外文翻译--什么是液压

附 录1什么是液压？一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、无件和液压油。动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液压体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。执行元件（如液压缸和液压马达）的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。控制元件（即各种液压阀）在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为溢流阀、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整法、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、液位液温计等。液压油是系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。液压的原理,它是由两个大小不同的液压缸组成的，在液压缸里充满水或油。充水的叫“水压机”；充油的叫做“油压机”。两个液压缸里各有一个可以滑动的活塞，如果在小活塞上加一定值的压力，根据帕斯卡定律，小活塞将这一压力通过液体的压强传递给大活塞，将大活塞顶上去。设小活塞的横截面积是S1，加在小活塞上的向下的压力是F1。于是，小活塞对液体的压强为P=F1/S1，能够大小不变地被液体向各个方向传递。大洪塞所受到的压强必然也等于P。若大活塞的横截面积是S2，压强P在大活塞上所产生的向上的压力F2=PxS2截面积是小活塞横截面积的倍数。从上式知，在小活塞上加一较小的力，则在大活塞上会得到很大的力，为此用液压机来压制胶合板、榨油、提取重物、锻压钢材等。液压传动的发展史,液压传动和气压传动成为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年因果约瑟夫布拉曼，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。第一次世界大战后液压传动广泛应用，特别是1920年以后，发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在19世纪末20世纪初的20年间，才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925年维克斯发明了压力平衡式叶片泵，为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究；1910年对液力传动方面的贡献，使这两方面领域得到了发展。第二次世界大战期间，在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出，日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近20多年。在1955年前后，日本迅速发展液压传动，1956年成立了“液压工业会”。近2030年间，日本液压传动发展之快，居世界领先地位。液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。液压技术作为实现现代传动与控制的关键基础技术之一，已成为工业机械、工程建设机械及国际尖端产品不可缺少的重要技术基础。是它们向自动化、高精度、高效率、高速度、小型化、轻量化方向发展的关键技术。世界工业发达国家都将液压工业列为竞争发展的行业，其发展速度远高于机械工业的发展速度。液压元件及其控制已发展成为综合的液压工程技术。机械制造是为国民经济各部门和自身技术改造提供先进技术装备的工业部门。铸造、锻压、焊接、热处理、及切削等是机械制造工业获取毛坯、成形产品及提高零件机械性能的重要生产方法，在众多金属冷、热加工机器设备中普遍使用液压技术，其中压力机和金属切削机床是应用液压技术较早较广的领域。在车、铣、刨、磨、钻各类液压机床中，主要利用液压技术可在较宽范围内进行无级调速，具有良好的换向及换接性能，易于实现工作循环等优点，完成工件及刀具的夹紧、控制进给速度和驱动主轴作业，尽管现代数控机床、加工中心等先进制造设备中采用电伺服系统，但采用液压传动与控制仍然是现代金属切削机床自动化的重要途径。在锻造机、液压机、折弯机、剪切机等压力加工设备中，主要利用液压传动传递力较大、便于压力调节控制和过载保护的特点，进行下料、成形加工等作业。铸造、锻压、焊接、热处理等机器设备的生产作业环境极为恶劣，温度高、粉尘多、湿度大、有腐蚀性气体、振动噪声大。因此要求机器要有良好的适应性、可靠性和维护性。在造型机及浇铸机、焊接机、淬火机等铸造、焊接及热处理机器设备中，主要利用液压技术便于无级调速和远距离遥控作业等特点，进行造型及铸型输送与浇铸、高温零件抓取等作业，以减轻劳动者劳动强度、避免和减少热辐射和有害气体对人身的侵袭并提高生产率。液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械、船头门等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。各种规格的钢丝绳广泛应用于工业领域。无论吊装，运输，远洋船舶，矿山和威尔斯，港口和码头或各种起重机械，大量的钢丝绳是必要的。随着工业的不断发展，使用和消耗量不断增加。然而，钢丝绳应在一定的长度和安装使用绳索护套。因此，钢丝绳套压并成为重要的机械。钢丝绳套机公司生产的产品具有以下特点和优势：1。组合式横梁采用压力机，具有巨大的界面模量和能承受巨大的弯曲力矩，保证新闻的强度和刚度。2。最小的上、下横梁的弯曲力矩，横梁跨度的设计已最小化，优化了压应力和压缩结构，节约钢材，达到科学匹配。3。为绳套压力机吨位大，我们采用大单位工作压力的液压系统中，我们认真的设计。例如，对于按1000吨以上，我们采用单位压力55MPa，既压缩机的结构也节省了大量的钢材，同时，使用更方便。4。恒功率系统是用于中、小吨位钢丝绳套压力机液压系统，这不仅最大限度地减少了负载功率（由于较小的角功率）而且节省功率以实现合理用电。对钢丝绳套压力机吨位大，我们使用一个系统的高和低的压力，速度快，可用于低压和高压合理的速度达到了。5。对于大吨位压机，液压冲击时会发生减压由于液压缸和高单位压力大直径。我们使用特殊的技术措施，为液压系统在高压和低压之间的切换过程中消除液压冲击，因此，安全和可靠的操作就可以实现。6。在液压系统中大的流量，我们使用旋塞阀，液填充阀等液压元件以实现大流量。7。以工人的新闻操作方便，按操作空间，前后和上下模具的安装工作台宽度设置很合理。附 录2What is Hydraulic?A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive of the mechanical energy into hydraulic body pressure energy, the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. Structure of hydraulic pumps generally have the gear pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic motor) is the role of the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load, the linear reciprocating or rotary motion. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the pressure control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valve is divided into overflow valve, relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting method, shunt valve; directional control valve includes a one-way valve, check valve, reversing valve, etc. Under the control of different ways, hydraulic valves can be divided into the switch control valve, control valve and proportional control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauges, liquid level and temperature meter. Hydraulic oil is a medium energy transfer in the system, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion, hydraulic oil and other categories.Hydraulic principle,It is composed of a hydraulic cylinder two different sizes, with water or oil in the hydraulic cylinder. Water is called hydraulic press; called hydraulic machine oil. The two hydraulic cylinders, each with a piston sliding, if a certain value in the small piston on the pressure, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure to the piston through the liquid pressure, the piston crown. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. So, a small piston on the liquid pressure is p=F1/S1, can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. Pressure Da Hong plug are also equal to P. If the cross sectional area of piston is S2, the pressure generated by the P on the piston in the pressure F2=PxS2 cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known, a small forces on the piston, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil extraction, weight, such as forging steel.History of the development of hydraulic,Hydraulic and pneumatic transmission become fluid drive, is a new technology put forward according to the seventeenth Century Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of causality, 1795 Joseph Braman, in London water as working medium, to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be changed to oil and water, and further improved. Widely used after the first World War, hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late nineteenth Century and early twentieth Century about 20 years, only started to enter the formal production stage. In 1925 Vickers invented the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. At the beginning of twentieth Century Constantine Ennis grams of fluctuation of energy transfer theory and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission contributions, so that these two areas of development.During the Second World War, 30% application of hydraulic drive in America machine. It should be pointed out, the national development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States, nearly 20 years later. In 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic transmission, in 1956 established the hydraulic industry. In recent years 2030, development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a leading position in the world.There are many outstanding advantages, so it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastic processing machinery, pressure machine, machine tool; walking machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobile and so on; iron and steel industry with the metallurgical machinery, lifting device; the floodgates and dams, river bed lifting device device, bridge engineering with the manipulation mechanism; power plant turbine speed control device, a nuclear power plant and so on; with the ships deck crane, the bow door; giant antenna control device, special techniques for measuring buoy, lifting and rotating stage; military industrial gun control device, ship anti rolling device simulation of aircraft, aircraft, landing gear device and the rudder control device.The wire ropes with various specifications are widely used in the industrial fields. Regardless of lifting, transportation, deep-sea ship, mines and wells, seaport and dock or various hoisting machinery, a large number of wire ropes are needed. With the unceasing development of the industry, the use amount and consumption increase continuously. However, the wire ropes should be made in certain length and fitted with rope sheaths for use. So, the wire rope sheath press was introduced and became important machinery. The wire rope sheath presses produced by our company have the following features and advantages: 1. Combination type crossbeam is adopted for the press, which has enormous interface modulus and can bear giant bending torque and ensure the strength and rigidity of the press. 2.To minimize the bending torque of the upper and lower crossbeams, the crossbeam span have been minimized in the design, which optimizes the pressing stress and compacts the structure, and saves steel material and have reached the scientific matching. 3.For rope sheath press with large tonnage, we use big unit working pressure in the hydraulic system by our conscientious design. For example, for the presses with 1000 tons and above, the unit pressure adopted by us is 55Mpa, which not only compacts the press structure but also saves large amount of steel material, meanwhile, the use is more convenient. 4.Constant power system is used for the hydraulic system of wire rope sheath press with middle and low tonnage, which not only minimizes the loading power (due to smaller angular power) but also saves power in order to realize the reasonable power using. For the wire rope sheath press with large tonnage, we use a system with both high and low pressure so that fast speed can be achieved for low pressure and reasonable speed for high pressure. 5.For press with large tonnage, hydraulic shock will occur when depressurizing due to the large diameter of the hydraulic cylinder and high unit pressure. We use special technical measures for the hydraulic system in order to get rid of the hydraulic shock in the process of switching between high and low pressure, thus safe and reliable operation can be achieved. 6.In the hydraulic system with big flow rate, we use plug valve, liquid filled valve and other hydraulic elements in order to realize big flowing capacity. 7.In order to ensure the convenient operation of the press by the workers, the operation space of press, the width of work table from front to rear and the installation of upper and lower molds are arranged very reasonable.7