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外文资料Key technologies of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press IntroductionModern heavy die forging hydraulic press is 100MN above the basic tonnage of hydraulic press, the current development environment, the application of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press industry for the electric power, shipbuilding and aerospace industry, and other applications. Modern heavy die forging hydraulic press is an important equipment in the production and application of heavy industrial products in our country. Study of Europe and the United States and other developed countries in the modern heavy die forging hydraulic press has made considerable development, and China modern heavy die forging hydraulic press related research started late, little research on technology of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press, with heavy die forging hydraulic machine technology progress and China of modern technology of heavy die forging hydraulic press attention, level of application and practice of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press rising, in this paper, the key technologies of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press of1 development of heavy die forging hydraulic pressWith heavy die forging hydraulic press pressure, large tonnage, heavy die forging hydraulic machine technology development first began in the thirties of the last century, Germany the earliest start of heavy die forging hydraulic press technology development and application, heavy die forging hydraulic press used in aviation manufacturing, and the construction of the three sets of about and a 300MN die forging hydraulic machine. After the Second World War, the United States launched a study of heavy die forging hydraulic press, on the basis of German aircraft structure analysis, to further increase the heavy die forging hydraulic machine is used in the scope and depth of the aviation industry, and in the German heavy hydraulic press technology research based on, the construction of the 750MN about heavy die forging hydraulic machine 16. Europe began to attach importance to the development of the aviation industry, after the end of World War II Germany and Britain also began the construction of heavy die forging hydraulic press, started in the construction of heavy die forging hydraulic press, the construction of heavy die forging hydraulic press continued until the 21st century. The United States from 2000 began to establish a 40MN heavy die forging hydraulic press. Thus developed countries in Europe and the United States of heavy die forging hydraulic machine technology development very seriously, and pay more attention to the research and manufacturing of heavy die forging hydraulic press equipment, innovative technology, development of new heavy industry and promote the heavy die forging hydraulic machine manufacturing level of ascension. In the late sixtys of last century, our country began the construction of heavy die forging hydraulic press. Then, the heavy die forging hydraulic press of 650MN is studied. Although a lot of technology is in the laboratory research stage, but these technologies are also widely used in many fields, and achieved good results.Due to human factors caused by the manufacturing process of material is not reasonable, can effectively improve the bearing capacity in a certain level of oil pressure, increase the heavy die forging hydraulic press of wall thickness, we must adopt a new structure model. In the design process of the complete heavy die forging hydraulic press, the traditional non full cylinder bottom model structure design is eliminated, and the embedded type is adopted to avoid the wall thickness change caused by stress concentration. The cylinder at the bottom of the cylinder is embedded in the bottom of the heavy die forging hydraulic press, and the seal is reliable by the bolt connection and the high pressure oil. The design of prestressed structure should be used in order to improve the overall carrying capacity of the system. Heavy die forging hydraulic press used prestressed steel wire winding technology and the ultra-high pressure hydraulic technology, and in various industries, should be to the production of plate punching forming hydraulic press and heavy ceramic brick press, and the mass production and achieved good results. Due to the large load of heavy die forging hydraulic press, large structural strength and stiffness high, so the manufacture of heavy die forging hydraulic press is more difficult, in heavy die forging hydraulic press in the process of development to overcome the problems in manufacturing, improve the design precision and enhance manufacturing capacity, to prolong the service life of the mold, design and manufacture of forging hydraulic press is always the application of the latest technology, Study of Europe and the United States and other developed countries in the modern heavy die forging hydraulic press has made considerable development, and China modern heavy die forging hydraulic press related research started late, little research on technology of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press, with heavy die forging hydraulic machine continuous innovation, and promote the development of key technology of heavy die forging hydraulic machine.Analysis on the key technology of 2 modern heavy die forging hydraulic pressHeavy die forging hydraulic press to electric power, shipbuilding, aerospace industrial development has an important role in promoting, high strength alloys and super alloys used in the forging process of heavy die forging hydraulic press, heavy die forging hydraulic press die pressure ratio up 2000mPa, in order to achieve die head pressure hydraulic pressure force per unit area ratio, can improve the heavy die forging hydraulic press, by ultra high pressure technology application in heavy die forging hydraulic press, in order to achieve higher compression strength. In order to improve the pressure ratio of the die, the reconstruction of the heavy die forging hydraulic press should be used to improve the pressure ratio of the die, to simplify and optimize the structure of the heavy die forging hydraulic press in a reasonable range to reduce the manufacturing cost. In the manufacturing process of heavy die forging hydraulic press, it is necessary to carry out structural seal for heavy die forging hydraulic press.2.1 heavy die forging hydraulic press cylinder structure key technology of heavy die forging hydraulic press cylinder of the hydraulic cylinder is directly related to the basic strength of the whole The effective use of a die forging hydraulic press, usually in heavy die forging hydraulic press design application non prestressed concrete structure, in the design of general structure is not suitable for heavy die forging hydraulic press cylinder design, mainly is because in heavy die forging hydraulic press operation due to the pressure to make changes in the structure of heavy die forging hydraulic press is the heavyType die forging hydraulic press control has certain effect, but heavy die forging hydraulic press design let cylinder position structure serious deformation, but also affect the overall operation, prone to cracks at the bottom of the cylinder. This is mainly due to stress concentration of lead. Due to human factors caused by the manufacturing process of material is not reasonable, can effectively improve the bearing capacity in a certain level of oil pressure, increase the heavy die forging hydraulic press of wall thickness, we must adopt a new structure model. In the design process of the complete heavy die forging hydraulic press, the traditional non full cylinder bottom model structure design is eliminated, and the embedded type is adopted to avoid the wall thickness change caused by stress concentration. The cylinder at the bottom of the cylinder is embedded in the bottom of the heavy die forging hydraulic press, and the seal is reliable by the bolt connection and the high pressure oil. The design of prestressed structure should be used in order to improve the overall carrying capacity of the system.The key technology of clearance seal of 2.2 heavy die forging hydraulic press is the key problem of the clearance seal of heavy die forging hydraulic press.Research and heavy die forging hydraulic press produces sealing problem is the main reason for the system itself in the running state of the high pressure cylinder and under the internal pressure of the hydraulic cylinder caused by swelling and expansion, make heavy die forging hydraulic press pressure. As in the running process, the hydraulic cylinder is 400MN, when the internal pressure in the 130MPA, the pressure of the diameter of 972 mm. Due to expansion, the inner wall of up to 2.0 mm, in the inner wall of the production process of the deposit will have gap at this time will reach the inner wall of the 2.5mm gap, gap seal is a more important problem, will influence of heavy die forging hydraulic press sealing device. Therefore, for super high-pressure gap sealing of the key technologies to be enough understanding, in order to do a good job in the support of heavy die forging hydraulic press, well closed, maximize do the air tightness of the heavy die forging hydraulic press, the key technologies of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press used in practice have higher feasibility.One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively. However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated. This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems. The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 conclusions In this paper, the key technology of heavy die forging hydraulic press is analyzed. Through the analysis of the pressure cylinder structure and sealing gap, to improve the technical level of modern heavy die forging hydraulic press, strengthen equipment manufacturing effect, in order to improve the safety and reliability of equipment.中文译文现代重型模锻液压机的关键技术引言 现代重型模锻液压机是指 100MN 以上的基本吨位液压机，当前发展环境下，现代重型模锻液压机适用的行业为电力、船舶和航空航天工业等应用领域。现代重型模锻液压机是我国重工业产品在锻造过程中生产应用中的重要设备。欧美等发达国家在现代重型模锻液压机的研究方面取得了长足发展，而我国现代重型模锻液压机的相关研究起步较晚，对现代重型模锻液压机的技术研究较少，随着重型模锻液压机技术的进步和我国对现代重型模锻液压机技术的重视，现代重型模锻液压机的应用与实践水平不断提升，本文对现代重型模锻液压机的关键技术进行了探析。1 重型模锻液压机的发展 重型模锻液压机具有压力大、吨位大的特点，重型模锻液压机技术的发展最早开始于上世纪三十年代，德国最早开始重型模锻液压机的技术研发与应用，将重型模锻液压机应用于航空制造业，并建造了三台 150MN 和一台 300MN 模锻液压机。在二战后，美国展开了重型模锻液压机的研究，在对德国飞机结构进行分析的基础上，进一步加大了重型模锻液压机应用于航空业的范围和深度，并在德国重型液压机研究技术的基础上，建造了 150MN 到 750MN 的重型模锻液压机 16 台。欧洲也开始重视航空业发展，二战结束后德国和英国也开始了重型模锻液压机的建设，开始着手于重型模锻液压机的建设，对重型模锻液压机的建设一直持续到二十一世纪。美国从 2000 年开始建立了 40MN 的重型模锻液压机。由此可见欧美发达国家对重型模锻液压机技术的发展发展非常重视，并注重重型模锻液压机设备的研究与制造，不断创新技术，发展新型重工业，推动重型模锻液压机制造水平的提升。我国于上个世纪的六十年代末开始了重型模锻液压机的建设，并生产了锻造水压机。随后，研究出了 650MN 的重型模锻液压机。虽然很多的技术是处于试验室研究阶段，但这些技术也是在多个领域得到了广泛应用，取得了较好的成绩。重型模锻液压机使用了预应力钢丝缠绕技术和超高压液压技术，并在各个行业中加以应用，应到到厚板冲压成型液压机和重陶瓷压砖机的生产中，并进行了批量生产，取得了较好的效果。由于重型模锻液压机的负荷大，结构强度大、刚度高，所以重型模锻液压机的制造是比较困难的，在重型模锻液压机的发展过程中，要克服制造中的问题，提高设计精度，增强制造能力，以延长模具的使用寿命，设计和制造锻造液压机始终是最新技术成果的应用，要不断创新，推进重型模锻液压机关键技术的发展。2 现代重型模锻液压机的关键技术分析 重型模锻液压机对电力、船舶、航空航天工业的发展有重要的推动作用，高强度合金和超级合金应用于重型模锻液压机的锻造过程中，重型模锻液压机的每模压力比可高达2000mPa，为达到模头压力的液压压力的单位面积比，可以提高重型模锻液压机压力，可采取超高压技术应用于重型模锻液压机，以达到更高的按压强度。对重型模锻液压机的重构要采用按压的工作模式，以提高模具的压力比，在合理的范围内简化并优化重型模锻液压机的结构以降低制造成本。在重型模锻液压机制造过程中，有必要对重型模锻液压机进行结构性密封。2.1 重型模锻液压机的压缸结构关键技术 重型模锻液压机的液压机缸的基本力量直接关系到整个模锻液压机的有效使用，通常在重型模锻液压机的设计中应用非预应力混凝土结构，在设计过程中的结构一般并不适用于重型模锻液压机缸的设计，主要是因为在重型模锻液压机操作中由于压力让重型模锻液压机的结构变化不一，对重型模锻液压机的控制有一定的影响，但是重型模锻液压机的设计让汽缸持仓结构变形严重，更影响了整体运作，易出现气缸底部裂缝，这主要是由于应力集中引发的。由于人的因素造成了材料制造过程的不合理，不能有效提高轴承的承受力，处于一定水平的油压状态，增加了重型模锻液压机的壁厚，必须采取新的结构模型。在完全重型模锻液压机的设计过程中取消了传统的非全缸底模型结构设计，采用嵌入式车型，避免应力集中引起壁厚的变化。重型模锻液压机的独立汽缸底部嵌入气缸，通过螺栓连接和高压油的密封可靠。因外要使用预应力结构的设计以提高了系统的整体承载能力。2.2 重型模锻液压机的间隙密封性关键技术 对重型模锻液压机的间隙密封关键问题的研究中，要加强密封紧密度的研究，重型模锻液压机产生密封问题的主要原因是系统本身处于高压缸的运行状态中，在内部压力下液压缸引起肿胀和扩张，让重型模锻液压机的压力变大。如在运行过程中，液压缸是 400MN，当内部处于 130MPA 的压力的时候，压力的直径为 972 毫米。由于膨胀，内壁可高达至 2.0 毫米，再在生产过程的内壁存会有间隙，此时会达到 2.5mm 间隙的内壁，间隙密封是一个比较重要的问题，处理不好会影响重型模锻液压机的密封装置。因此，对于超高压间隙的密封的关键技术要予以足够的认识，以做好重型模锻液压机的支持，做好封闭工作，最大限度地做好重型模锻液压机的气密性问题，现代重型模锻液压机关键技术的应用在实践有较高的可行性。3 结论 本文对重型模锻液压机的关键技术进行了分析，通过压力缸的结构和密封差距问题的分析，以提高现代重型模锻液压机的技术水平，加强设备制造效果，以提高设备的安全性、可靠性。
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