陕西省2013年高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题九 书面表达

2013年高考第二轮复习英语陕西版题型技法指导专题九书面表达真题试做（2012陕西高考）假定你是李华。下面的图画描述了教师节那天你们班组织的一次活动，请根据写作要点并参考图画内容，为校刊“英语角”版面写一篇短文。写作要点：1活动的策划；2教室的布置；3活动的内容；4你的感想。注意：1短文词数不少于100；2开头部分已写好，不计入总词数；3可根据情况增减细节，详略得当；4不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。Ms.Li，our English teacher，must have found it strange on Teachers Day：she did not receive a single greeting card from us students.She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her._考向分析高考书面表达测试的目的主要表现在以下几个方面：1）考查对所学字、词、句、语言和语法方面的基础知识的运用能力；2）考查对所提供的材料的分析能力、语言组织能力及表达能力；3）考查逻辑分析能力及对各种文体的掌握能力。书面表达在设计方式、命题切入等方面有以下特点和规律：话题选择：近年来书面表达题材多为与学生生活密切相关的话题贴近时代，贴近生活，寓德于文，融情于题，让考生在答题过程中得到文化反省和道德熏陶。如2011年陕西卷考的是有关家庭教育的话题；2012年陕西卷为根据描述教师节那天班上组织的一次活动；2012年全国新课标卷为申请加入一个国际中学生组织的新加坡夏令营，就陕西近几年的书面表达话题来看，一直遵循“话题来源于学生的实际生活”的特点，这样的话题可以让每位同学有话可说，有感而发。同时从全国各地的作文话题来看，表现出向“人文情调、人生哲理和爱国爱党”写作命题发展的方向，如：2011年福建卷“汶川大地震三周年纪念灾区新貌征文活动”、 2011年湖北卷“团结与合作”等等。值得注意的是，近几年“涉外”与“信息化”话题考查得越来越多。如2009年全国卷、全国卷、辽宁卷等涉及与国外的人或事有关的话题，2009年江苏卷考查了鼠标的利弊，陕西卷考查了网上回帖，2012年课标全国卷考查用电子邮件写申请书，体现了“国际化”与“信息化”的特点。命题限制：命题控制性减弱，开放性增强。近几年，全国卷以及部分省自主命题地方卷，基本上通过文字、图画、图表或提纲等形式给考生暗示对等或对应的常规套语、结构、句式或段式等思维框架，属于控制性或导引性应用文体类作文。然而，随着新课改的推进，许多省份书面表达开放性逐渐加大。如陕西2012年图片类试题为学生展现创造性思维提供了广阔空间；广东省近4年读写结合命题形式让考生充分展露真情实感；福建省2009年别出心裁的命题形式，加大了思维表达的自由度。文体构成：应用文、记叙文、说明文等文体，稳中有变，交替出现，复考率高，且常混合采用。其中，应用文的考查占较大的比例，且有明显的上升趋势。如2011年有9个省份考查应用文，其中包括书信、电子邮件、日记、发言稿等，以书信为主，这体现了英语“实用性”的原则。20102012年陕西高考卷命题体裁、形式及写作内容统计：根据上表统计可知，近几年书面表达的体裁应用文居多，属于半开放写作，摆脱了以往“翻译”式的写作方式，留给学生充足的思维空间和写作空间。答题步骤1细心审题。学生一定要对题目所提供的信息仔细分析，明确题目要求，把握要点，对具体要求及内容重新组织整理，使其条理化。审清题目理清思路后，确定写作的体裁及格式、框架结构，同时大致罗列出内容要点。2用词准确，语法得当。用词恰当，语言准确是书面表达的基本要求，它直接或间接地影响到信息的准确传输。英语基础知识的好坏，直接关系到语言的准确性。只要基础知识抓得好，并做卓有成效的训练，准确运用语言是可以做到的，一些固定词组的用法，动词的时态、语态，主谓一致关系等都是书面表达中容易出错的地方。同时应努力避免单词拼写错误，关键单词写错会直接影响语意的表达。在应试中，对于写不出来的单词，应设法避难就易，寻找替代词（同义词、反义词）；要适当地多使用一些词组、习语来代替单词，以增加文采，丰富语句的表现力。3尽己所能，避简就繁。要想获得高分，在整篇书面表达的写作过程中，就要写出几句语言结构较为复杂、用法较为地道的精彩语句，在最新高考书面表达题的最高档次给分要求中明确规定：书面表达中应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，如果因尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇而导致错误，不会影响获得高分；这样能充分体现考生较强的语言运用能力。因此考生在复习冲刺阶段，多练多读多背一些较为复杂的精彩句式是非常必要的。在应考答题时，经过自己的努力，能够用较复杂的结构或较高级的词汇表达语句，才能使自己的写作得分达到较高档次。4整理成篇，行文连贯。层次清楚，文理通顺是书面表达的又一基本要求，考生应对试题所提供的情景做细致的分析，先写什么，后写什么，应做统筹安排，既不能按中文说明逐句翻译，也不能颠三倒四，语无伦次。在表达的过程中，善于抓住表达的关键词语，正确使用过渡性关联词是使文章承上启下，脉络清晰的有效之举。5仔细核对，查漏补缺。做题时，有些考生会将注意力集中在表达上，加之匆忙粗心，难免出现错误，诸如单词的误写、多写、少写，习语的搭配，时态、语态、主谓一致等；字母的大小写、标点符号，汉语式的英语等问题。这就要求考生在定稿前认真检查，仔细核对，及时发现并改正问题，保证要点齐全，句子完整、通顺，力争减少失误。6卷面整洁，字体美观。一篇好的书面表达除了结构完整，内容表达准确、连贯之外，卷面整洁，字体美观也很重要。技法指导1提纲类书面表达提纲类书面表达可分为提纲要点式（将信息用文字条目的形式标出）和提纲表格式（将信息置于表格之中）两种。这类题目要点明确，范围具体，信息一览无余且话题贴近生活。答题时易于动笔，并且一般不会遗漏要点。但此类试题包括了较多的文字说明，考生容易受到提纲的制约，造成语法结构和词汇使用的单调，从而将书面表达变成了句子翻译。提纲类书面表达体裁多样，包括应用文（书信、日记、通知、发言稿、寻物及招领启事等）、说明文、记叙文、议论文等。题材涉及广泛，如人物介绍、地点介绍、新闻报道、生活话题及社会热门话题等。写作时应认真审题，把握中心，注意各要点之间的联系。2图画类书面表达图画类书面表达是一种考查学生观察理解能力及语言运用能力的题型。题材以贴近现实生活为主，考生一般都有话可说，不会轻易偏离主题。体裁较广泛，一般说来，这类题型多以夹叙夹议的形式出现，即先阐述图画所表达的内容，然后阐述自己的观点；也可以是记叙文，将图画中所表达的信息完全描述出来；还可以是说明文，从时间、过程、步骤等角度加以描述和阐释。写作时要学会理解图画，可以先按照每幅图画的内容，列出简单的提纲，然后将每幅图画的内容有机地联系在一起。3图表类书面表达图表类书面表达是高考书面表达中考查较多的一类题型。有表格、饼状图、曲线图、折线图等多种形式。近几年主要以表格考查为主，通常以不完整的汉语句子包括术语或概括性的短语作为提示的形式出现；把所提供的材料切割成信息点，置于表格之中，让考生发挥想象力，确定要点，运用相关的词汇、短语、句型形成完整的表达。体裁范围较广，可以是记叙文、议论文、说明文，也可以是夹叙夹议文。写作时一定要理解图表的内容，弄清图表中相关信息的联系；同时要处理好重点和次重点的关系，避免混淆主题。4开放类书面表达开放类书面表达属于非控制性作文，与传统意义的作文有所不同。题目所给素材和主题大多为简短的文字提示或图画。这类题型给考生留下了很多自由发挥和想象的空间，同时也对考生提出了更高的要求。它不仅能考查考生的逻辑思维和想象能力，更能考查考生的语言表达和组织能力及分析问题和解决问题的能力。开放类作文侧重考查两类文体：记叙文和议论文。记叙文体的开放类作文往往给考生一段材料，要求考生根据所给材料，运用逻辑推理，适当添加开头、过程及结尾；议论文体的开放类作文要求考生在所给材料或主题的基础上，提炼观点，并得出结论。开放类书面表达是高考英语写作中难度最大的一类。误区警示1时态、人称和数用错。汉语动词无时态、人称和数的变化，而对英语动词来说，这些都至关重要。如：误：They said they can complete the work in three months.正：They said they could complete the work in three months.析：主句中谓语动词said引导了一个宾语从句，从句时态应该与主句时态保持一致。这是典型的时态不一致问题。误：Once one have money，he can do what he want to do.正：Once one has money，he can do what he wants to do.析：one为第三人称，因而本句谓语动词have应改为has；同理，want应改为wants。这是典型的主谓不一致问题。误：The Smiths did his best to make me feel well.正：The Smiths did their best to make me feel well.析：本句主语是the Smiths“史密斯一家人”，故后面应该是their“他们的”而不是his“他的”。2be 动词遗漏。在主系表结构中，汉语中没有动词的句子是允许的，英语中每个完整的句子都必须由动词来承担谓语，如：误：He will sure to come and help me.正：He will be sure to come and help me.析：本句中sure是形容词，不能充当动词置于情态动词之后。3句子不完整。有的考生因为对句子结构认识模糊，所以出现只写半句的现象，这也是造成失分的原因之一。如：误：Because the kids thought their wages were too low.正：Because the kids thought their wages were too low，they demanded a high pay.析：本句是一个because引导的原因状语从句，后面必须出现主句才能构成主从复合句结构，否则就造成句子结构的不完整。误：There are many ways to know society.For example by TV，radio，newspaper and so on.正：There are many ways to know society，for example by TV，radio，and newspaper.析：本句后半部分“for example by TV，radio，newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些词组，不能独立成句。4介词、冠词遗漏。还有一些考生因为没有熟练掌握介词或者冠词的用法，就会出现明显的错误，造成丢分现象。如：误：Because his mistake several people died.正：Because of his mistake several people died.析：because是一个连词，后面应该引导一个原因状语从句。本句采用了一个简单句结构，用介词短语because of 作原因状语可以解决此问题。5悬垂修饰语逻辑混乱。主要指修饰主句的短语与主句的逻辑关系混乱不清。如：误：At the age of ten，his grandfather died.正：When he was ten，his grandfather died.析：这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没有说明谁十岁时。如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。误：To do well in college，good grades are essential.正：To do well in college，a student needs good grades.析：第一句中不定式短语“to do well in college”的逻辑主语不明确。6词性误用。词性误用常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。如：误：If you work hard，you will be sure to success.正：If you work hard，you will be sure to succeed.析：success为名词，而在句子结构be sure to do中应该使用动词succeed。7指代不清。是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。如：误：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.正：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.析：读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解代词所指的对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。8措词失误。考生在书面表达中所使用的词汇来源较广，容易对同义词或近义词的细微区别理解不到位，造成失分。如：误：He finally resolved the problem.正：He finally solved the problem.析：resolve 的汉语意思是“使分解，解决”，resolve虽有解决之意，但解决的不是“problem”，而是contradiction或doubt, 解决问题应用 solve。误：However the speed of a car is much faster than that of a bicycle.正：However the speed of a car is much higher than that of a bicycle.析：speed只能与high，low，good，top，normal，fantastic，moderate，surprising等搭配，不能与fast，quick，slow搭配。但可以这样说 A car is much faster in speed than a bicycle.9不连贯。不连贯是指一个句子前言不搭后语，或是结构上不一致。如：误：The fresh water，it is the most important things of the earth.正：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.析：the fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯；同时it 与things 在数方面不一致。1假设你是李华，今年暑假去英国Lundy Island度假时发现海滩上有很多垃圾。请你根据以下提示，给该岛度假中心的负责人Mr.Henry写一封信。1陈述写信的原因；2呼吁保护海滩环境；3期望问题尽快得到解决。注意：1词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。_2随着网络的日益普及，人们用于读书的时间逐渐减少。请你根据以下要点写一篇英语短文，并发表在自己的英语博客上。1简单陈述这一现象；2列举读书的好处；3谈谈自己的观点。注意：词数100左右。_3假设你校英语报的Literature Corner专栏刊登了一首题为“Life”的小诗，面向全体同学征稿，要求大家简述自己对这首诗的理解。请你根据下面给出的诗写一篇英语短文，向校报投稿。注意：词数100左右。LifeLife can be good，Life can be bad；Life is mostly cheerful，But sometimes sad.Life can be dreams，Life can be great thoughts；Life can mean a person，Sitting in a court.Life can be dirty，Life can even be painful；But life is what you make it，So try to make it beautiful._4最近，有媒体报道了关于幼儿园校车撞车事故，事故中多名儿童受伤，甚至死亡。请根据以下提示，写一篇英语短文发表在你校的网站上。主要内容：1造成事故原因：一些民办幼儿园利欲熏心，校车严重超载，违反交通规则；资金投入不足；2解决办法：政府采取措施规范并提高校车质量；严惩违章的学校；提高人们的交通安全意识。注意：1词数：100左右；2可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3参考词汇：超载overload；规范regulate；不管regardless of。_5最近，你们班举行了一次以“什么是成功”为主题的班会，讨论中大家对成功有着不同的理解。请你根据以下表格中的提示，阐述三种不同的观点和你个人对成功的看法。观点理由成功是赚大钱财富是身份的象征；可以利用金钱做很多事成功是出名成为明星，为父母争光成功是为社会作贡献富翁、名人只是少数，为社会多作贡献才是人生的真谛注意：1词数：100左右；2开头已经给出，但不计入总词数。Recently we have had a class meeting whose topic is “What Is Success”Views vary from person to person._6（2012陕西师大附中模拟）目前，一些诸如GG, MM, Xia Mi 等网络语言在青少年中极为盛行，并且出现在家庭作业中，甚至在全国入学考试的作文中也有。请你以“Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited（禁止）？”为题，用英语写一篇短文。短文须包含下面所给的内容。1一些同学认为：网络语言生动、时尚，网络语言充满幽默与智慧，使网上聊天更快捷。2另一些同学认为：网络语言缺乏思想性，没有被大部分人理解、接受，过多使用使人不解，甚至误解。3你的看法词数：短文词数不少于100（不含已写好的部分）Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited?At present，Internet Slang，such as “GG, MM, Xia Mi”，has become popular among the teenagers._参考答案 专题九书面表达命题调研明晰考向真题试做Ms.Li，our English teacher，must have found it strange on Teachers Day：she did not receive a single greeting card from us students.She would have never thought a complete surprise was waiting for her.As Teachers Day was approaching，our class decided to hold a party to celebrate the important day for a change this year.On the afternoon of September 10，some of us decorated our classroom with paper flowers and balloons，and others went to buy cakes，drinks and fruits.The blackboard was decorated with beautiful words，which read“Happy Teachers Day！”Entering the classroom，Ms.Li was surprised to find we were standing in line，clapping hands and saying loudly “Happy Teachers Day！”Wang Hua，our monitor，presented her with the prepared flowers.Some of the girls sang songs for Ms.Li，and three boys showed their Gongfu talent.Before we left，we enjoyed a new English song by Ms.Li.Ms.Li spent a wonderful time with us，but we know that we cannot thank her enough for all her hard work and guidance.创新模拟预测演练1Dear Mr.Henry，I have noticed that there is a lot of rubbish along the beach of Lundy Island.Being a tourist，I would like to see a clean and beautiful beach.Keeping the beach clean will encourage more visitors；it will also give them a message that everyone should love and protect green nature.I strongly hope that you will agree with me and take action to solve this problem.We should protect the environment together.Thanks for your time and consideration.Im looking forward to an early effort to handle the problem.Yours sincerely，Li Hua2Nowadays with the increasing use of the Internet，more and more people spend little time reading.However，reading is still beneficial.First，you can increase your knowledge by reading.The more you read，the more you know about the world.Second，through books you can travel in your imagination.People who read a lot can use their imagination and think in a creative way.Finally，reading makes it easy to express your ideas in a correct and simple form.You can see that people who read often have a good ability to express themselves.So dont forget reading，and Im sure that you will love reading.3The poem tells us that life may not always turn out the way we think it will，but we can make it beautiful by ourselves.The poet thinks that being optimistic is of great importance.It is not unusual that middle school students often come across difficulties in their lives.Some tend to give up because they think they are unlucky.Some，on the contrary，face them bravely and learn from their mistakes and move forward.The optimistic eventually achieve their dreams.As far as I am concerned，its not wise to let difficulty prevent you from doing anything.You should believe your efforts will pay off and that your life will become beautiful.4Recently，several traffic accidents have been reported about kindergarten school bus accidents，causing many injuries and even some deaths.Therere some main reasons as follows.First of all，to make more profits，some private kindergartens allow their school buses to be overloaded，regardless of childrens safety.Besides，many people dont obey traffic rules while driving.Last but not least，more private kindergartens lack necessary money.In order to protect children，the government should take effective measures to regulate and improve the quality of school buses.Meanwhile，those who break rules must be punished.Whats more，everyone，especially drivers，parents，children，school leaders and teachers，should be educated to raise their awareness of safety.5Recently_we_have_had_a_class_meeting_whose_topic_is_“What_Is_Success”Views_vary_from_person_to_person.Some students think that making lots of money means success because you can do many things with money and gain social status，too.Some students hold the view that success means being a famous star and their parents will be proud of them.However，the other students believe that making a contribution to society is success.The reason is that only a few people can be millionaires or become famous.As ordinary people，they should do what they can to serve the people.In my opinion，theres no only standard for success.So long as we do our best and achieve our goals，that is success.6Should Internet Slang Be Prohibited?At present，Internet Slang，such as “GG，MM，Xia Mi”，has become popular among the teenagers.There are different opinions on Internet Slang.Some students think Internet Slang is vivid，fashionable and full of humor and intelligence.Besides，it makes chatting on the Internet quicker.However，other students think Internet Slang lacks depth of thought and is too simple.Also，it is hard to understand and not accepte