论文化因素对英文翻译的影响

论文化因素对英文翻译的影响 摘要文化渗透于社会生活的各个方面，英文翻译不可避免地受到文化因素的影响。英文翻译不仅是一种语言翻译，更是一种文化翻译。翻译过程中的文化因素：思维方式、习俗文化和宗教信仰等，一直是翻译工作者关注的问题。只有深刻把握不同文化背景知识、不同民族思维模式的差异，以及英汉两种语言风格的异同，才能进行成功的翻译交际。关键词：文化因素 翻译 影响近些年来，翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。人们重视翻译中的文化问题，源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。在翻译实践中，由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响，便成了众多学者的研究对象。正如美国著名翻译理论家尤金奈达所说：“就真正成功的翻译而言，译者的双文化（bicultural）功底甚至比双语（bilingualism）功底更重要，因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。”翻译并不像许多人想象得那么容易，深层次的思想意识方面的“文化鸿沟”时常难以逾越。由此可见，文化因素在翻译中占有重要的地位。一 翻译与文化释义1 翻译与文化的内涵翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便，它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。所谓翻译，就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。何谓文化？英国学者泰勒（E.B Tylor，1871）给“文化”下的定义是：“所谓文化或文明，即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。”文化并不是抽象的，它是我们所感知的一切。人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化，更新了自己的文化。不同民族语言不同、文化各异，但人类的能力本质是相同的。因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。各民族的文化都有同一性，不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性，这就是文化差异的渊源。翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动，是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。2 翻译与文化的关系任何翻译都离不开文化，许多有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。谭载喜说：“翻译中对原文意思的理解，远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分，它受着文化的影响和制约。在翻译过程中，译者对某段文字理解的正确与否，在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。对于译者来说，没有两种文化的对比知识，就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。”在翻译过程中，表面上存在着中外文字表达上的差异，仅仅从文字技巧上来着手是难以解决含义差异的，必须要从文化背景上来处理中外文字在表达内涵上的差异，因为这些差异源自生活上的不同而形成。文化背景对翻译是极其重要的，缺乏文化元素的译文等于缺乏了灵性的翻译。所谓“文化元素”其实也包括了译者对原文化背景、译文、译文文化背景、原文作者的气质和风格的了解、译者的气质和风格的混合体。3 语言和文化的关系瑞士语言学家Saussure把语言看成是社会现象。他认为，语言史和文化史总是交织在一起，彼此之间相互联系；民族的风俗习惯常反映在语言之中，阐明了不同民族间不同的语言与文化差异。美国语言学家Sapir认为，“语言不能离开文化而存在”。“语言不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景，而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式应该指出，语言和文化互相影响、互相作用；理解语言必须了解语言。”可见，不了解目的语的文化，便无法正确理解和运用该目的语，更无法进行沟通。当今，不同文化背景下的交流日益增多，密切的跨文化交流成了当今世界的主流，这就要求我们在了解相关国家的语言的同时，还必须要了解他们的文化知识，做到二者同步发展。二 文化因素对英文翻译的影响1 思维方式方面翻译是语言的翻译，而语言是思维的外壳。迥然不同的自然、社会条件使人们在思维习惯和表达方式上自然不同。西方民族惯用抽象性、由一到多的分析型思维方式，句子常以主语和谓语为核心，统摄多个短语和从句，由主到次，但形散而意合。而东方民族的综合思维方式，使得中国人注重整体和谐，强调“从多到一”的思维方式；句子结构上以动词为中心，以时间顺序为逻辑顺序，横向铺叙，层层推进，归纳总结，形成“流水型”的句式结构。英汉民族熟悉和思维方式的不同决定了其在翻译过程中句式选择、遣词造句、词句省略等的不同。例如：“It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose thEir youth,and some of them thEIr lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.”如直接译成：“那是一个夸姣的金秋，在离别了那些可能丢失他们的青春甚至生命的人之后，树叶才慢慢地落下。”这种翻译显然受到了语言形式的拘束，译句结构混乱、呆板、没有条理性，且语言支离破碎。如将译文译成：“那是个天色晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，夸姣的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年们已经失去了青春，有的甚至丧失了生命。”就比较符合中国人的思维方式，不失为一段出色的翻译。再如奥运口号“北京欢迎您！”表达了中国人民欢迎世界各国人民到北京的心情，我们常见的译文为“welcome to Beijing！”翻译中句式的改变，使用英语祈使句，恰当地表达出中国人期盼奥运的热情。如译为 “Beijing is welcome you”，则语气过于清淡，效果大打折扣。 2 文化背景和社会习俗方面不同的国家具有不同的文化背景，文化背景差异对翻译实践产生很大的影响，并对翻译实践提出了更高的要求。民族文化背景对语言的发展有极大的影响，每个民族的语言都会带有各自历史文化的痕迹。英汉民族的历史发展不同，因而语言中沉积的文化内涵也不相同。历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故和习语；要译好不同语言中的习语和历史典故，就必须对该语言所反映的历史文化有所了解。Cowboy在汉语中常译为“牛仔”，所以很多人把“He runs a business as a cowboy”译为“他像牛仔一样管理企业。”其实“cowboy”在美国人心目中的真正形象是“独来独往、无拘无束、我行我素”。因此这句话应译为，“他办企业态度不诚实，缺乏经验技术，工作也大大咧咧。”汉语中常说：“说曹操，曹操到”，曹操是中国历史上的著名人物，但许多英语读者就不知他为何人。不过英语中有类似的说法：“Talk of the devil,and hes sure to appear.”社会习俗更是如此，它影响和制约着翻译的精确性。在英语国家对一个经过长途旅行后的人可以说“You must be tired from such a long trip.”、“Did you have a good trip?”，表示“路上辛苦了”、“一路好吗？”之类的问候。对正在进行或刚完成一项艰难任务的人，可以说“Well done,That was a hard job”。不同的文化有不同的表达方式，因此在翻译时，一定要考虑两种文化间的差异，决不能望文生义，更不能机械地直译。又如，bread and butter这两样东西在英语国家历史悠久，面包是他们生活中不可缺少的一部分，也是日常的主要食品，所以在语言中的转义也较多。如“bread and butter”还有“生计，谋生之道，靠山”等含义，美国新闻周刊评论家大卫安森说过：“As ever,politics,vulgarity and senti mentality were the bread and butterof the Academy Awards.”（政治、粗鄙和感伤一度成为奥斯卡奖的支柱。） 3 宗教信仰、宗教意识方面宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分，它是由一个民族的宗教信仰、宗教意识所形成的。不同的宗教体现了不同的文化特色和文化传统。基督教认为，上帝创造了人，人来自尘土，又回归尘土。如：“BEing a teacher is bEIng present at the creation when the clay beginningto breathe.”有些人译为，“教师一直在创造中，当土地开始呼吸。”这是由于他们不了解西方人的宗教信仰所致。因为，英语中的“creation”常指“上帝创造”，而“clay”常指“上帝创造的人”。这句话的译文应该是：“教师是创造的见证人，目睹生命呼吸成长。”又如，“红色”在汉文化中象征着“喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运、受欢迎的东西”。而西方则因为耶稣甘愿被钉在十字架上流血牺牲，用生命来拯救世人以及中世纪教派之间的相互残杀，使英民族文化中的“red”总是同流血、牺牲、殉难等不好的事情联系起来，因此“red hands”译为“沾满鲜血的手”，“a red battle”译为“血战”。4 生存环境方面因为各民族所处地理位置、天然前提和生态环境等的不同，就形成了不同的地域文化。这不仅影响着各民族语言的表达方式，也直接影响着人们对同一事物不同的理解、语义联想和情感，这就对翻译提出了进一步的要求。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻“花钱浪费，大手大脚”，英语是“spend money like water”，而汉语是“挥金如土”。李白江上咏中有“功名富贵若长在，汉水亦应西北流。”此处翻译的枢纽就在于如何理解“西北流”。我国地形特征是西高东低，李白用“西北流”喻指功名富贵如过眼烟云，不可能与江河永流。这一比喻是基于我国的地理特征，但因为英美国家处于不同的地理位置，地形特征相异，如采用直译法，很多英国人可能并不解其真正含义，这就要求翻译“西北流”时应做适当的变通，于是译成：“But sooner could flow backward to is fountains;This stream,than wealth and honor can remain.”这样译文顶用flow backward（倒流）的方式表达了原文中“西北流”所蕴含的“不可能”之意，但却不能体现原文的工整对仗及中国的地域特征。5 习语方面习语的翻译可算得上是难中之难了，因为习语不仅是一种语言现象，更是一种文化产物。如“黔驴技穷”可译为英语中的习惯说法“at ones wits end”，也可翻译为“The proverbial donkeyin ancient Guizhou has exhausted its tricks,and it can do nothing more.”这种翻译，既传播了汉文化、保存了原汁原味，也符合英语读者的阅读习惯，达到使文化交流贯穿于语言交流的目的。如：“Love me,love my dog”，译为“爱屋及乌”；“A loss may turn out to be a gain”，可译为“塞翁失马，焉知非福”。同样英汉习语中有大量是由历史典故形成的，这些习语结构简单、意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如汉语中的“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等；英语中的“meet ones waterloo”(一败涂地)、“a Pandoras box”（潘多拉之盒灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源）等。三 结语总之，文化与翻译关系密切，不可分割。翻译离不开文化因素的影响，翻译不仅是语言表面上的题目，更是文化层面上的题目。因为“翻译实质上是文化翻译”，终极目的除了传递原信息外，更要传递文化，促进文化间的交流和理解。在翻译的过程中，译者要让目标文成功地表达源文的内涵，不但要求译者有扎实的语言功底，而且还要熟悉和了解两种语言的文化背景。因此归根到底，语言的翻译就是文化的翻译，其根本任务不仅是翻译文化，而且是翻译容载或蕴含着文化信息的意义，达到中西文化相互交流、融合的目的。 参考文献： 1 Eugene A.Nida.Language Culture And TranslatingM.1993. 2 刘宓庆：文化翻译论纲，湖北教育出版社，1999年版。 3 谭载喜：新编奈达论翻译，中国对外翻译出版公司，1999年版。 4 王婧媛：浅谈翻译中的文化因素，中国校外教育理论，2008年版。organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect