英语语法高中英语语法手册

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里美联英语提供：高中英语语法手册31She went downtown so that/in order that she would buy some clothes.= She went downtown so as to /in order to buy some clothes.为了买些衣服她进城。In order that he could make himself understood, he explained it again.= In order to make himself understood, he explained it again.为了让大家理解，他又解释了一遍。2、lest, for fear that和in case引导目的状语从句 这三个连词词组的意思是“以防，以免”。lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得顺着她，免得她生气。Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。七、结果状语从句1、so that，sothat, suchthat引导结果状语从句 So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.我感到在讲英语的国家里生活太难了，因此我决定学好英语。He worked hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习很努力，结果通过了考试。The film was so wonderful that we wanted to see it again. 电影很精彩以致于我们还想看一次。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.他讲了那么长时间，人们开始打起瞌睡了。2、sothat与suchthat的区别这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副词；such是形容词，后接名词。（1）单数名词在so.that与such.that中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不同:such+ a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.= She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老师，我们都敬爱她。（2）不可数名词或复数可数名词如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，一般须用such.that。He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.他进步很快，不久就开始用英语写文章。(不可数名词)They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.这些书是那么有趣以致我们都想读一读。(复数可数名词)（3）名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时，则用sothat。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。(复数可数名词)George had so little money that he had to get a job.乔治没有钱，所以他不得不找工作干。(不可数名词)They are such little children that they cant do anything.他们是小孩，什么事情都干不了。巧记so和such引导结果状语从句名前such，形、副so，多多少少也用so。little属特殊，“小”用such，“少”用so。3、but, but that 和but what 如果主句中含有never, never so, not so, not such等否定词，可用but, but that 和but what引导结果状语从句，构成双重否定，相当于thatnot或unless，可以译成“没有不”。She never comes but she borrows. She never comes unless she borrows.她不借东西不来。She is so old but that she can read.她并未老到不能读书的地步。There is no man so learned but what he can learn something from this book.再博学的人都会本书学到一些东西。4、如何判断so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句（1）当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时，为目的状语从句；当表达的是“以至于”、“因此”含义时，为结果状语从句。If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的状语从句)如果你的确知道，应大声回答，以便让全班学生都可以听见。It rained hard the day before yesterday, so that she had to stay at home.(结果状语从句)前天雨下得很大，因此她只好呆在家里。（2）当从句的谓语动词有情态动词can, could, may, might等时，是目的状语从句；当从句里没有情态动词，且谓语动词是一般现在时（过去时）、现在完成时等时态时，是结果状语从句。We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could(might)visit the monument to seagulls. (目的状语从句)我们在盐湖城逗留，以便可以参观为海鸥修的纪念碑。They have walked a long way, so that we are all tired. (结果状语从句)他们走了很长的路，所以都很累。（3）当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时，是目的状语从句；反之，是结果状语从句。We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future. (目的状语从句)我们现在努力学习是为了将来更好地工作。(4)当so that之前有逗号时，是结果状语从句；反之，是目的状语从句The story is very interesting, so that I like it very much.(结果状语从句)这部小说很有趣，因而我非常喜欢。八、比较状语从句比较状语从句一般由asas(和一样)，not as/soas(与不一样)，than(比),the more, the more(越越)引导。The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick.导师给我的提议比给狄克的好。In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better our holiday will be.近几年旅游公司已成功地对我们灌输了去得越远，假日越好的观点。John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 如果说约翰的足球踢的不比大卫好，至少和他踢的一样好。I cant run as/so fast as he can. 我不能跑得他那样快。巧学Than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格?下列两句中，than分别用了I和me，两者都正确：She is older than me.(口语中常用)She is older than I(am)(较正式文体常用)但是，在有些句子中，用主格和用宾格，句子会截然不同。John likes Henry more than I. John likes Henry more than me.我们知道，than用作连词，它的后面省略了一个比较(方式)状语从句。现在我们把以上两句补充完整。John likes Henry more than I like Henry. John likes Henry more than he likes me.看得出，第一句的意思是：约翰比我更喜欢亨利。第二句的意思是：约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。那么，在什么情况下，than后面的人称代词用主格？什么情况下用宾格？一、如果主句谓语是不及物动词，than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。She draws better than I(me).它画得比我好。要注意：如果人称代词后面有all时，人称代词一般用宾格。She draws better than them all.二、如果主句谓语是及物动词，且than后面的名词或代词又与动词连用时，than后面的人称代词只能用主格。He loves the dog more than his wife does.他比他的妻子更爱这条狗。三、如果主句谓语是连系动词be, than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。He is taller than I(me).他比我长得高。四、如果主句谓语是及物动词，特别是like, love, hate等及物动词，than后面的人称代词用用主格或宾格均可， 但句意不同。逻辑上，这些及物动词既能与人称代词构成“主谓关系”，又能构成“动宾关系”。因此，用主格时，后面省去了主句中的谓语和宾语；用宾格时省去了句子的主语和谓语。I like the boy better than she.=I like the boy better than she likes the boy.我比她更喜欢那个男孩。I like the boy better than her.=I like the boy better than I like her.我喜欢那个男孩胜过喜欢她。九、让步状语从句让步状语从句由though，although，as，even if (though)，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh词，等引导。1、even if, even though, although，though引导的让步状语从句 这四个词（词组）都有“虽然、即使、尽管”的意思。even if和even though带有较强的意味，语气比although和though强。though比although通俗，但不如although正式,都不能和but连用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless连用。可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。even if，even though所接的句子常用虚拟语气。Although journalism seems like a good profession，I would prefer to be a teacher虽然新闻业好像是一个很好的职业，但是我更喜欢当老师。Although he is considered a great writer，his works are not widely read.虽然有人认为他是一个大作家，但是他的作品读得并不广泛。 We wont give up even if we should fail ten times.即使是我们失败十次，我们也不会放弃。 He might have given you more help，even though he was very busy尽管他很忙，他可能给了你更多的帮助。2、as或though引导让步状语从句形容词+ as/though+ 主与+谓语副词动词分词名词（1）由as或though引导让步状语从句用倒装语序Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John.我虽然取得地方多，但是我从来没见过像约翰这么能干的人。Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.这些贵族尽管很傲慢，他们却害怕见我。（2）如果表语为单数可数名词，这个名词不带冠词 12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English.她虽然只是个12岁的女孩，但是她已经熟知英语。Child as he is，he knows a lot.虽然他还是个孩子，却懂的很多。(2)如果句中谓语包含情态动词或助动词，则将实意动词放在as之前Try as I might，I couldnt lift the stone.我使多大劲儿也搬不动这块石头。Praised as he was, he remained modest.他虽然受到表扬，但仍然保持着谦虚。（4）如果句中谓语仅有实意动词，则将实意动词(原形)放在as之前，并在主语后面加助动词do, does, did或will。Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her.虽然敌人拷打她，却没有能从她嘴里得到什么。 Fail as he did, he would never give up.尽管他失败了，但他决不会放弃。注:但是，如果在这种情况下，句中谓语有副词修饰，则将副词放在as之前。Again and again as he failed, he didnt lose heart.他虽然多次失败，但仍不灰心丧气。Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely.我虽然佩服他的勇气，但是我认为他这样做是不明智的。3、由no matter+ wh词和由疑问词ever引导让步状语从句由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论”；由疑问词ever引导，表示“不管，不论”。这类词有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等,他们相当于no matter+ what（which，who，how，when， where），都不能与but，so，and等并列连词同时使用。Well have to finish the job, however(no matter how) long it takes. 不管需要多长时间，我们都一定完成这项工作。No matter what(Whatever) you do, dont tell him that I told you this. 无论你做什么，别告诉他我对你说过这件事。No matter how pure the water looks, I prefer not to drink it. 不管这水看起来多么纯净，我不喜欢喝它。No matter where (Wherever) you go, I would keep you company.不管你到哪去，我都会陪着你。注意：no matter 可以和whether和if连用。No matter whether(if) it snows or not, I shall start on the journey.不论下雪与否，我都将出发去旅行。4、由whetheror引导让步状语从句由whetheror引导让步状语从句表示“不论还是”，提供两种对比的情况。I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home. 不论你和我一起来还是留在家中，我都要前往。Whether we like a particular piece of news or not, all we have to do is sit in front of the tube and “let it happen”.不管我们喜欢不喜欢一条消息,我们所能做的只是坐在电视机前，“让它过去”。十、条件状语从句条件状语从句可以位于主句前面或后面。1、 由if，unless引导 if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”（if not）You will be late unless you leave immediately.除非你立即走，否则，你会迟到。The WTO can not live up to its name if it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind.世贸组织如果不让一个拥有世界五分之一人口的国家加入，那它就名不符实。If you dont hurry up, youll be late. 如果你不快点，你就会晚了。Well go there unless it rains. 如果不下雨，我们就去那儿。2、由suppose，supposing，as/so long as， providing, provided, on condition that和in case等引导 这类连词（词组）意思相近，有：“如果、假设、即使、在条件下”等意义。Suppose (Supposing) he is ill, what shall we do? 如果他病了，我们该怎么办？Youll do all right, as long as you follow his advice.只要你听从他的劝告，你就会干得很好的。In case John comes, please tell him to wait.假如约翰来了，请让他稍候。You may keep the book a further week provided (that) no one else requires it. 倘若这本书没有其他人想借的话，你可以再续借一个礼拜。十一、方式状语从句方式状语从句一般由as(正如；按照)，as if/as though(好像),the way等引导。1、as 和just as引导方式状语从句这两个连词的意思是“如，犹如，正如”（in the same manner that）。just as 比as的强调性更强。You must do everything as I do.你们要照我这样去做。Just as the water is the most important of liquids, air is the most important gases.正如水是液体中最重要的一种一样，空气是气体中最重要的一种。2、as if 和as though引导方式状语从句 as if 和as though意为“好像、仿佛”可以用虚拟语气表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况；也可以用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况。He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg. 他走得很慢，好像腿受了伤。He spoke as if he knew the question very well.他说得好像对这个问题知道得很清楚。She speaks English as if she were a native speaker.她讲英语俨然像专家。注意：在It looks as if.,It seems as if.句型中常用陈述语气。It looks as if it is gong to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。3、the way引导方式状语从句the way它的作用相当于the manner，后面的引导词常用that引导方式状语，而且经常省略。此时，一般不用in which引导。I dont like the way you speak to her.我不喜欢你和她说话的方式。We didnt like the way that he treated us. 我不喜欢他对待我们的方式。十二、点击考点1. It worried her a bit her hair was turning grey.A.while B.that C.if D.for2. she is a rich woman is known to all in the city.A.X B.That C.Who D.Because3 the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That4.The reason why I burst into tears is I dont want to part with my mother.A.that B.which C.X D.because5.The difficulty lies we have no money.A.that B.in that C.in the fact D.in the fact that6.They want to know do to help us.A.what can they B.how can they C.how they can D.what they canes back first is supposed to win the prize.A.Those who B.Anyone C.Whoever D.The one 8.The old gentleman never fails to help is in need of his help.A.whom B.who C.whoever D.whomever9.I dont remember Mr.Li bought for his wife.A.what B.when C.how D.where10.Smith came here to look for someone, but I didnt know was the one he was looking for.A.whatever B.whomever C.who D.whom11.puzzled the police especially was how the murderer died.A.The thing B.That C.What D.Which12.He seems different from he used to be.A.that B.which C.what D.who13.You can depend on promise he makes.A.anything that B.which C.whatever D.whose14.is worth doing well.A.Whatever is worth doing at all B.That is worth doing at allC.What is worth doing it at all D.Whatever is worth doing it at all15.A mans worth lies not so much in he has as in he is .A.that; what B.what; what C.that; that; D.what; that16.you are the first one here.A.It seems that as if B.It seemed thatC.It seems as if D.it seemed as though17.It is not I wont do it , I cant do it.A.what;but that B.that;but thatC.because; but what D.because; but because18.Give it to you think can do the work well.A.who B.whoever C.whomever D.whatever19.Is the river through that town very large?A.that flows B.flows C.that flowing D.which flowing20.Thats the Science Museum we visited last year.A.where B.whom C.to which D.X21.There is no child love parents.A.who do not; their B.who does not ; his C.who do not;his D.who does not;their22.Watch the girl and her dog are crossing the bridge.A.which B.who C.they D.that23.Who knows him would believe him?A.whom B.that C.which D.who24.His parents wouldnt let him marry anyone family was poor.A.of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose25.The building windows are bright at night is our school library.A.that B.which C.whose D.of which26.There is a mountain the top is always covered with snow.A.of that B.of which C.its D.that27.I will hire the man they say is a good English speaker.A.who B.that C.which D.whom28.You may stay you like.A.long B.then C.at which D.where29.Is this museum some German friends visited the day before yesterday?A.which B.that C.where D.the one 30.Keep away from such things will do you harm.A.as B.that C.to which D.which31.In the dark street, there wasnt a single person she could turn for help.A.that B.who C.from whom D.to whom32.This is the very boy parents were killed in the war.A.who B.that C.whose D.whom33.He is my son, a better son doesnt exist.A.but B.than who C.against whom D.than whom 34.the professor had left, everyone looked relaxed.A.While B.After C.Unless D.For35.Her mother has been ill she came to Beijing last year.A.since B.for C.as D.when36.I have taken care of your children you were away.A.during B.since C.except D.while 37. It has been a long time I last met you.A.since B.when C.that D.than38.The man put on his glasses see better.A.that B.so that to C.in order that D.in order to 39.It was beautiful house that we decided to buy it.A.so a B.such a C.a such D.a so40.Although he is young, well-mannered.A.he is B.but he is C.and he is D.however he is 41.She looked healthy, she felt sick.A.and B.so C.but D.unless42.No matter hard it may be , I will carry it out.A.what Bwhatever C.how D.however43.We had better hurry it is getting late.A.and B.yes C.yet D.as 44. when you read the book, youd better make a mark you have any questions.A.at which B.at where C.the place where D.where45.She speaks her mother does.A.as B.and C.but D.so46.The earth goes round the sun the moon goes around the earth.A.so that B.just like C.just as D.as how47.The more he explained, I was quzzled.A.more B.the more C.very much D.and the more48.Everything is just we left it.A.like B.as C.the same D.as like49.I dont like you speak to her.A.the way B.the way in that C.the way which D.the way of which50.is known to all, China will be an and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.A.That;advancing B.This;advancing C.As; advanced D.It; advancing51.Would you like a cup of coffee shall we get down to business right away?A.and B.then C.or D.otherwise52.She thought I was talking about her daughter, , in fact, I was talking about my daughter.A.whom B.where C.which D.while53.Wilma became the first American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track, made her mother very proud.A.it B.and that C.this D.and it54.Youd better come back earlier it is getting colder.A.as B.and C.but D.or55.He was walking along the sands he saw a big footprint in the sand.A.while B.when C.as D.which56.What he said is strange, it is true.A.but and B.and but C.yet and D.and yet57.It wont be long you regret what youve done.A.after B.before C.since D.then58.You have no idea for her safety.A.how anxious I have been B.so anxious I have beenC.how I have been anxious D.I have been so anxious59.there is a will, there is a way.A.When B.That C.While D.Where60.Eat less food you want to become fatter.A.if B.unless C.until D.as soon as 61. _ everybody knows about it, I dont want to talk any more. A. For B. Even C. Since D. However62. _，Mother will wait for him to have dinner together A.However late is he BHowever he is late CHowever is he late DHowever late he is63.If we work with a strong will，we can overcome any difficulty，_great it is A.what Bhow Chowever Dwhatever64. _much advice I gave him, he did exactly what he wanted to do. A. How B. Whatever C. However D. No matter65. The belt is rung _there is a fire. (1985)A. even B. that C. if D. although66. _your composition carefully,some spelling mistakes can be avoided. A. Having checked B.Checked C.If you check D.To check67. Nobody believed him _ what he said Aeven though Bin spite Cno matter Dcontrary to68.Dad , Ive finished my assignment . Good , and you play or watch TV, you mustnt disturb me .Awhenever Bwhether Cwhatever Dno matter69.A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners curiosity he reaches the end of the story .Awhen Bunless Cafter Duntil70.He was about to tell me the secret someone patted him on the shoulderAas B. until C. while D. when答案：1.B 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.D 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.A 20.D 21.B 22.D 23.B 24.D 24.C 26.B 27.A 28.D 29.D 30.A 31.D 32.C 33.D 34.B 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.D 39.B 40.A 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.D 45.A 46.C 47.B 48.B 49.A 50.C 51.C 52.D 53.B 54.A 55.B 56.D 57.B 58.A 59.D 60.B 61.C 62.D 63.C 64.C 65.C 66.C 67.C 68.B 69.D 70.D第二十二章 省略和倒装一、省略1、概述为了避免重复，省略句子的一个或几个句子成分，使语句简练，结构紧凑，收到一定的修辞效果，这种语法现象称为省略。2、不用替代词的省略（1）省掉主语(I) Beg your pardon.请再说一遍。(It) Sounds like a good idea.听起来是一个好主意。(I) See you later.回头见。(I) Thank you for your help.谢谢你的帮助。（2）省略谓语或谓语的一部分They learn French and we (learn) English.他们学法语，我们学英语。(Is there ) Anything I can do for you ? 要我帮忙吗？Some books are to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and some few (are) to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。He is a teacher, and his wife (is ) a doctor.他是位教师，他的妻子是一名医生。（3）省略表语-Are you a teacher? 你是教师吗？-Yes, I am (a teacher).是的，我是。（4）省略宾语This is the book (that) Im looking for.这是我正在找的书。-Is Mr.King in his office? -Sorry, I dont know (whether he is or not).金先生在办公室吗？对不起，我不知道。（5）省略主语和谓语或主谓和谓语的一部分(Come )This way, please. 请走这边。-What does he want to eat? -他想吃什么？-(He wants) Some rice and vegetables. -米饭和蔬菜。In winter it is colder in Beijing than (it is )in Nanjing.北京的冬天比南京要冷。What a good boy (he is )! 他是多好的学生啊！What a wonderful victory (it is )for Wilma! 对威尔玛来说这是多么了不起的胜利啊！ (It is) my mistake.我的错。（6）省略主、谓或宾 -To whom did you lend the book?你把书借给谁了？-To John.(I lend the book)约翰。-What do you think made John so upset?你人为什么使约翰如此难过？-(I think)Losing his wallet (made John so upset).他丢了钱包。（7）asas结构中的省略 这种结构中，从句于主句重复的词可以省略；把两个时间地点等相比较时，第一个as可省略。She looked after the baby as carefully as (she looked) after her own.她就像照顾自己的孩子一样照顾那个婴儿。He can be( as )happy in hard times as in good days.他在艰难岁月里能像在好时光时一样幸福。He was (as) delighted as (he was) in middle school.他就将在中学时一样快乐。（8）所有格后的名词名词所有格所修饰的名词，若表示住宅、办公室、店铺、教堂或上文己暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。Well go to the doctors （clinic）in a minute.一会儿我们要到医务室去。No dustmen come to the Turners (street). 没有垃圾清运工到特纳家所在的街道上来。（9）状语从句中的主谓省略 在以if、when、though、unless、as、as if等连词引导的从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,而且从句中的谓语动词是be，可以将状语从句中的主谓省略。When (he was ) walking in the street, he met a friend.他在街上走的时候，遇到了一位朋友。He will not come unless (he is ) invited.除非邀请他才肯来。The research is so well designed that once(it is ) begun it can never be stopped.研究设计得如此好，一旦启动就无法停止。 如果从句主谓语是it is或it was，可以省略主谓结构， if it is possible, when it is necessary 等都是这种结构。He ran as fast as (it was) possible.他拼命跑。If （it is ）necessary, put a comma.有必要的话，加一个逗号。 注意：由after, because, before等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语等，用-ing代替动词。Because he was ill he didnt attend the meeting.因为他病了，所以未出席会议。Because of being ill, he didnt attend the meeting.Because ill, he didnt attend the meeting.(误)(10)在限制性定语从句中作状语的关系副词when、why、where也可以省去。This is the very reason (why) I want to kill you. 这就是我为何要杀死你的理由。This was the first time (