外文翻译--数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策 (2)

附录1 (中文译文)数控技术和装备发展趋势及对策摘要：简要介绍了当今世界数控技术及装备发展的趋势及我国数控装备技术发展和产业化的现状，在此基础上讨论了在我国加入WTO和对外开放进一步深化的新环境下，发展我国数控技术及装备、提高我国制造业信息化水平和国际竞争能力的重要性，并从战略和策略两个层面提出了发展我国数控技术及装备的几点看法。 装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术及装备是发展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业（如信息技术及其产业、生物技术及其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业）的使能技术和最基本的装备。马克思曾经说过“各种经济时代的区别，不在于生产什么，而在于怎样生产，用什么劳动资料生产”。制造技术和装备就是人类生产活动的最基本的生产资料，而数控技术又是当今先进制造技术和装备最核心的技术。当今世界各国制造业广泛采用数控技术，以提高制造能力和水平，提高对动态多变市场的适应能力和竞争能力。此外世界上各工业发达国家还将数控技术及数控装备列为国家的战略物资，不仅采取重大措施来发展自己的数控技术及其产业，而且在“高精尖”数控关键技术和装备方面对我国实行封锁和限制政策。总之，大力发展以数控技术为核心的先进制造技术已成为世界各发达国家加速经济发展、提高综合国力和国家地位的重要途径。数控技术是用数字信息对机械运动和工作过程进行控制的技术，数控装备是以数控技术为代表的新技术对传统制造产业和新兴制造业的渗透形成的机电一体化产品，即所谓的数字化装备，其技术范围覆盖很多领域：(1)机械制造技术；(2)信息处理、加工、传输技术；(3)自动控制技术；(4)伺服驱动技术；(5)传感器技术；(6)软件技术等。1数控技术的发展趋势数控技术的应用不但给传统制造业带来了革命性的变化，使制造业成为工业化的象征，而且随着数控技术的不断发展和应用领域的扩大，他对国计民生的一些重要行业（IT、汽车、轻工、医疗等）的发展起着越来越重要的作用，因为这些行业所需装备的数字化已是现代发展的大趋势。从目前世界上数控技术及其装备发展的趋势来看，其主要研究热点有以下几个方面14。1.1高速、高精加工技术及装备的新趋势效率、质量是先进制造技术的主体。高速、高精加工技术可极大地提高效率，提高产品的质量和档次，缩短生产周期和提高市场竞争能力。为此日本先端技术研究会将其列为5大现代制造技术之一，国际生产工程学会（CIRP）将其确定为21世纪的中心研究方向之一。在轿车工业领域，年产30万辆的生产节拍是40秒/辆，而且多品种加工是轿车装备必须解决的重点问题之一；在航空和宇航工业领域，其加工的零部件多为薄壁和薄筋，刚度很差，材料为铝或铝合金，只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情况下，才能对这些筋、壁进行加工。近来采用大型整体铝合金坯料“掏空”的方法来制造机翼、机身等大型零件来替代多个零件通过众多的铆钉、螺钉和其他联结方式拼装，使构件的强度、刚度和可靠性得到提高。这些都对加工装备提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。从EMO2001展会情况来看，高速加工中心进给速度可达80m/min，甚至更高，空运行速度可达100m/min左右。目前世界上许多汽车厂，包括我国的上海通用汽车公司，已经采用以高速加工中心组成的生产线部分替代组合机床。美国CINCINNATI公司的HyperMach机床进给速度最大达60m/min，快速为100m/min，加速度达2g，主轴转速已达60000r/min。加工一薄壁飞机零件，只用30min，而同样的零件在一般高速铣床加工需3h，在普通铣床加工需8h；德国DMG公司的双主轴车床的主轴速度及加速度分别达12*!000r/mm和1g。在加工精度方面，近10年来，普通级数控机床的加工精度已由10m提高到5m，精密级加工中心则从35m，提高到11.5m，并且超精密加工精度已开始进入纳米级(0.01m)。在可靠性方面，国外数控装置的MTBF值已达6000h以上，伺服系统的MTBF值达到30000h以上，表现出非常高的可靠性。为了实现高速、高精加工，与之配套的功能部件如电主轴、直线电机得到了快速的发展，应用领域进一步扩大。1.2.5轴联动加工和复合加工机床快速发展采用5轴联动对三维曲面零件的加工，可用刀具最佳几何形状进行切削，不仅光洁度高，而且效率也大幅度提高。一般认为，1台5轴联动机床的效率可以等于2台3轴联动机床，特别是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料铣刀进行高速铣削淬硬钢零件时，5轴联动加工可比3轴联动加工发挥更高的效益。但过去因5轴联动数控系统、主机结构复杂等原因，其价格要比3轴联动数控机床高出数倍，加之编程技术难度较大，制约了5轴联动机床的发展。当前由于电主轴的出现，使得实现5轴联动加工的复合主轴头结构大为简化，其制造难度和成本大幅度降低，数控系统的价格差距缩小。因此促进了复合主轴头类型5轴联动机床和复合加工机床（含5面加工机床）的发展。在EMO2001展会上，新日本工机的5面加工机床采用复合主轴头，可实现4个垂直平面的加工和任意角度的加工，使得5面加工和5轴加工可在同一台机床上实现，还可实现倾斜面和倒锥孔的加工。德国DMG公司展出DMUVoution系列加工中心，可在一次装夹下5面加工和5轴联动加工，可由CNC系统控制或CAD/CAM直接或间接控制。1.3智能化、开放式、网络化成为当代数控系统发展的主要趋势21世纪的数控装备将是具有一定智能化的系统，智能化的内容包括在数控系统中的各个方面：为追求加工效率和加工质量方面的智能化，如加工过程的自适应控制，工艺参数自动生成；为提高驱动性能及使用连接方便的智能化，如前馈控制、电机参数的自适应运算、自动识别负载自动选定模型、自整定等；简化编程、简化操作方面的智能化，如智能化的自动编程、智能化的人机界面等；还有智能诊断、智能监控方面的内容、方便系统的诊断及维修等。为解决传统的数控系统封闭性和数控应用软件的产业化生产存在的问题。目前许多国家对开放式数控系统进行研究，如美国的NGC(TheNextGenerationWork-Station/MachineControl)、欧共体的OSACA(OpenSystemArchitectureforControlwithinAutomationSystems)、日本的OSEC(OpenSystemEnvironmentforController)，中国的ONC(OpenNumericalControlSystem)等。数控系统开放化已经成为数控系统的未来之路。所谓开放式数控系统就是数控系统的开发可以在统一的运行平台上，面向机床厂家和最终用户，通过改变、增加或剪裁结构对象（数控功能），形成系列化，并可方便地将用户的特殊应用和技术诀窍集成到控制系统中，快速实现不同品种、不同档次的开放式数控系统，形成具有鲜明个性的名牌产品。目前开放式数控系统的体系结构规范、通信规范、配置规范、运行平台、数控系统功能库以及数控系统功能软件开发工具等是当前研究的核心。网络化数控装备是近两年国际著名机床博览会的一个新亮点。数控装备的网络化将极大地满足生产线、制造系统、制造企业对信息集成的需求，也是实现新的制造模式如敏捷制造、虚拟企业、全球制造的基础单元。国内外一些著名数控机床和数控系统制造公司都在近两年推出了相关的新概念和样机，如在EM2001展中，日本山崎马扎克（Mazak)公司展出的“CyberProductionCenter”（智能生产控制中心，简称CPC)；日本大隈（Okuma）机床公司展出“ITplaza”（信息技术广场，简称IT广场)；德国西门子(Siemens)公司展出的OpenManufacturingEnvironment（开放制造环境，简称OME）等，反映了数控机床加工向网络化方向发展的趋势。1.4重视新技术标准、规范的建立1.4.1关于数控系统设计开发规范如前所述，开放式数控系统有更好的通用性、柔性、适应性、扩展性，美国、欧共体和日本等国纷纷实施战略发展计划，并进行开放式体系结构数控系统规范(OMAC、OSACA、OSEC)的研究和制定，世界3个最大的经济体在短期内进行了几乎相同的科学计划和规范的制定，预示了数控技术的一个新的变革时期的来临。我国在2000年也开始进行中国的ONC数控系统的规范框架的研究和制定。 1.4.2关于数控标准数控标准是制造业信息化发展的一种趋势。数控技术诞生后的50年间的信息交换都是基于ISO6983标准，即采用G，M代码描述如何（how）加工，其本质特征是面向加工过程，显然，他已越来越不能满足现代数控技术高速发展的需要。为此，国际上正在研究和制定一种新的CNC系统标准ISO14649（STEPNC)，其目的是提供一种不依赖于具体系统的中性机制，能够描述产品整个生命周期内的统一数据模型，从而实现整个制造过程，乃至各个工业领域产品信息的标准化。STEP-NC的出现可能是数控技术领域的一次革命，对于数控技术的发展乃至整个制造业，将产生深远的影响。首先，STEP-NC提出一种崭新的制造理念，传统的制造理念中，NC加工程序都集中在单个计算机上。而在新标准下，NC程序可以分散在互联网上，这正是数控技术开放式、网络化发展的方向。其次，STEP-NC数控系统还可大大减少加工图纸（约75）、加工程序编制时间（约35）和加工时间（约50）。目前，欧美国家非常重视STEP-NC的研究，欧洲发起了STEP-NC的IMS计划(1999.1.12001.12.31)。参加这项计划的有来自欧洲和日本的20个CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC用户、厂商和学术机构。美国的STEPTools公司是全球范围内制造业数据交换软件的开发者，他已经开发了用作数控机床加工信息交换的超级模型(SuperModel)，其目标是用统一的规范描述所有加工过程。目前这种新的数据交换格式已经在配备了SIEMENS、FIDIA以及欧洲OSACA-NC数控系统的原型样机上进行了验证。2对我国数控技术及其产业发展的基本估计我国数控技术起步于1958年，近50年的发展历程大致可分为3个阶段：第一阶段从1958年到1979年，即封闭式发展阶段。在此阶段，由于国外的技术封锁和我国的基础条件的限制，数控技术的发展较为缓慢。第二阶段是在国家的“六五”、“七五”期间以及“八五”的前期，即引进技术，消化吸收，初步建立起国产化体系阶段。在此阶段，由于改革开放和国家的重视，以及研究开发环境和国际环境的改善，我国数控技术的研究、开发以及在产品的国产化方面都取得了长足的进步。第三阶段是在国家的“八五”的后期和“九五”期间，即实施产业化的研究，进入市场竞争阶段。在此阶段，我国国产数控装备的产业化取得了实质性进步。在“九五”末期，国产数控机床的国内市场占有率达50，配国产数控系统（普及型）也达到了10。纵观我国数控技术近50年的发展历程，特别是经过4个5年计划的攻关，总体来看取得了以下成绩。a.奠定了数控技术发展的基础，基本掌握了现代数控技术。我国现在已基本掌握了从数控系统、伺服驱动、数控主机、专机及其配套件的基础技术，其中大部分技术已具备进行商品化开发的基础，部分技术已商品化、产业化。b.初步形成了数控产业基地。在攻关成果和部分技术商品化的基础上，建立了诸如华中数控、航天数控等具有批量生产能力的数控系统生产厂。兰州电机厂、华中数控等一批伺服系统和伺服电机生产厂以及北京第一机床厂、济南第一机床厂等若干数控主机生产厂。这些生产厂基本形成了我国的数控产业基地。c.建立了一支数控研究、开发、管理人才的基本队伍。虽然在数控技术的研究开发以及产业化方面取得了长足的进步，但我们也要清醒地认识到，我国高端数控技术的研究开发，尤其是在产业化方面的技术水平现状与我国的现实需求还有较大的差距。虽然从纵向看我国的发展速度很快，但横向比（与国外对比）不仅技术水平有差距，在某些方面发展速度也有差距，即一些高精尖的数控装备的技术水平差距有扩大趋势。从国际上来看，对我国数控技术水平和产业化水平估计大致如下。a.技术水平上，与国外先进水平大约落后1015年，在高精尖技术方面则更大。b.产业化水平上，市场占有率低，品种覆盖率小，还没有形成规模生产；功能部件专业化生产水平及成套能力较低；外观质量相对差；可靠性不高，商品化程度不足；国产数控系统尚未建立自己的品牌效应，用户信心不足。c.可持续发展的能力上，对竞争前数控技术的研究开发、工程化能力较弱；数控技术应用领域拓展力度不强；相关标准规范的研究、制定滞后。分析存在上述差距的主要原因有以下几个方面。a.认识方面。对国产数控产业进程艰巨性、复杂性和长期性的特点认识不足；对市场的不规范、国外的封锁加扼杀、体制等困难估计不足；对我国数控技术应用水平及能力分析不够。b.体系方面。从技术的角度关注数控产业化问题的时候多，从系统的、产业链的角度综合考虑数控产业化问题的时候少；没有建立完整的高质量的配套体系、完善的培训、服务网络等支撑体系。c.机制方面。不良机制造成人才流失，又制约了技术及技术路线创新、产品创新，且制约了规划的有效实施，往往规划理想，实施困难。d.技术方面。企业在技术方面自主创新能力不强，核心技术的工程化能力不强。机床标准落后，水平较低，数控系统新标准研究不够。3对我国数控技术和产业化发展的战略思考3.1战略考虑我国是制造大国，在世界产业转移中要尽量接受前端而不是后端的转移，即要掌握先进制造核心技术，否则在新一轮国际产业结构调整中，我国制造业将进一步“空芯”。我们以资源、环境、市场为代价，交换得到的可能仅仅是世界新经济格局中的国际“加工中心”和“组装中心”，而非掌握核心技术的制造中心的地位，这样将会严重影响我国现代制造业的发展进程。我们应站在国家安全战略的高度来重视数控技术和产业问题，首先从社会安全看，因为制造业是我国就业人口最多的行业，制造业发展不仅可提高人民的生活水平，而且还可缓解我国就业的压力，保障社会的稳定；其次从国防安全看，西方发达国家把高精尖数控产品都列为国家的战略物质，对我国实现禁运和限制，“东芝事件”和“考克斯报告”就是最好的例证。3.2发展策略从我国基本国情的角度出发，以国家的战略需求和国民经济的市场需求为导向，以提高我国制造装备业综合竞争能力和产业化水平为目标，用系统的方法，选择能够主导21世纪初期我国制造装备业发展升级的关键技术以及支持产业化发展的支撑技术、配套技术作为研究开发的内容，实现制造装备业的跨跃式发展。强调市场需求为导向，即以数控终端产品为主，以整机（如量大面广的数控车床、铣床、高速高精高性能数控机床、典型数字化机械、重点行业关键设备等）带动数控产业的发展。重点解决数控系统和相关功能部件（数字化伺服系统与电机、高速电主轴系统和新型装备的附件等）的可靠性和生产规模问题。没有规模就不会有高可靠性的产品；没有规模就不会有价格低廉而富有竞争力的产品；当然，没有规模中国的数控装备最终难以有出头之日。在高精尖装备研发方面，要强调产、学、研以及最终用户的紧密结合，以“做得出、用得上、卖得掉”为目标，按国家意志实施攻关，以解决国家之急需。在竞争前数控技术方面，强调创新，强调研究开发具有自主知识产权的技术和产品，为我国数控产业、装备制造业乃至整个制造业的可持续发展奠定基础。参考文献：1中国机床工具工业协会行业发展部.CIMT2001巡礼J.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：18-20.2梁训王宣,周延佑.机床技术发展的新动向J.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(3)：21-28.3中国机床工具工业协会数控系统分会.CIMT2001巡礼J.世界制造技术与装备市场，2001(5)：13-17.4杨学桐，李冬茹，何文立，等?距世纪数控机床技术发展战略研究M.北京：国家机械工业局，2000.附录2 （外文原文）The number controls the technique and equips todevelop the trend and counterplansSummary:The synopsis introduced the world nowadays count control the trend and our countries of technique and material development number to control the present condition that equip the technique development and industries turn, discussed on this foundation under the new surrounding that our country join the WTO and open outward to turn further and deeply, develop the our country the number controls the technique and equips, exaltation our country the manufacturing industry importance of the information-based level and international competition ability, and put forward to develop the our country from two levels of strategy and strategy the number controls the technique and material of what time viewpoint. The technique level and the modernization degrees of the material industry decide the whole level of national economy and the modernization degree, the number controls the technique and materials are newly arisen and high new technique industry and sophisticated industry( such as the information technique and its industry, the living creature technique and its industry, aviationses, aerospace etc. the defence industry industry)s of developmentses to make the ability technique and the most basic materials.The mark think to have ever said various differentiation of economic ages, donted lie in to produce what, but lie in how production, use what production.Make the technique and materials are the most basic production of mankinds production data, but the number control the technique and is an advanced manufacturing technique and material to is most the technique of the core nowadays.Nowadays the international community manufacturing industry adopts the number to control the technique extensively, making the ability and levels with the exaltation, the exaltation changes the orientation ability and the competition abilities of the market to the dynamic state much.In addition in the world the flourishing nation of each industry return to control number the technique and numbers control the strategic supplies that the material lists as the nation, not only adopt the important measure to develop own number to control technique and its industries, and count to control the key technique and material in high point the aspect practices to blockade and limit the policy to the our country.In fine, develop strongly with the number controls the technique for the advanced manufacturing technique of the core has become the acceleration economy in each flourishing nation in world development, exaltation comprehensive important path of the national strength and national position. The number control technique is exercise and work to the machine with the numerical information the process carries on the control of technique, the number control the material to make the industry and newly arisen manufacturing industries to permeate the formative machine electricity integral whole to turn the product to the tradition with the new technique that the number control the technique as representative, the namely so-called numeral masquerade to have, its technique scope overlay a lot of realms:(1)The machine manufacturing technique;(2)The information processing, process, deliver the technique;(3)Automatic control technique;(4)Servo drive the technique;(5)Spread the feeling machine technique;(6)Software technique etc. 1 The number controls the technical development trend The number not only brought revolution variety for traditional manufacturing industry, make the manufacturing industry become the symbol of the industrialization, but also control the technical application along with the number control technical develop continuously and applied realm of extension, he rises to some developments of important profession( IT, automobile, light work, medical treatment.etc.) of the national policy peoples livelihood more and more important function, because big trend that the numeral of the material turns to is already the modern development that these professions need.From currently in the world count control the technique and it equips the trend of the development to see, its main research is hot the point contain following 1-4 s of a few aspect s. 1. one high speed, high processing technology of and new trend of the materials The efficiency, quantity is a forerunner to make the technical corpus.The high speed, high processing technology of can lift biggest high-efficiency, the quantity and the file times of the exaltation product, shorten to produce the period and exaltation market competition ability.Carry the technique research meeting to list as it to one of the 5 greatest moderns manufacturing technique first for this Japan, international produce the engineering academic association( CIRP) to is certain it to study one of the directions for 21 centuries of center. At the car industry realm, the year produces 300,000 production rhythms are 40s, and it is one of the point problems that the car material must resolve that many specieses process;At the aviation and the astronautics industry realms, zero partses that it process are the thin walls and thin much, just the degree is badly, the material is aluminum or the aluminum metal alloys, only under the condition that high slice to pare the speed and slice to pare the dint pimping, then can carry on process to these walls.Adopt the large and whole aluminum metal alloy 坯 to anticipate the method for fish out recently to make the large spare parts of plane wing, fuselage of airplane.etc. to act for several spare partses to pass numerous rivet, bolts and other coupling methods to put together to pack, make the strength of the piece just the degree and credibilities get the exaltation.These all put forward the high speed, high and high and gentle request towards processing the material. See from the EMO2001 exhibition meeting circumstance, the high speed process the center to enter and can amount to the 80 ms/ min for speed, even higher, the air freight go the speed and can amount to the 100 ms/ min or so.Currently many automobile factories in the world, include the G.M. company of Shanghai of the our country, have already at a high speed adopt to process the production line part that center constitute to act for to combine the tool machine.The tool machine of HyperMach of the American company of CINCINNATI enter is biggest for speed to amount to the 60 ms/ min, fast is a 100 ms/ min, the acceleration amounts to the 2 gs, the principal axis turn soon and already 60000 rses/ mins.Process one thin wall airplane spare parts, use the 30 mins only, but the spare parts of the same processes to need the 3 hs in the general high-speed miller, processing to need the 8 hs in the common miller;The principal axis speed and accelerations of a principal axis lather of the German company of DMG amount to 12* respectively!000 rs/ mm and 1 g. In the aspects of processing the accuracy, be close to 10 in the last yearses, the common series control the tool machine to process the accuracy to have already been raised to 5 ms by 10 ms, the precise class processes the center then from 3-5 ms, raise to 1-1.5 ms, and the super nicety process the accuracy to have already started enter the rice class of (0.01 ms). At the dependable sex aspect, abroad number control the MTBF value of the device already 6000 hses are above, the MTBF of the servo system the value attains the 30000 hs above, express the very high and dependable.For the sake of the realization high-speed, the high process, with it the function parts of the kit such as electricity principal axis, straight line the electrical engineering got the fast development, application realm further extension. 1.2 5 stalk move to process and reunite to process the fast development of tool machine Adopt 5 stalk moves to process to three curved face spare partses, can have the best and several shapes to carry on slice to pare with the knife, not only the clean degree is high, and the efficiency is also significant to raise.Think generally,1 set 5 efficiencies of the stalk motive bed can be equal to 2 sets 3 stalk motive beds, especially use to sign the square nitrogen to turn the etc. the super and hard material knife carries on the high-speed to pare the hard steel spare parts of ,5 stalk move to process and can compare 3 stalk to move to process the exertive higher performance.But past move number to control the reasons, such as system and the host structure complications.etc. because of 5 stalk , its price wants to compare 3 stalk to move the number to control the tool machine high number times, the plait distance technique difficulty that add compare greatly, check and supervision 5 developments of the stalk motive bed. At present because of the emergence of the electricity principal axis, make carry out a structure of compound principal axis that 5 stalk move to process greatly for simplification, it makes the difficulty and costs significant lower, the price margin that counts to control the system contract.Therefore promoted a type of compound principal axis 5 stalk motive beds and compounds process the development of the tool machine( contain 5 the noodles process the tool machine). In the EMO2001 exhibition would up, new Japanese work machine of 5 the noodles process the tool machine adoption compound principal axis head, can carry out 4 perpendicular flat surfaces to process and arbitrarily the angle process, make 5 the noodles process to process with 5 stalks can on same pedestal tool machine realization, can also carry out to tilt to one side to face and pour the bore of to process.The German DMG company exhibition DMUVoution series processes the center, can at pack to clip once 5 the noodles process to move to process with 5 stalk , can be are direct by the CNC system control or CAD/ CAM or indirect control. 1.3 The intelligence turn, the open type, network becomes main trend that counts to control the system development for the contemporary 21 centuries of number control the material and will is a system that has the certain intelligence to turn, the contents that intelligence turn include at count to control each aspect in the system:In pursuit of process the efficiency and process the intelligence of the quantity to turn, if process the process from the orientation to control, the craft parameter is automatically born;Drive the function and usages to link the convenient intelligence to turn for the exaltation, if control, the electrical engineering parameter of operate and identify the load automatically to make selection the model automatically from the orientation, from whole settle etc.;The intelligence of the simplification plait distance, the simplification operation turn, if the auto that intelligence turn plait man-machine interface etc. that distance, intelligence turn;Still have the diagnosis of the contents, convenient system that the intelligence diagnosis, intelligence supervises and control the aspect and maintain.etc. For resolve the traditional number and control the system closing and number and control applied software of industry turn to produce the existent problem.Currently many national folios put type number controls the system to carry on the research, such as the NGC( the The Next Generation Work- Station/ Machine Control), Europe of the United States OSEC( the Open System Environment for Controller) of the OSACA( the Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), Japan of the total body, the ONC( the Open Numerical Control System) of China wait.The number controls the road of the future that the system opens to turn to have already become the number to control the system.The so-called open type number controls the system is the development that the number controls the system can on the united movement terrace, face to a different from end customer, pass the change and increase or tailor the structure object( number control the function), become the series to turn, and can control the special application and the technique trade secrets of the customer gather go to in the system expediently, carry out quickly species of the tool machine factory, the different file time of open type number control the system, the formation have the famous brand product of the fresh and clear character.Currently the open type number controls the system structure norm of the system, corresponds by letter the norm, installs the norm, circulates the terrace and counts to control the system function database and numbers to control the system function software development tool etc. is the core of the current research. The network turn the number to control the material to is the international a tool machine of two years exposition a lately a little bit bright.The number controls the network of the material to turn and