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环境微生物学,郑州大学生物工程系 席 宇,Environmental Microbiology,第二章 微生物生态学,Chapter outline,一、概 论,二、自然生态系统中微生物的分布,三、微生物之间的相互作用,在一定的空间内生物的成分和非生物的成分通过物质循环和能量流动互相作用、互相依存而构成的一个生态学功能单位。,生态系统(ecosystem):,生态学(ecology):,研究生物与其周围生物和非生物环境之间相互关系的一门科学。,第一节 概 论,一、基本概念,生命科学研究中,一般可分成十个水平,依次为:,生物圈(biosphere),生态系统(ecosystem),群落(community),种群(population),个体(individual),器官(organ),组织(tissue),细胞(cell),细胞器(organelle),分子(molecule),生态学范畴,the study of microbial relationship with other organisms and also with nonliving environments.,These relationships, based on interactive uses of resources, have effects extending to the global scale.,Microbial ecology,Methods used to study microbial interaction and microbial ecology provide information on environmental characteristics; microbial biomass.,Numbers, types and activity, and community structure.,Microscopic, chemical, enzymatic and molecular techniques are used in these studies.,微生物生态学(microbial ecology):,研究微生物与其周围生物和非生物环境之间相互关系。,各种环境中的微生物的种类、分布;,微生物和其它生物的关系;,微生物与物质循环;,Microbial ecology,Environmental microbiology,?,The term microbial ecology is now used in a general way to describe the presence and distributions of microorganisms.,Microbial ecology is the the study of the behavior and activities of microorganisms in their natural environments.,Microbial ecology,Environmental microbiology,It is not concerned with the particular micro-environment where the microorganisms actually are functioning, but with the broader-scale effects of microbial presence and activities.,Environmental microbiology is relates primarily to all over microbial processes that occur in a soil, water or food, as examples,二、自然环境中微生物的生态学特点,1.微环境(微生境 microhabitat),微生物个体微小,所处的环境也微小,肉眼见不到,一般称为微环境(microenvironments)。,在一个土壤团块内或一条植物根的表面,可能存在着许多环境因素不同的微环境。每一微环境中只适宜于某种或某些微生物生长繁殖,从而形成复杂的微生物区系(microflora)。,2.表面环境*与附生,环境中的营养物常吸附于物体表面,所以表面营养水平高,菌数多。天然水滤去颗粒物,近99的细菌亦被除去。,微生物在物体表面形成生物膜(biofilm,BF),过程如下;,(1).有机质附着在物体表面上。,(2).附着于表面上的有机物的化学信息,诱导微生物向它定向移动进而以其一端附着在表面上。,(3).吸附在表面上的微生物分泌出胞外聚合物,菌体与物体表面粘着在一起,形成牢固吸附层。,表面吸附的微生物数往往比水体中高几十倍到几百倍。,3.寡营养,自然界营养水平往往只有1mgCL-10mgCL或更低,与培养基中的有机物水平约1gCL-10gCL相比是很低的。所以在自然状态下生活的微生物常处于营养贫乏的状况,无毒的有机污染物进入土壤或水体,可引起微生物数量剧增,能在1mgCL-15mgCL低含量有机质培养基中生长的细菌,谓寡(或贫)营养细菌(oligotrophic bacteria),它们在去除痕量有机污染物方面具有应用潜力。,4.生长缓慢,在自然界中微生物很少有对数生长期,生长很缓慢。如E.coli在肉汤中的代时为20min左右,在人肠道中为12h;而牧场土壤中的细菌,代时可长达1200h。,在实验室里研究天然微生物生态系统的适宜模型是恒化器(chemostat)*。,自然环境中的微生物一般都不是单独存在的,个体、种群、群落和生态系统从低到高的组织层次,种群(population):具有相似特性和生活在一定空间内的同种个 体群,是组成群落的基本组分。,群落(community):在一定区域或一定生态环境内,各种生物 群体构成的一个生态学结构单位,群落中 各生物群体之间存在各种相互作用。,第二节 自然生态系统中微生物的分布,生物圈(biosphere):地球上所有生物及其所生活的非生命环境 的总称。,个体,群体,群落+非生物环境,生态系统,生物圈,任何一个相对完整的自然整体都可以被看作为一个生态 系统,如一个池塘,一片森林,一个污水处理池,等等。,Populations Guilds Communities Ecosystem,Microorganisms and Microenvironment,Metabolically related populations constitute groupings called guilds.,Sets of guilds conducting complementary physiological processes interact to form microbial communities.,In a microbial ecosystem individual cells grow to form populations.,Community 3,Microbial communities then interact with communities of microorganisms to define the entire ecosystem.,Ecosystem,A Simple Ecosystem,An alga,which releases photosynthetically generated oxygen and organic matter to its enviroment ,is surrounded by chemoheterotrophs that are using these products of primary production.,Microorganisms in Nature,Distribution of microorganisms In: Soil Water Air Food With plants and animals,Terrestrial Environments,The distribution of microorganisms in nature ecosystem depends on the resources (nutrients) available and on the growth conditions.,Temperature, pH, water availability, light, oxygen of a habitat define the niche for each particular microorganism.,Soil particles are not homogeneous in terms of their oxygen content. The outer zones of a small soil particle may be fully oxic, whereas the center, only a very short distance away, can remain completely anoxic.,A soil aggregate composed of mineral and organic components, showing that localization of soil microbes.,Very few microorganisms are found free in the soil solution; most of them occur as microcolonies attached to the soil particles.,Proportion of different soil microorganisms in soil,Microbial number and biomass in cultivated field soil(15 cm),Main types of soil microorganisms,The rhizosphere is the soil region in close contact with plant roots.,Rhizosphere Effect ( R/S ratio ),根 圈 效 应 (根土比),Within the rhizosphere, the plant roots exert a direct influence on the soil bacteria. This influence is known as the rhizosphere effect.,In the rhizosphere, microbial populations reach much higher densities in the rhizosphere than in the free soil.,Microbial populations in the rhizosphere may benefit the plant by:,increasing solubilization of mineral nutrients needed by the plant for growth,synthesizing vitamins, amino acids, auxins, gibberellins that stimulate plant growth,antagonizing potential plant pathogens through competition and the production of antibiotics,removing hydrogen sulfide, which is toxic to the plant roots,Freshwater Environments,Typical aquatic environments are the oceans, estuaries, salt marshes, lakes, ponds, rivers, and springs.,Aquatic environments differ considerably in chemical and physical properties, and their microbial species compositions also differ.,Marine Environments,Much of the primary productivity occur in the open oceans,Inshore ocean areas are typically more nutritionally fertile and therefore support more dense populations of phytoplankton,In the oceans primary productivity is rather low,第三节 微生物与生物环境间的关系,生态系统中生物之间的相互关系:,有利关系:一种生物的生长和代谢对另一种生物的生长产生,有利的影响,或相互有利;,有害关系:一种生物的生长对另一种生物的生长产生有害的,影响,或相互有害;,中性关系:二种生物生活在一起时,彼此对对方的生长代谢,无明显的有利或有害影响;,动物间的关系,植物间的关系,动植物间的关系,狼狈为奸,日本人的生意经,相生相克,情花之毒与断肠草,花和蜘蛛合作吃人,微生物生态的研究特点:,以微生物群体,即种群作为主要研究单位。,Commensalism(偏利) Synergism(互生) Mutualism(共生) Competition(竞争) Antagonism(拮抗) Parasitism(寄生) Predation(捕食),Microbial population interactions,Neutralism(中立) there is no any physiological effect between the populations.,Commensalism(偏利) Commensalism is a unidirectional relationship betwen populations in which one population benefits and the other one is unaffected.,Synergism(互生) Synergism indicates that both populations benefit from the relationship but the association is not obligatory. Both populations are capable of surviving independently.,Mutualism Symbiosis(互利共生) Mutualism Symbiosis is an obligatory inter- relationship between two populations that benefits both of them. Lichens is composed of a fungus and an alga.,Competition(竞争) Competition occurs when two populations are striving for the same resource of nutrients or the habitat.,Antagonism(拮抗) Antagonism occurs when one population produces a substrate inhibitory to another population.,Parasitism(寄生) the parasite population is benefited and the host population is harmed.,Predation is a widespread phenomenon where the predator engulfs or attacks the prey. The predator can be larger or smaller than the prey, and this normal results in the death of the prey.,Predation(捕食),Classification of population interaction,0:No effect; +: positive effect; -: negative effect.,EFFECT OF INTERACTION,微生物间及与其它生物间相互关系:,一、互生(syntrophism; protocooperation),二种可以单独生活的生物,当它们生活在一起时,通过各自的代谢活动而有利于对方,或偏利于一方的一种生活方式,又称原始的共生关系。,“可分可合,合比分好”,一)微生物间的互生关系,纤维素分解细菌,固氮菌,金黄色葡萄球菌的生长为本来在平板上不能生长的嗜血流感菌 提供生长因子,后者在其菌苔周围形成卫星菌落。,本来不能在含青霉素的平板上生长的受体菌在转化子(含有 Ampr质粒)周围形成卫星菌落(b-内酰胺酶分泌到胞外所致),二)人体肠道正常菌群,互生关系(正常情况),寄生关系(某些特殊条件下),人肠道内的菌群:,60-400种不同的微生物,占粪便干重的1/3是细菌,其中厌氧菌占了绝大多数。,正常菌群通过肠道获取营养;,通过排阻、抑制外来致病菌;提供许多人,一定程度的固氮作用,体所必不可少的维生素、氨基 酸等营养物对人体作出贡献;,环境条件改变或着生部位改变:,正常菌群,致病菌,滥用抗生素;,人身体虚弱抵抗力下降;,吃了不洁净的食物;,肠道中的正常菌群,大肠杆菌,一旦进入泌尿系统,引起尿路感染。,人体表面的正常菌群,一旦它们进入伤口也会引起感染。,条件致病菌:人体的正常微生物菌群一旦进入非正常聚居部位, 或生态结构发生改变而引起人类疾病的微生物。,可以通过口服某些活的微生物制剂来治疗由于正常菌群失调而导致的腹泻。,含蜡状芽孢杆菌(B cereus)的“促菌生”,含地衣芽孢杆菌的“整肠生”等,它们都是通过芽孢杆菌的生长,为肠道重新创造良好的厌氧环境,促使肠道内正常的厌氧菌的生长繁殖,这类活微生物制剂又称微生态制剂。,二、共生(symbiosis),二种生物共居在一起,相互分工协作、相依为命,甚至 形成在生理上表现出一定的分工,在组织和形态上产生 了新的结构的特殊的共生体。,互惠共生:二者均得利,偏利共生:一方得利,但另一方并不受害,一)微生物间的共生关系,地衣-藻类和真菌的共生体,形成有固定形态的叶状结构: 真菌无规则地缠绕藻类细胞,或二者组成一定的层次排列。 地衣繁殖时,在表面上生出球状粉芽,粉芽中含有少量的藻类细胞 和真菌菌丝,粉芽脱离母体散布到适宜的环境中,发育成新的地衣,结构上的共生:,生理上的共生:,共生菌从基质中吸收水分和无机养料; 共生藻进行光合作用,合成有机物;,使地衣能在十分贫瘠的环境中生存。,二)微生物和植物间的共生关系,根瘤菌与豆科植物间的共生,-形成根瘤共生体,根瘤菌固定大气中的气态氮为植物提供 氮素养料;,豆科植物的根的分泌物能刺激根瘤菌的生 长,同时,还为根瘤菌提供保护和稳定 的生长条件。,反刍动物,如牛、羊、骆驼、长颈鹿等以植物的纤维素为主要 食物,它们在瘤胃中经微生物发酵变成有机酸和菌体蛋白再供 动物吸收利用。,瘤胃也为里面居住的微生物提供了必要的营养和生长条件,-食物和严格的厌氧环境,所以从更科学的角度来讲:反刍动物不仅是食草动物,更应该是食菌动物。,三)微生物与动物的共生关系,三、寄生(parasitism),一种小型生物生活在另一种相对较大型生物的体内或 体表,从中取得营养和进行生长繁殖,同时使后者蒙 受损害甚至被杀死的现象。,寄生物(parasite),寄主或宿主(host),一)微生物间的寄生,噬菌体细菌,蛭弧菌细菌,真菌真菌,真菌、细菌原生动物,二)微生物与动植物间的寄生关系,各种各样的致病菌和病毒多是行寄生生活,这些病原微生物给人们的生活和生产带来了极大的危害,当然,人们只要控制合适,还可以化害为利,服务人类,四、拮抗(antagonism),某种生物产生的代谢产物可抑制它种生物的生长发育 甚至将后者杀死。,微生物间的“化学战术”,抗生菌产生能抑制其它生物生长发育的抗生素;,微生物间的生长抑制,因某种微生物的生长而引起的其它条件的改变, 从而抑制它种生物的生长,五、竞争(competition),两个种群因需要相同的生长基质或其它环境因子,致使增长率和种群密度受到限制时发生的相互作用,其结果对两种种群都是不利的。,当两种以上微生物共同生活于同一环境中,如果它们所需要的营养是一样的,而共同营养物又是有限的,则方或双方生长受影响,这种现象叫作营养竞争(competition for nutrients),如在一个有限的生境中,虽然营养能够充分满足,但由于微生物数量剧增,空间就显得太小就会发生空间竞争(competition for space)。,六、捕食(predation),一种种群被另一种种群完全吞食,捕食者种群从被食 者种群得到营养,而对被食者种群产生不利影响。,微生物间的捕食现象:,原生动物吞食细菌和藻类;,粘细菌吞食细菌和其它微生物;,真菌捕食线虫和其它原生动物;,捕虫菌目(Zoopagales)在长期的自然进化中形成的特化结构, 特化菌丝构成巧妙的网,可以捕捉小型原生动物或无脊椎动物, 捕获物死后,菌丝伸入体内吸收营养。,思考题 : 1)试用一些典型例子说明微生物与生物环境之间的相互关系 2)微生物在生态系统中的地位怎样?,Thanks for your presence and advice!,
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