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专题1.5 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero【导学案】单词识记1._ (n.)质量；品质；性质_(n.) 数量，量 2._(adj.)吝啬的；自私的；卑鄙的 3._(adj.)积极的；活跃的_(adv.) 积极地；活跃地 _(n.) 活动4._(adj.)慷慨的；大方的 5._(adj.)随和的；温和宽容的6._ (n.)自我；自身 _(adj.) 自私的 _(adj.) 无私的；忘我的 _(adv.)无私地；忘我地7._(vt.)（与to连用）献身；专心于 _(adj.) 忠实的；深爱的 _(n.) 奉献；关照8._(vt.)建立；建设 9._(n.)共和国；共和政体 10. _(n.) 法则；原则；原理11._(adj.)和平的；平静的；安宁的 _(adv.) 和平地；平静地；安宁地 _(n.)和平；平静；安宁12. _ (n.)人类 13._(n.)律师 14._ _(n.)指导；领导 15._(adj.)法律的；依照法律的 _(adj.) 非法的16. _(n.) 费（会费、学费等）；酬金 17._(adj.)怀有希望的；有希望的 _(adj.) 没有希望的；绝望的_(n.)希望18._ (n.)青年；青年时期 _(adj.) 青年的；年幼的 19._(n. )舞台；阶段；时期 20. _(vt&vi.)投票；选举(n.)投票；选票；表决21. _(vt.)进攻；攻击；抨击 22._ (n.)暴力；暴行 _(adj.) 暴力的；猛烈的 23._(adj.)相等的；平等的 _(adv.) 相等地；平等地 _(n.) 平等；同等；等式 24._ (adj.)乐意的；自愿的 _(adj.) 不愿意的；不情愿的 25._(adj.)不公平的；不公正的 _(adj.) 公平的；公正的 _(n.) 公平 26. _(vi.)逃脱；逃走；泄露 27._(n.)毛毯；毯子28. _(vt.)教育；训练 _(adj.) 受过教育的；有教养的 _ (n.) 教育；教育学；训练 _(n.) 教育工作者；教育家 29._(vi.)乞求；请求 _ (n.) 乞丐 30._(n.)亲戚；亲属 31._(n.)恐怖;可怕的人;恐怖时期;恐怖活动 32._(n.)残忍；残酷 33._(n.)报酬；奖金 (vt.)奖赏；酬劳34 ._(vt.)判决；宣判 35._(n.)总统；会长；校长；行长36._(n.)意见；看法；主张21.attack 22.violence ；violent 23.equal ；equally 24.willing ；unwilling 25.unfair；fair 26.escape 27.blanket 28.educate ；educated ；education；educator 29.beg ；beggar 30.relative 31.terror 32.cruelty 33.reward 34.sentence 35.president 36.opinion 【解析】本题重点考查对本单元所学重点单词的理解记忆。短语回顾1.失业 _2.事实上 _3.使充气；爆炸 _4.在危险,受罚,痛苦,忧虑等处境中 _ 5.求助于 _6.丧失勇气或信心 _7.当权；上台 _8.建立；设立 _9.被判处(徒刑) _10愿意干某事 _11.献身于 _12.投票赞成/反对 _13.从某人的观点来看；依照某人的观点 _ 【真题回放】1. 【2017北京卷】31. The little problems _ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.A. that B. as C. where D. when 【答案】A考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词（when, where, why等）。1. 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 eg. An architect is a person who / that designs houses and buildings. The city where / in which I was born is on the new railway line.4. 作介词宾语的关系代词 在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。e.g. The man with whom you shook hands just now is head of our department.Mrs. Nye, with whom you shook hands just now, is head of our department.The room in which my family live used to be a garage.2. 【2017江苏】28. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.A. which B. its C. whose D. whom 【答案】C【解析】试题分析：考查定语从句。先行词是“the World Food Programme”，“世界粮食项目”的目的之一是，whose在定语从句中作定语，这里限定purposes，故选C。句意：1963年联合国建立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一就是为了缓解世界范围内的饥饿问题。考点：考查定语从句3.【2017天津】9. My eldest son, _ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.A. that B. whose C. his D. who【答案】B【解析】考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语;whose做定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。4. 【2016江苏】23.Many young people, most _were well-educated, headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.A.of whichB.of themC.of whomD.of those【答案】C【解析】【名师点睛】“of whom / which”引导的定语从句：在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用of which/ whom或者of which / whom都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。一、表示整体中的部分The buses,most of whichwere already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I picked up the apples,some of whichwere badly bruised.我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box.我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。There are two bottles left,one of whichis almost finished and the other of which is not quite.只剩两瓶，一瓶快喝完了，另一瓶没完全喝完。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum.这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。二、表示所属关系Hes written a book, the name of which Ive forgotten.他写了一本书，书名我忘了。句中的the name of which=whose name。It was an agreement the details of which could not be altered.这是一项其细节不可更改的协定。句中的the details of which=whose details。考点：考查定语从句5. 【2016浙江】11. Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears , none of _ has been proved.A. whom B. which C. what D. that【答案】B【解析】考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。如果是代词+of+关系代词，注意先行词是人用whom，先行词是物用which。6. 【2016天津】9. We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. that B. where C. which D. when【答案】D【解析】试题分析： 句意：我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期，那时天气可能会更好。使用定语从句，先行词是next week，定语从句中不缺少主宾表，缺少时间状语。故选D。考点：考查定语从句。【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做地点，原因和时间状语。要分析定语从句的成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。7. 【2015湖南】29.It is a truly delightful place, _ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.A. as B. whereC. thatD. which【答案】D【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句关系代词。【名师点睛】本题旨在考查定语从句中的关系词，要求学生掌握在什么情况下用关系副词，什么情况下用关系代词以及各自的意义。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。8.【2015北京】24.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_you can hear some lovely music.A. which B.that C.when D.where【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：对面是圣保罗教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。这是一个定语从句。先行词是St. Pauls Church，从句主谓宾成分完整，去掉空后依然是完整的句子，可推断出引导词在从句中作的是地点状语。用where。故选D。【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句【名师点睛】本题考查学生对非限制性定语从句的掌握情况，做题之前先看到句子中间有没有逗号，逗号是非限制性定语从句的标志。然后再看句子中缺不缺成份，在定语从句中从句主语宾语都不缺少时，应该考虑关系副词，所以学生需要记住这种方法。9. 【2015重庆】14. He wrote many children s books, nearly half of_ were published in the 1990s.A. whom B. which C. them D. that【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：句意：他写了许多儿童书籍，几乎一半在1990年左右出版。先行词是books，定语从句中of缺少宾语，故选B项。 【考点定位】考查定语从句。 【名师点睛】定语从句有一种介词+关系代词，用关系代词还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词，不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或介词+关系代词，而及物动词后接宾语，则要求关系代词。Do you know the boy to whom she was talking? Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?此类定语从句，首先从先行词入手，确实主语是人还是物，再根据定语从句缺少的成分来辨别到底用哪个引导词。10. 【2015浙江】19. Creating an atmosphere employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.A. as B. whose C. in which D. at which【答案】C【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句介词加which的用法。【名师点睛】解答此题需要能够看出这是一个定语从句的结构名词+连词+句子，也需要分析从句的句子成分。关系词的选择，最关键的就是看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是表示什么的单词，如表示地点的先行词之后未必用where，同样表示时间的先行词之后未必用when。当关系代词作介词宾语，且该介词不是和从句的谓语动词构成固定短语时，介词可以提前，这样就出现介词+关系代词。先行词指物，用介词+which，指人则用介词+whom， 且两个关系代词均不能省略，介词的选择要遵循两个原则： 1.根据定语从句中谓语动词与先行词的搭配内容而定。2.根据先行词特殊用法而定。11. 【2015天津】15 The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.A. where B. whichC. whenD. who【答案】A【解析】试题分析：句意：公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛，在这种气氛中，其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。根据句意可知选A。【考点定位】考查定语从句。【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句。定语从句是高考重点考查知识之一，分析定语从句需要牢牢抓住两点：第一、找准先行词。第二、看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，从而能够判断出正确的关系词。12.【2015四川】3.The books on the desk, covers are shiny, are prizes for us.Awhich B. what C. whose D. that【答案】C【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句中关系词的选择。本句主要考查了关系代词whose的用法，whose在定语从句中担当定语，和其后的名词之间存在所有关系，还是比较容易判断的。此题中如果在covers之前加上定冠词the，则需要用of+which结构。即此题等同于：The books on the desk, of which the covers are shiny, are prizes for us.13. 【2015陕西】15. As the smallest child of his family, Alex is always longing for the time he should be able to be independent.A. which B. where C. whom D. when【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：作为家里最小的孩子，Alex总是渴望他能够有独立的时间。这里使用定语从句，先行词是the time，定语从句中缺少时间状语，用关系副词when，所以选D。【考点定位】考查定语从句【名师点睛】定语从句的考查主要就是考查关系词的辨析，关系代词that, which, whose, whom, as， who在句中做主语，宾语，表语或者定语；where, why, when在句中做状语。要分析句子成分，看缺少什么成分，就选用相应的关系词。14. 【2015福建】34.China Today attracts a worldwide readership,_ shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China. A. whoB. whomC. thatD. which【答案】D【解析】【考点定位】考查非限制性定语从句【名师点睛】关系词的选择，最关键的就是看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，而不是看先行词是表示什么的单词，如表示地点的先行词之后未必用where，同样表示时间的先行词之后未必用when。Which在非限制性定语从句中通常是代指前面整个句子或者一个较长的词语，并且在从句中做主语。15.【2015江苏】21.The number of smokers, _ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.A. it B. which C. what D. as【答案】D【解析】试题分析：句意：据报道，吸烟者人数仅（过去）一年就减少了17%。as引导的非限制性定语从句位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末，指代的是整个一句话。故选D项。考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有asis known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。【考点定位】定语从句【名师点睛】考生容易误选B项which，把逗号前面的the number of smokers看成先行词，后面非限制性定语从句用which引导。殊不知，这里关系代词指代的是“The number of smokers has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.”整个一句话。另外，as和which在定语从句都可以指代一句话，但前者有“正如”的意思，后者则没有。还可以抓住as is reported这一常用结构，类似的还有asis known/expected/planned/mentioned/said等。16. 【2015安徽】28.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon_ school education depends.A. itB. thatC. whoseD. which【答案】D【解析】【考点定位】考查定语从句【名师点睛】本题考查定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，有逗号隔开的是非限制性定语从句。定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。在定语从句中，介词后只能跟whom或which，指人用whom；指物用which。这里的先行词是skill，指物。17.（【2016全国新课标I】第三部分 英语知识运用第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top_61_(attract). So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research, I_62_（allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be _63_(official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back _64_ my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _65_ I was the first Western TV reporter_66_ (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include _67_(introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. On my recent visit, I help a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by _68_ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few _69_( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, _70_ other is with mum-she never suspects.【答案】61. attraction 62. was allowed 63. officially 64. to 65. when66. permitted 67. introducing 68. its 69. days 70. the63. officially考查副词。修饰动词用副词形式。64. to 考查介词。固定短语：go back to “回到”。65. when考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，从句缺少状语，因为先行词是时间，故填when。66. permitted 考查过去分词。被修饰的名词和permit之间是被动关系，用过去分词。67. introducing考查动名词。 介词后面应该用动名词形式。68. its考查代词。 修饰名词用形容词性的物主代词，故填its。69. days考查名词复数。Few修饰复数名词。【归纳总结】修饰复数名词的词和短语包括：many, few, a few, several, a number of, hundreds of等。修饰不可数名词的词和短语包括：much, a little, little , a bit of等。既能修饰复数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词和短语包括：more , such, plenty of, a lot of , lots of, a quantity of, quantities of等。70. the考查冠词。固定短语：one the other“一个另一个”。考点：语法填空【归纳总结】语法填空题的考查范围：动词（时态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语形式）、名词、代词、冠词、介词、数词，连词，固定搭配、情态动词、复合句、形容词和副词的比较级最高级及构词法、倒装、虚拟语气，省略、强调等。如：63题是考查副词；68题考查代词；69题考查名词复数；70题考查冠词等。解题策略：1.略读理解分析填空连贯检查（语法正确、语意连贯、拼写正确、书写规范、大小写准确）2. 了解语法、词法、句法、章法和惯用法。18.（2016新课标全国卷）第三部分 英语知识运用第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 61 (attract). So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I 62 （allow）to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be 63 (official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back 64 my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 65 I was the first Western TV reporter 66 (permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include 67 (introduce) British visitors to the 120-plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. On my recent visit, I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been rejected by 68 (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few 69 ( day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 70 other is with mumshe never suspects.【答案】61. attraction 62. was allowed 63. officially 64.to 65. when66. permitted67. introducing 68. its69. days70. the【解析】试题分析：65. when考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，缺少状语，先行词是时间故填when。66. permitted 考查过去分词。被修饰名词和permit之间是被动关系，用过去分词。67. introducing考查现在分词。介词后面用动名词。68. its考查代词。指代前面的twin，用its。69. days考查名词复数。few修饰复数名词。70. the考查冠词。one the other “一个另一个”。考点：短文填空19.（2016新课标全国卷）第二部分英语知识运用（共两节，满分45分）第二节（共10小题；每小题15分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。In much of Asia, especially the so-calledrice bowl cultures of China, Japan, Korea, 41 Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.Chopsticks are usually two long, thin pieces of wood or bamboo. They can also be made of plastic, animal bone or metal. Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might 42 (make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters. Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal 43 (create) special designs.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years. People probably cooked their food in large pots, 44 (use) twigs (树枝) to remove it. Over time, 45 the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook more quickly.Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which 46 (gradual) turned into chopsticks.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 47 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the 48 (develop) of chopsticks. Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 49 (be) too violent for use at the table.Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India, for example, most people traditionally eat 50 their hands.【答案】47.who48.development49.were50.with考点：名词；介词；副词；并列连词；非谓语动词；定语从句；状语从句 16
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