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附录英 文Machine design process The machine is the organization with other components combinations,transforms，the transmission or using the energ，the strength or the movementexample for the beneficial use has the enginethe turbine wheel，the vehiclesthe hoist，the printer，the washer and the movie camera Many is suitable tbr themachine design principle and the strength law also is suitable to is not thegenuine machine finished productthe driven wheel hub and the file cabinet tothe measuring appl iance and the nuclear pressure vessel”Machine designt thisterminology compared to”machine design”more generalized，it includingmachine designBut regarding certain instruments1ike uses to determine hot，the mobile line and the volume thermal energy as well as the fluid aspectquestion needs alone to considerBut when machine design must consider themovement and the structure aspect question as well as preserved and the sealstipulationIn the mechanical engineering domain and all that project domainapplication machine design，all need such as mechanism and so on the svdtch,cam，valve，vessel and mixer The design beginning tO being true or the imagination needThe existinginstrument possibly needs in the durability，the efficiency，the weight，the speedor the cost performs to improvehe possible need new instrument tO completebefore made the function by the person1ike t was abundant Assembly ormaintenanceAfter the goal completely or partially determines，the design nextstep is the idea carl complete needs the ffmction the organization and its thearrangement for this，the free hand drawing schematic diagram value isenormous，it not only takes a person idea the recording and the auxiliarymethodwhich if the other people discusses，moreover especially is suitable for with ownidea exchange，also needs to concern as the creative mentality stimulant to thepart widespread knowledge，because a new machine frequently by knew verywell each kind of components rearrange or the replace become，perhaps changedthe size and the materialRegardless of after idea process or，a designer callcarry on fast either the sketchy computation or the analysis determines thegeneral size and the feasibilityAfter about need or may use the spatial meteidea determination，may start according to the proportion picture schematicdiagram When several components approximate shapes and several sizes come out，the analysis was allowed truly to startThe analysis goal lies in enable it to havesatisfying or the superior performance，as well as will seek the best proportionand the size under the smallest weight security and the durability and thecompetitive cost designer for each essential load bearing section，as well asseveral components intensities balance then choice material and processingmethodThese important goals only have through only then may obtain basedon the mechanism analysis，like about reacting force and friction most superioruse principie of statics；About inertia，acceleration and energy principle ofdynamics：About stress and deflection material elasticity and intensity principle；About material physical behavior principle；About lubrication and water poweractuation hydromechanics principleThe analysis may identical engineer whicharranges by the idea machinery do，or makes the analysis in the big company bythe independent analysis department or the research group the result，possibleneed new arrangement and new sizeNo matter is officially does or unofficialdoes，supposes Japan is relapse and the cooperation processthe analysis staffmay play the role to all stages but not merely is he stage. Some design criteria In this part，some people suggested carries on the analysis using thecreative manner，this kind of analysis may cause the significant improvement aswell as to the spare product idea and the consummation，the product functionmoremore economical，is perhaps more durable The creation stage does notneed is at first and the independent stageAlttlough the analysis staff possiblycertainlv is not responsible for the entire design，but he not meyely is can fromthe numeral proposc wants question correct answer which he soIVes，not merelyis Droduces the stress value，the size or the work limit. He may propose a morewidespread opinion，in order to improvement standard or plan. Because beforethe analysis or in the analysis process，he can familiar install and its the workingconditionhe is in an idea to prepare chooses the plan the rantage PoinlBest hecan propose the suggestion transfigure eliminates the moment of force or thestress concentration，but was not the permission constructs has the blg sectlonand the excessively many dynamic loads organization should better be hediscards his careful desi；n but is not afterwards saw the machinery discarded. In order to stimulate the creative thought，below suggested designs the personnel and the analysis staff uses the criterion. The first 6 criteria especially are suitable for the analysis staff,although he possibly involves to possesses this l o items. 1Creatively the use needs the physical performance and the control does not need 2Knows the practical load and its the importance. 3D00s not consider the function load in advance. 4Invents the more advantageous loading environment. 5Provides the minimurn weight the most advantageous stress distribution and the rigidity 6uses the fundamental equation computation proportion and causes the size optimization 7The selection material obtains the perlbrmance combination 8In between spare parts and integrated components carefid choice 9Revisions functional design adapts the production process and reduces thecost 10In the consideration assembly causes the part pintpointing and mutuallydoes not disturb Designs the personnel to have in such domain，like the statics，theinematics，dynamics and the materials mechanics have the goodaccomplishment，in additionbut also must familiar make the material and themanufacture craftDesigns the personnel to have to be able to combine allcollrelations the fact，carries on teaches Weithe manufacture schematic diagramand the charting comes the manufacture request totransmit the workshop Any product design one of first step of work is the choice uses in to makeeach part the materialToday design personnel may obtain innumerablyWhenchoice，the product function，the outward appearance，the material cost and theproduction cost very are all importantBefore any computation must carefullyappraise the material the performanceIt is the necessary careful computation toguarantee the design the validity The computation ever does not appear on thechart，but is saved by ten each kind of reasonOnce any part expires，had makeclear when is designing at first this had the flaw the components has made any；Moreover，。from was allowed to obtain all experience document to the pastproject computation inWhen needs to be similar when design，the past recordcould have the enormous help When in the chart has not assigned the accurate size，the majorityorganization all has is suitable for the size general common differenceRegarding the finishing sizethe general common difference possibly is士O5 themillimeterTherefore，is assigned is 15.0 millimeters sizes scopes may be l4.5millimeters to 15.5 millimeters betweenOther general common differencesmaybe suitable for like the angle，the drill hole and jetting，the casting，the forging，the welded joint and weld situation and so on angleWhen gives componentsassigns the common difference，may refer to before chart or general projectpracticeThe typical common difference is assigned for martiallooking tobecome the scope which the JSO standard definesAssigns the commondifference regarding，for instance H7s6，regarding the components size whichstudies is having a group tO be possible to use with the graph correspondencevalueUnder this section will produce about installs aperture in axis or thecylindrical coordinate concrete example The preliminary design produces satisfiedly assigns the demand thesolutionThe preliminary design may represent the composition overall systemall subsystems and the spare part sum totalIon and Smith for by a series ofform the preliminary design description a relapse process which is composedwith the appraisal stage，various stages gather the solution which forms in thesame placeIn the repeatedly each stage，the idea is more detailed，may a morecomprehensive appraisal After has had the idea and the ideanext steP is carries on the appraisal andthe choice best idea l appraisal method to them is the use tabulates the matrixThe matrix is composedthe idea by a series of criteria to have to draw supportfrom them to hit the minuteIf is appropriate，the criterion importance may theweightin9，the most suitable idea be able to have the maximum total scoreThismethod provided organizations appraisal technologyindividual which moreover caused in the team to be very difficult to carry out they unreasonableidea Has had the preliminary solution，next step expresses them，in order to theycan with all involve the system design process the person exchanges in fact，thisstep may use the plan schematic diagram or the threedimensional model tbrm，also but the physical model also but the computer produces modelAftercompletes to the general diagram oneself and carries on calculates determinedwhen solution regarding product design standard compatibility，the detailingstage foundation has established中文机械设计过程机器是机构与其他零件的组合，为了有益的用途而转换、传递或利用能量、力、或者运动实例有发动机、涡轮、车辆、卷扬机、印刷机、洗衣机和电影摄影机。许多适用于机器设计的原理和力法也适用于不是真正机器的制成品，从轮毂盖和档案橱柜到仪表和核压力容器。“机械设计”这一术语比“机器设计”更为广义，它包括机器设计。而对于某些仪器，如果以确定热、流动线路和体积的热力以及流体方面的问题要单独考虑。但是，在机械设计是要考虑运动和结构方面的问题以及保存和封装的规定。在机械工程领域以及其他工程领域应用机械设计，都需要诸如开关、凸轮、阀门、容器和搅拌器等机械装置。 设计始于真正的或想象的需要。现有的仪器可能需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度或成本上加以改进。可能需要新的仪器来完成以前由人做的功能，如生产、装配或保养。目标全部或部分地确定后，设计的下一步就是构思能够完成所需功能的机构及其布置，为此，徒手画草图价值极大，它不但作为一个人想法的记录和与其他人讨论的辅助手段，而且尤其适用于与自己的想法交流，作为创造性思路的兴奋剂还需要有关部件的广泛知识，因为一台机器常常由熟知的各类零件重新安排或替换而成，也许改变了尺寸和材料。无论在构思过程还中还是之后，一个设计者都会进行快速或粗略的计算或分析以确定一般尺寸和可行性。当这些关于所需或可用空间量的想法确定后，可以开始按比例画草图。当几个零件的大致形状和几个尺寸出来后，分析就可以真正的开始了。分析的目的在于使其具有令人满意的或者优越的性能，以及在最小重量下的安全性和耐用比和有竞争力的成本设计师将为每一个关键的承载截面寻找最佳的比例和尺寸，以及几个零件强度的平衡然后选择材料和处理方法。这些重要的目标只有通过机械原理的分析才可以得到，如关于反作用力和摩擦的最优利用的静力学原理；关于惯性、加速度和能量的动力学原理；关于应力和挠度的材料的弹性和强度原理；关于材料的物理行为原理；关于润滑和水力驱动的流体力学原理。分析可以由构思机械安排的同一个工程师来做，或者在大公司里由独立的分析部门或研究组来做分析的结果，可能需要新的安排和新的尺寸。不管是正式做的或非正式做的，设计师一个反复和合作的过程，分析人员可以对所有阶段起作用而不仅仅是他自己的阶段。一些设计准则在这一部分，有人建议运用创造性的态度进行的分析，这种分析可以引起重大改进以及对备用产品的构思和完善，也许产品功能更多、更经济、更耐用。创造阶段无需是最初和独立的的阶段。虽然分析人员可能并不负责整个设计，但是他不仅仅是能从数字上提出要他解决的问题的正确答案不仅仅是给出应力值、尺寸或者工作限制。他可以提出更广泛的见解，以便改进规范或方案。由于分析前或分析过程中，他会熟悉装置及其工作条件他就处于一个构思备选方案的有利位置，最好他能提出建议改变形状来消除力矩或应力集中，而不是允许构建具有大截面和过多的动态载荷的机构最好是他报废他的细致的设计而不是后来看到的机械报废。为了激发创造性思维，建议设计人员和分析人员使用以下准则。前六项准则尤其适用于分析人员，虽然他可能涉及到所有这十项。1创造性的利用所需的物理性能并控制不需要的。2认识实用载荷及其重要性。3预先考虑没有作用的载荷。4发明更有利的加载条件。5提供最小重量的最有利的应力分布和刚性。6用基本方程计算比例并使尺寸最优化。7选取材料以获得性能组合。8在备件和集成零件间仔细选择。9修改功能设计一适应生产过程和降低成本。10考虑装配中使部件精确定位和互不干扰。整个机械设计是一个复杂的过程，设计人员必须在这样的领域，如静立学、运动学、动力学和材料力学具有良好的素养，此外，还必须熟悉制造材料和制造工艺。设计人员必须能够组合所有相关的事实，进行构思、制作草图和制图来把制造要求传递到车间。任何一个产品设计的第一步工作是在选择用于制造每个部件的材料，今天的设计人员可以得到无数的。在选择时，产品的功能，外观，材料成本和生产成本非常都是非常重要。在任何计算之前都必须仔细评估材料的性能.有必要的仔细计算，以保证设计的有效性，计算从不出现在图上，而是由于各种原因被保存起来.一但任何一个部件失效，就要弄清楚在最初设计这个有缺陷的零件时做了什么；此外 。从对过去的项目的计算中可以获得一份经验当需要类似的设计时过去的记录可能会产生极大的帮助。 初步设计产生满足指定需求的解决方案。初步设计可以代表组成整个系统的所有子系统和零部件的总和。 产生了想法和构思后，下一步就是对他们进行评估并选择最佳构思。一种方法是使用列表矩阵。矩阵由一系列准则组成。构思必须借助它们打分。如果合适，准则的重要性可以加权，最合适的构思会具有最高总分。这一方法提供了组织的评估技术，而且使团队内的的个人很难推行他们自己的不合理的想法。产生了初步的解决方案，下一步就是表达它们，以便它们能与所有涉及总体设计过程的人交流，实际上，这一步可采用绘制草图和三维模型的形式，既可以是物理模型也可以是计算机生成的模型。到总草图已经完成并进行计算来确定解决方案对于产品设计规范的兼容性时，细节设计阶段的基础就已建立起来了。
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