外文翻译--现代汽车转向器

附录Hyundai Motor on the steering control of the request is lightweight, safe, reliable, and should have sufficient life. In order to meet these requirements, the design of the steering gear should have a reasonable transmission ratio characteristics, the correct gap eating together, a higher transmission efficiency, sufficient rigidity and strength. If the steering gear in the design is reasonable, then the product is good and bad parts of the key issues of manufacturing and assembly. How to control the quality of the product? The key problem is that a reasonable detection methods, the key to strictly control the passing rate of time, such products will be able to guarantee the quality of parts and components. First of all, the quality of shifting ASSY, should control the assembly and to ensure that turning the steering shaft torque and rotational axis and the transmission gap between components. Followed by testing the performance of steering gear, steering gear must also be adopted by all types of test-bed to verify the established angle transmission ratio, transmission efficiency, rotational torque, rigid. In addition to examination other than the above-mentioned steering performance, but also in the pilot stage of its life nuclear reliability and life expectancy that is static torsion test: a thin red hammer, hit test, fatigue life test. To determine whether the quality of the product in hand national standards. Noise from the steering angle repair cream, which is also a test method to detect and can learn from the J class machinery manufacturing industry in Chinain the past only means to recognize the importance of detection, and the lack oflack of testing and testing of the poor law awareness. So have some of the parts is a qualified products l materials, and assembly of products from the pilot test proved to be defective, or: The test can verify the quality of products and design for the steering gear (1) the accuracy of parts of the foot only, finish second, two-phase - the location of the elite Measuring the content of L steering shaft loaded journal bearings Department feet inch accuracy and smoothness, anti-worm or worm-inch accuracy, smoothness and surface hardness and magnetic for testing; steering vertical axis arm journal dimensional accuracy and smoothness, the worm wheel roller bearing of the journal center hole distance, wheel bearing and the journalhole angle from the Chinese side, the block size, finish and degree of asymmetry; circulating ball tooth-type radial fan, big-law length, journal hardness, the magnetic; browser to Min Xuan cochlear aperture wheel size precision, smoothness, tooth surface roughness, intermediate thick teeth, tooth, tooth degree of asymmetry; ball rolling circle diameter, smooth, cylindrical roller Roaddegree of accuracy and bias, raceway adjacent pitch error, cumulative error section of grass lines and sub-rack section from Rolling Road Center, rack section Road center line and the roll of injustice: line degrees; carburizing layer thickness, hardness; magnetic flaw detection; shift steering shaft shell aperture, roughness, different degree of heart; shift towards vertical axis aperture arm flying finish, different degree of heart; chaos and steering shaft steering arm hole down the center distance, steering shaft-hole axes and steering arm hole down the center line of the non-verticality (2) parts of cleanliness. Detection of the site is turning - browser shell surface and the surface parts. Detection method is to use cleaning fluid to clean parts, and then the cleaning fluid with impurities, and vacuum membrane leaching; further 120 weeks of petrol industrial solvents the membrane will be washed with impurities. To be volatile after the membrane cleaning fluid, together with the impurities from weighing, with the magnet cellophane packets are sorted in the iron impurities, said the weight of a scrap-iron. The iron filings and then 40 times on the microscope with a disability in most dogs measured particle size (length X width). (3) assembly of the leakage. Does not allow any leakage of the phenomenon of steering. Because of internal lubricants in the steering gear is used to turn parts lubricated friction pair, and if as a result of damage caused by leaking seals, lubrication will be affected, resulting in increased friction and wear parts and reduce the life span of steering gear; transmission efficiency at the same time will lower. The use of conventional vibration and temperature +40 C under the conditions of inspection, the shell and shell cap shaft oil seal joints as well as whether the spill, and water to observe whether there are leakages. (4) after a good tune steering assembly should check the technical requirements flexible and comfortable when turning the steering wheel, there is no axial gap I turn the steering wheel of the total value of the number required to turn around a few cars in line with the original request. Steering gear shift, also known as machine, machine direction, which is steering the most important parts. Its role is to: increase the spread to turn steering wheel and transmission mechanism to change the direction of power transfer. Hydraulic Steering Hydraulic steering vehicles are widely used in marine hydraulic steering and rudder. Drivers can be used through its ability to manipulate smaller shift power to achieve greater control and performance of safe, reliable, flexible manipulation, light. The manipulation of steering is hydraulic, that is in the steering column and steering wheel there is no mechanical connection between the steering gear is between the fuel tank and steering hydraulic pipes or hoses link. When turning the steering wheel, steering wheel rotation in accordance with the relative proportion of transport fuel, the fuel tank directly into the corresponding control side, while the other side of the oil back to tank. BZZ steering is a switch-type full-hydraulic steering valve with the following characteristics: the elimination of mechanical linkage device, the host can reduce costs, provide a reliable, lightweight structures, manipulation of a flexible lightweight, safe, reliable, and can be very small continuous torque stepless control of rotation, provided to the control loop, as well as a wide range of host size choice, able to shift and a variety of pumps and hydraulic supply system. Steering by the structure can be divided into many types. History, there have been many forms of steering, there is currently more commonly used rack and pinion, worm means crank pins, recycling the ball - rack fan gear type, recycling the ball crank pins means, such as worm-type wheel. The second, fourth, respectively, is the first, the third form of the deformation, and the worm wheel is even more rare type. If the form in accordance with assistance, but also can be divided into mechanical (no help), and power-style (with help) two types of power steering which can be divided into pressure and motivation, hydraulic-power, electric power-type, electro-hydraulic power types of blocks. 1) It is a rack and pinion of steering one of the most common. The basic structure is a pair of mutually meshing rack and pinion. Pinion steering drive shaft rotates, rack linear motion would be done. In some cases, directly driven by the rack cross-bar, you can make of steering wheel shift. So, this is one of the most simple steering. Its advantage is simple structure, low-cost, steering sensitivity, small size, can be directly cross-link. In widely used vehicle. It is a worm for the active parts, crank pin for the steering gear follower. Worm has a trapezoidal thread, referring to a finger-shaped pin with tapered bearings in the crank bearings, the crank shaft and the shift into one arm. Shifted through steering wheel rotating worm, helical worm embedded in the cone-shaped slot means the marketing side of the rotation, the side rocker shaft to do around the shifted arc movement, thereby stimulating and steering crank arm swing down and then turning to make shift transmission wheel deflection. This steering is usually used to turn power on a larger truck. Circulating ball-type: This device is turned by the gear mechanism from the steering wheel to slow down the rotation of power, so that the rotation of steering wheel movement into rotary movement of the turbine worm, ball screw and nut holding the ball engagement, which Ball screw linear motion into rotary movement, with the fan-shaped nut meshing gears, linear motion into rotary movement again to shake the rod arm, link arm moving again so that even the bar and cross bar to do a straight-line movement to change the wheels direction. This is a classical institutions, most modern cars no longer have to use, but the way was the latest by the application of power steering device. It is equivalent to the principle use of nuts and bolts in the rotation process of relative movement, and in between the thread and thread the ball into the folder to reduce the resistance, all the ball, both connected in a closed loop of the spiral curve rolling ball club is named after the cycle. Hydraulic rack and pinion steering gear is relative to the case of rack and pinion steering gear machinery, mainly to increase the steering pump, steering oiler, steering pipeline, steering valve, steering components, such as fuel tanks, with a view to improve the pilot hand, the purpose of increasing power steering of the steering device. After 10 years of internal development, has become a mature R & D and manufacturing technology manufacturers have Yubei Koyo Steering Gear Co., Ltd. and other enterprises. 1 With the rapid development of automobile industry, as well as for comfort, safety and continuous improvement in performance, steering systems are also changing with the advance of technology. For the time being, electric power steering system is turning the forefront of the industry research projects, in accordance with its distribution of the form of string can be divided into power, gear Power, power rack, power bar, the form of electro-hydraulic power. Ago in some sci-fi movies of the unmanned aircraft can occur, such as unmanned aerial vehicle is now a reality, steering systems are moving in the direction of the development of more advanced, such as research and development from Japan JTEKT advanced by the steer-by-wire systems. In this paper, choice-based recycling the ball GX1608A gear - steering rack as a research topic, its main contents are: knowledge of automotive steering gear, ball-type steering gear cycle of the main parameters and design choices. Design also includes the shift rocker shaft, involute spline, fan gear shaft and screw shaft design and verification. According to its own independent study completed by the steering shaft and screw shaft rocker design and verification, in other parts of the network, as well as through the school library to collect relevant information and fax to the future, in the papers have used information the mark. The design has been through a total of about 16 Chinese and foreign-related literature, and learn from the relevant parts of which the essence of the final design of the times. Because of its limited ability to learn and, I urge teachers and experts have pointed out that less than one.现代汽车对转向器的要求是操纵轻便，安全、可靠，并应具有足够的使用寿命。为了满足上述要求，在转向器设计上应具有合理的传动比特性，正确的啃合间隙，较高的传动效率，足够的刚性和强度。如果转向器在设计上是合理的，那么决定产品好坏的关键问题就是零部件的制造和装配。如何控制产品的质量?关键问题在于合理的检测方法，严格控制关键项次的合格率，这样就能保证产品零部件的质量。首先转向器总成的质量，应在装配时控制并保证转向轴的转向力矩和转动轴与被传动部件之间的问隙。其次检测转向器的性能，还必须通过各类转向器试验台来验证立的角传动比、传动效率、转动力矩、刚性。除考核上述转向器性能指标以外，还应在，试验台上寿核它的可靠性和寿命即静扭试验：薄锤冲、击试验、疲劳寿命试验。可以确定产品的质量是否合手国家标准。从转向嚣修理的角度来霜，这些检测和试验方法也是可以借鉴的J我国班机械制造行业中，过去仅仅认识到检测手段的重要性，而缺乏对试验和试验穷法的认识。所以造成一些产品的零件是合格l品，而装配出来的产品通过检验或者试验证明是次品：通过试验可以验证产品的好坏，并可以为转向器的设计 (1)零件的尺才精度、光洁度二相二是-位置精度检测内容L转向器轴装轴承处的轴颈尺寸精度和光洁度，蜗杆或蜗杆的反寸精度、光洁度和表面硬度与磁为探伤；转向器垂臂轴轴颈尺寸精度和光洁度，蜗杆滚轮式的滚轮轴承孔到轴颈中心的距离，滚轮轴承孔与轴颈中必夹角，开挡尺寸，光洁度和不对称度；循环球式的扇齿径向跳动，大端公法线长度，轴颈硬度，磁力探伤了；转闽器蜗轩滚轮的孔径尺寸精度，光洁度，齿面光洁度，中间齿齿厚，齿形，齿形不对称度；循环球式滚道直径、光洁度，滚道圆柱准确度及偏差、滚道相邻节距误差、节草累积误差子齿条节线与滚道中心距，齿条节线与滚道中心的不平：行度；渗碳层厚度、硬度；磁力探伤；转向器壳转向轴孔径，光洁度、不同心度；转向轴转向垂臂孔径飞光洁度、不同心度；转向轴乱与转向垂臂孔中心距，转向轴孔与转向垂臂轴孔中心线的不垂直度 (2)零件的清洁度。检测部位是转向-器壳内表面及零件表面。检测方法是将零件用清洗液清洗，然后将带有杂质的清洗液，用滤膜进行真空抽滤；再周120号工业溶剂汽油将带有杂质的滤膜洗净。待清洗液挥发后将滤膜连同杂质起称重，用包有玻璃纸的磁铁分拣杂质中的铁屑，称得铁屑重量。了然后将铁屑放在40倍以士的显微镜上测出最犬颗粒尺寸(长X宽)。 (3)总成的渗漏。转向器不允许有渗漏现象。因为在转向器内部的润滑油是用来润滑转向部件摩擦副的，如果由于密封件损坏造成渗漏，就会影响润滑，从而导致摩擦零件加剧磨损，降低转向器的寿命；同时传动效率也会降低。 利用常规震动和+40C加温条件下检查，壳体和壳盖接合面处以及转轴油封处是否漏油，同时浸水，观察有否渗水现象。 (4)转向器调好后应检查总成的技术要求时方向盘转动灵活自如，没有轴向间隙I方向盘的总转数符合规定值，向左右的转数也符合原车要求。转向器又名转向机、方向机，它是转向系中最重要的部件。它的作用是：增大转向盘传到转向传动机构的力和改变力的传递方向。全液压转向器 全液压转向器广泛应用于车辆转向和船舶液压舵。驾驶人员通过它可以用较小的操纵力实现较大的转向力控制，并且在性能上安全、可靠、操纵上灵活、轻便。转向器的操纵是全液压式，也就是说在转向柱和转向轮之间没有机械连接，在转向器与转向油缸之间是液压管或软管链接。当转动方向盘，转向器根据方向盘转动比例输送相对的油量，该油量直接流到操纵缸相应一侧，同时另一侧的油量回到油箱。BZZ转向器是一种转阀式全液压转向器，具有以下特点：消除机械式联动装置，可以降低主机成本，提供可靠轻便的结构，操纵灵活轻便，安全可靠，可以很小的力矩进行连续无级控制转动，提供给控制回路以及主机尺寸广泛的选择面，能和多种转向油泵及液压供应系统连接。 转向器按结构形式可分为多种类型。历史上曾出现过许多种形式的转向器，目前较常用的有齿轮齿条式、蜗杆曲柄指销式、循环球-齿条齿扇式、循环球曲柄指销式、蜗杆滚轮式等。其中第二、第四种分别是第一、第三种的变形形式，而蜗杆滚轮式则更少见。如果按照助力形式，又可以分为机械式（无助力），和动力式（有助力）两种，其中动力转向器又可以分为气压动力式、液压动力式、电动助力式、电液助力式等种类。 1）齿轮齿条式它是一种最常见的转向器。其基本结构是一对相互啮合的小齿轮和齿条。转向轴带动小齿轮旋转时，齿条便做直线运动。有时，靠齿条来直接带动横拉杆，就可使转向轮转向。所以，这是一种最简单的转向器。它的优点是结构简单，成本低廉，转向灵敏，体积小，可以直接带动横拉杆。在汽车上得到广泛应用。它是以蜗杆为主动件，曲柄销为从动件的转向器。蜗杆具有梯形螺纹，手指状的锥形指销用轴承支承在曲柄上，曲柄与转向摇臂轴制成一体。转向时，通过转向盘转动蜗杆、嵌于蜗杆螺旋槽中的锥形指销一边自转，一边绕转向摇臂轴做圆弧运动，从而带动曲柄和转向垂臂摆动，再通过转向传动机构使转向轮偏转。这种转向器通常用于转向力较大的载货汽车上。循环球式：这种转向装置是由齿轮机构将来自转向盘的旋转力进行减速，使转向盘的旋转运动变为涡轮蜗杆的旋转运动，滚珠螺杆和螺母夹着钢球啮合，因而滚珠螺杆的旋转运动变为直线运动，螺母再与扇形齿轮啮合，直线运动再次变为旋转运动，使连杆臂摇动，连杆臂再使连动拉杆和横拉杆做直线运动，改变车轮的方向。 这是一种古典的机构，现代轿车已大多不再使用，但又被最新方式的助力转向装置所应用。它的原理相当于利用了螺母与螺栓在旋转过程中产生的相对移动，而在螺纹与螺纹之间夹入了钢球以减小阻力，所有钢球在一个首尾相连的封闭的螺旋曲线内循环滚动，循环球式故而得名。齿轮齿条液压助力转向器，是相对于齿轮齿条机械转向器而言的，主要是增加了转向油泵、转向油壶、转向油管、转向阀、转向油缸等部件，以期达到改善驾驶员手感，增加转向助力的目的的转向装置。国内经过10多年来的发展，已经形成成熟的研发和制造技术的厂家有豫北光洋转向器有限公司等企业。1 随着汽车工业的飞速发展以及人们对于舒适、安全性能要求的不断提高，转向系统也随着科技的发展日新月异。就目前而言，电动助力转向系统是转向行业前沿研究项目，按照其布局形式，可以分为管柱助力、齿轮助力、齿条助力、拉杆助力、电液助力等形式。以前在一些科幻电影中才能出现的无人飞机、无人驾驶汽车等现在已经成为现实，转向系统也在朝着更加先进的方向发展，比如由日本JTEKT研究开发出来的先进线控转向系统等。 本文选择GX1608A型循环球齿轮-齿条式转向器作为研究课题，其主要内容有：汽车转向器相关知识，循环球式转向器的主要参数选择及其设计。设计部分还包括转向摇臂轴，渐开线花键，扇形齿轮轴以及螺杆轴的设计与校核。根据自身所学独立完成了转向摇臂轴和螺杆轴的设计与校核，其他部分是通过网络以及学校图书馆的搜集相关资料和图文以后做出的，在论文中用到的资料都有所标注。