人所忽视 6 Zimbardo (1972) 监狱实验 斯坦福监狱实验 .avi 7 社会心理学研究对象 -3 社会关系 偏见 攻击 亲密关系 助人 人是社会动物 8 社会心理学与其他学科的关系 社会学 人格心理学 认知心理学 9 社会心理学理论基础 学习理论 认知理论 交换理论 进化理论 10 社会心理学历史发展 -1 萌芽 Triplett(1898): performance of bicyclists tends to race faster when racing in the presence of others (social facilitation effect) Ringelmann (1880s) : performed worse when pulling ropes with others (social loafing effect). 11 社会心理学历史发展 -2 1930s-1950s W. McDougall： innate tendency G. Allport(1944)： the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues M. Sherif： study of social norms and conformity 光点实验 The Robbers Cave Experiment 团体 过程 Kurt-Levin 认知失调理论 -引起 对宣传 ,说服，偏见，服从和从众等现象的 研 究 12 社会心理学历史发展 -3 1960年以后，社会心理学逐渐完善 社会知觉 攻击 吸引和爱 平等 利他 公民权力，社会冲突，刻板印象 压力 13 社会心理学历史发展 -4 1970年代： 社会心理学百花齐放，但也开始 对主流实验范式的批判 过于重视实验室研究 ： 伦理问题 （如 服从 的研 究） ;实验者期待效应 (Rosenthal, 1976) 易忽略行为的历史和文化背景 (Gergen, 1973) 同时， McGuire 等人 认为实验法结果严谨，可以 进行有效类推 。 多元研究法 与跨文化比较的社会心理学 14 社会心理学历史发展 -5 1970s 1980s： 归因理论 性别角色和性别歧视 环境心理学 (噪音 , 拥挤 , 污染 ) 15 社会心理学历史发展 -6 1980以后 ： Cognitive Perspective 记忆，推理与信息综合如 何影响社会行为， 例如： 刻板印象 ； 社会认知 研 究 兴起 强调”应用” 例如： 司法过程 ； 健康心理学 16 社会心理学历史发展 -6 2000之 后 ： Cognitive: 整合 情绪、动机与认知的相互影响 强调应用 Contextualist View， Multicultural Perspectives： 重视社会文化 因素的影响 Biological Taylor 20 trials: trait+behavior, 40 trials: only behavior) 第二部分：测试记忆 : face-word (20 trials: contained traits; 20 trials: implied traits; 20: traits implied by the behavior paired with other faces) 83 Spontaneous trait inferences E.g., Todorov The second group was asked About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?; The third group were not asked about the speed. One week later, they were asked “Did you see any broken glass?” 96 JUDGING OTHERS 97 Thinking without awareness The powers of the unconscious Controlled vs. Automatic Processing of information through schemas Pattern recognition of experts Athletic, artistic, musical skills 98 Judgmental overconfidence The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs. One source of this tendency is the confirmation bias. We dont search for information that refutes our beliefs. We search, and usually find, information that confirms our beliefs. 99 Judgmental overconfidence Remedies for overconfidence 即时反馈 (Lichtenstein & Fischhoff, 1980) 设想自己的判断可能出错的原因 (Koriat et al., 1980) 100 Heuristics Rules of thumb used to simplify decision making processes. Tied into the idea that we are “cognitive misers” who conserve mental energy by making best guesses. Although mistakes based upon heuristic decision making tend to be glaring, heuristics are generally useful and adaptive. 101 Commonly Used Heuristics Representative Heuristic- judgment based on perceiving something as belong to a particular category that it resembles. Availability Heuristic- judgment based on how easily (i.e., available) information is retrieved from memory. Counterfactual Thinking- judgment based on imagining scenarios/outcomes that might have occurred, but didnt. 102 Representative Heuristic Linda is 31 years old, single, outspoken and very bright. She majored in philosophy. As a student, she was deeply concerned with the issues of discrimination and social justice, and also participated in anti-war demonstrations. Linda is a bank teller. Linda is a bank teller and is actve in the feminist movement. 90% of subjects feel that Linda is more likely to be a feminist bank teller than just a bank teller. 103 Availability heuristic Tversky & Khaneman (1973) asked Ss: A word in English has K as the 1st letter A word in English has K as the 3rd letter 69% answered incorrectly. In fact, there are twice as many words with K as the 3rd letter as there are with K as the 1st. 104 Illusory thinking Illusory correlation The (inaccurate) perception of a relationship between two entities that we think should be related What causes this effect? Memory for vivid events 105 Illusory thinking Illusion of control Tendency to ignore phenomena like regression to the mean and to assume that we have a greater impact on outcomes than we do Tutors frequently believe they improve performance when actually there was no where to go but up! Gamblers Fallacy 106 Mood and judgment Affect infusion model (Forgas, 1995) The effects of mood tend to be exacerbated in complex situations that demand substantial cognitive processing 107 SELF- FULFILLING BELIEFS 108 Perceiver expectations How we expect others to behave can influence our actual perceptions of them. Confirmation Bias: Our tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs. 109 Expectations & Attributions 110 The self-fulfilling prophecy The process by which ones expectations about a person lead that person to behave in ways that confirm those expectations. 111 The self-fulfilling prophecy A 3 step process 1. The perceiver has an initial impression of someone. 1. The perceiver behaves toward the target person in a manner that is consistent with their impression. 1. The target person adjusts their behavior to fit our expectation, which confirms the perceivers impression of the person. 112 113 The self-fulfilling prophecy Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968). Teacher expectations and student performance 20% of the students were randomly described as being “bloomers” to the teachers (“students who should be expected to show sizeable IQ gains over the school yr”). IQ Points Gained “ Bloomers” Non- Bloomers 10 80% 47% 20 47% 19% 30 22% 4% 114 The self-fulfilling prophecy Snyder, Tanke & Berscheid (1977). Getting from others what we expect. Participants were male and female students (51 of each) Participants provided some information about themselves and were led to separate rooms where they would engage in telephone conversations with each other. All participants were told that a folder containing such information would be given to the other partner in order to help get the conversation underway. Each male participant was given a picture of (what they believed to be) the female partner within the folder. Male participants also their photo taken and were told (falsely) that this would be given to the female partner. Some of the photos were of females who had been judged by a separate group of males to be very attractive and some of the photos had been judged to be very unattractive. Before the conversation began, each male rated their female partner in terms of 27 trait terms (e.g. friendliness, enthusiasm, trustworthiness). The male and female partners then engaged in a ten minute conversation. Afterwards, males again rated their female partners in terms of the trait terms. Females rated themselves on the same dimensions, how comfortable they felt during the conversation, how physically attractive they believed their conversation partners believed them to be, and how much they thought their conversation partners treated them in the way that males typically do. Independent judges listened to the tape-recorded conversations (either only the female voices or only the male voices for level of animation and enthusiasm, intimacy of the conversation and how personal conversations were. 115 The self-fulfilling prophecy Snyder, Tanke & Berscheid (1977) (cont.) Results Males judged attractive conversation partners to be relatively friendly, socially skilled, poised and humorous unattractive conversation partners to be relatively unfriendly, socially inept, awkward and serious Judges judged conversations of the male participants who thought that they were talking to very attractive women to be more sociable, sexually warm, bold, humorous, confident and animated than they did the conversations to those males who thought that they were talking with unattractive women. Judges also rated the supposed attractive women as more poised, sexually warm, animated and sociable than they did the unattractive women. (Incorrect) initial impressions differences in males behaviour differences in females behaviour 116 Recommended reading list Forgas, J. P. (1995). Mood and judgment: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM). Psychological Bulletin, 117, 39-66. Guenther, C. L., & Alicke, M. D. (2008). Self-enhancement and belief perseverance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 706-712. Rosenthal, R. (2003). Covert communications in laboratories, classrooms and the truly real world. Psychological Science, 12, 151-155. Uleman, J. S., Saribay, S. A., & Gonzalez, C. (2008). Spontaneous inferences, implicit impressions, and implicit theories. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 329-360.