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浅谈英语阅读理解策略与技巧 浅谈英语阅读理解的策略与技巧 一、图式理论与阅读理解图式(schema)一词最早出现在德国哲学家康德(Kant,1781)的著作中。德国现代心理学家巴特利特(FBurtlett,1923)应用并发展了图式概念。20 世纪70 年代美国的人工智能专家鲁梅尔哈特Rumelhart 指出:图式理论基本上是一种关于人的知识的理论,它是关于知识是怎样被表征出来的,以及关于这种对于知识的表征如何以其特有的方式有利于知识的应用之理论。该理论强调人已经具有的知识及知识结构对当前的认知活动起决定作用。按照图式理论,人脑中所贮存的知识都组成单元,这种单元就是图式。对阅读而言,图式一般分为三种类型:语言图式(linguistic schema)、内容图式(content schema)和修辞图式(rhetorical schema)。语言图式指读者已有的语言知识,即关于语音、词汇和语法等方面的知识,它是阅读的前提条件。内容图式指读者对阅读材料所讨论主题(内容范畴)的了解程度。修辞图式指读者对阅读材料文章体裁、篇章结构的熟悉程度。图式理论认为:任何语言信息,无论是口头的,还是书面的,本身都无意义。它只指导听者或读者根据自己的已有知识及知识结构恢复或构成意思。根据该理论,阅读理解首先是文字信息输入,然后读者在自己头脑贮存的信息中寻找能够说明所输入信息的图式。当这些图式被找到以后,读者就产生了理解,否则就不能理解,或不能完全理解。从上文分析可以看出,阅读时,需要 Reader 和 Writer拥有共享的一部分 schemata。如图:显然,如果Reader 和Writer 各自的原有图式没有共享的交集,那么Reader 的阅读理解就会失败。另外根据图式理论,读者接受文字信息进行阅读理解的过程是一种主动的“猜测证实”过程,即文字符号输入人的大脑之后,人就不断地在头脑中寻找有关的图式,直至找到能说明输入信息的图式,即形成阅读理解。现代图式理论还认为,图式是“大脑为了便于信息储存和处理,而将新事物与已有的知识、经历有机组织起来的一种知识表征形式,是互相关联的知识构成的完整的信息系统。”人民对新事物的理解和认识在一定程度上很依赖大脑已经形成的图式。根据图式理论,阅读理解归根结底是结合适合的图式填充新信息而使图式具体化的过程,填充的内容可以是直接连接或推论出的新信息。由以上分析我们可以明确,如果Reader 和Writer 共享的图式越多,阅读理解就会越多,但是Reader 和Writer之间除了拥有共享的图式之外,还是会有大量的图式差异,即他们之间有不同的个性信息,这样就会导致一个结果:阅读者不能完全理解,只能部分理解文章。要完成阅读理解,阅读者只有在原有共享的图式基础上展开联想、猜测,不断激活相关的图式,并经过推理、判断、选择适合Writer意图的图式。在Reader 和Writer的图式逐渐同化、具体化的过程中,Reader 和Writer之间的信息不断地交流,即“猜测推理证实”,相同则被选择、储存,不同的被舍弃,在该过程中“Area of shared schema”之交集不断变大,最后完成阅读理解。借助图式理论,我们可以引导、帮助学生培养、完善自己的英语阅读方法和技巧,并逐渐形成有效的图式阅读策略。 二、英语阅读的策略(一)整体阅读,预测主旨通过预测文章的主旨,学生能迅速有效地整体理解全文,教学中我们要帮助学生学会运用不同的策略预测文章主旨。学生可以借助修辞图式来顺利地完成预测主旨的任务,因为一般阅读材料文章体裁、篇章结构都有一定的规律可循。例如有标题文章,学生要学会从标题入手进行预测。新闻报道文章大多有标题,标题又常常是全文的中心、主题,是文章内容的高度浓缩的精华,学生可通过阅读标题得到启发,能准确预测出文章的大概内容和作者的写作意图,为彻底理解全文做好铺垫。如果没有标题,读者可快速浏览全文,从整体入手了解内容大概,尤其关注文章首尾句,以便迅速抓住文章主旨,有时文章段落较多内容复杂,学生可跳读每段首句或找到中心句(有一些文章的中心句或主题句在文章的中间),联系文章的首尾段,也可很快获得文章主旨。如一些记叙文、议论文就可通过该方法快速预测文章主旨。有些文章附有图表,此类文章多半可从说明、标注着手,按以上方法进行预测文意,要处理具体细节时再结合图表。(二) 把握文章脉络,掌握主要信息 根据图式理论,阅读能力取决于三种图式,即语言图式,内容图式和修辞图式。因此,阅读理解文章就是经过读的行为,主动的“猜测证实”,来激活、同化、具体自己已有的各类图式。要把握文章脉络,必须做到通过快速通读全文激活自己记忆中适合该文的修辞图式。例如,学生阅读一篇新闻报道,经过对该文的预测阅读证实再预测再阅读再证实,学生就可逐渐激活自己大脑中已有的修辞图式,这篇文章符合“线性原则”,结合相关的内容图式,可以明确该文是新闻报道,其脉络是标题精要事件过程。再如学生阅读议论性文章,可通过阅读预测证实,再阅读再预测再证实,很快就能激活他们已知的修辞图式,文章脉络也清晰可见,即提出观点论证、说明重申观点,或是提出问题分析问题结论,同时也激活、具体了相关的内容图式,获得了证明、说明的主要材料信息,能够大体上理解文章。又如,许多叙述性文章,可一边读一边画出时间、地点、人物、事件、起因(when, where, who, what, why)等要素或做一些必要的简易的笔记,学生很容易就能回忆起已有的某些图式,把握住文章的脉络,并抓住文章的重要信息,即明确事件的起因、发展、高潮、结局,基本能够理解文章的重要内容。较为复杂的文章会有时间、地点变化,学生激活这样的图式,(时间1/事件1)(时间2/事件2)(时间3/事件3),或(地点1/事件1)(地点2/事件2)(地点3/事件3),当然文中的主要内容也就一目了然。如有很多人物传记,脉络是(现在/事件1)(过去/几件事)(现在/感受)。学生要想准确把握文章脉络,捕捉住重要信息,关键是平时阅读实践时要不断丰富、储存足够多的相关图式在大脑中。(三)弄清结局、明确结论很多文章结尾非常精彩,目的是为了让阅读者留下深刻的印象,这也是非常重要的修辞图式的一种。如有的文章结尾幽默;有的文章结局发人深思、给人启迪;有的文章令人意外却又在情理中;有的文章得出一些结论,或有一点点感受。总而言之,文章的结尾也很重要,有时起到画龙点睛的作用,弄清结局或结论对于理解全文当然也具有关键性的功效。弄清了文脉(修辞图式),把握住了主要信息(内容图式)之后,结合细节进行分析、推理、归纳,紧密联系结尾的语句提示,可彻底理解文章的内涵和外延。(四)读懂题意,选择答案做了以上的准备工作,可以开始读题答题。但是无论是哪一个题目,学生选择时必须以确定的主旨为统率。选择前一定确保理解出题的意图。表层的问题可迅速选定,对于那些较深层次的题目,选择一定要有根据,一定要将相关原文找到,并结合上下文语境进行分析、推理,然后再确定。三、阅读时应注意一些小技巧 1学生自己应注意养成良好的阅读习惯,只用眼和脑阅读,整体阅读,整体理解,这样阅读速度将更快。 2要注意猜词、句技巧的培养。阅读时学生常常会遇到一些不解的词、短语,有的可跳过,而对进行整体理解无大碍;有的可根据上下文语境来猜测、推理得知;有的可根据构词法推理,可明确它们的含义。 3学会运用关联词。文章中有些复合句较长且结构复杂,晦涩不易理解,学生可根据关联词、引导词的逻辑关系迅速分清主干和重句,从而明确句意。在段落中或段落之间也有一些关联词,如but, however, although, ever though, as, because, so等等,在这些词的帮助下,学生可明确句与句,段落与段落之间的内在本质联系,因而能尽快把握住段落中心或文章中心。 要点: 1.中心问题: Why? How? 2.站在作者角度思考问题 3.看结构,从问题出发 Each Indian tribe had a different language. Many Indians never learned any language except their own. Do you know how Indians form different tribes talked to each other? They had two ways to talk without sound. One way was by sign language; another way by signals. Sign language is a way of talking by using signs. Indians used sign language when they met strangers. In this way, they could find out whether the stranger was a friend or an enemy. In Indian sign language, signs were made with the hands. One sign meant “man”. Another meant “horse”. To tell the time of day when something happened, an Indian pointed to the sky. he showed where the sun had been at the time. Indians usually used signals when they wanted to send messages to someone far away. To make signals. An Indian might use a pony. He might use a blanket. Or he might use smoke, a mirror or fire arrows. To signal that he had seen many animals, an Indian rode his pony in a large circle. Sometimes the Indian gave a signal like this and then went away to hide. This meant that there was danger. The blanket signal was visible from far away. An Indian held the corners of a blanket in his hands. Then he began to swing the blanket from side in front of him. An Indian could send many different signals with his blanket. He could also send many signal with a mirror. He usually used the mirror to warn someone of danger. Or he attempted to get the attention of a person far away. But he also used it to send messages in code. Of course, mirrors could be used only when the sun was shining. At night, Indians used fire arrows for signaling. An Indian also sent signals with smoke. He made a small fire of dry wood. Then he put grass or green branches on it. He held a blanker over the fire for a minute. When he removed the blanket from the fire, there was a cloud of clouds of smoke told his message in code. Now you can see that Indians didnt need to learn each others language. They could talk to onr another by using signals or sign language. Honey is one of the oldest foods known to mankind, and for ages it was the only source of pure sweetness. It has always been prized for its health-giving qualities, and for this it was valued highly by the ancients. Legend claimed that the “gods” of old fed on ambrosia and honey in order to retain eternal youth. The ancient Greeks believed that a mans life span could be almost doubled if he ate sufficient honey. After the original Olympic Games the athletes were given honey and water to restore their strength. This regard for the qualities of honey was not more superstition. Although its production has defied analysis, it has since been proved that honey cure all manner of ills . Germ of dysentery, typhoid, pneumonia and a variety of other disease died soon after they were placed in pure honey. Honey is rich in vitamins and it also contains a variety of minerals. Apart from its high food value, honey holds advantages over other types of sugar. It has already been converted into simple sugar by the bees, so it is easy to digest and liberate energy quickly. It never goes bad and honey found in Egyptian toms after thousands of years was still eatable. 中心 作者态度 阅读 作文 内容 框架
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