山东省2013年高考英语二轮复习 题型技法指导专题四 阅读表达

2013年高考第二轮复习英语山东版题型技法指导专题四阅读表达真题试做(2012山东高考)1Ashley Powers mother bought a computer for her when she was eight.When she was thirteen，she was surfing the Internet regularly，but she couldnt find anywhere for teenagers to meet and talk.And one day she thought，“If I had my own website，Id make it a really interesting site for teenagers.”2So，when Ashley was sixteen，she launched her own website，called GooseHead.She had no idea how big a success it would be，but three years later，the site was the most successful teen site in the USA！It was getting 100,000 hits every day，and Ashley had about 30 employees.3After a few years，the website closed down.Then Ashley，who lives in Los Angeles，was asked to write a book called The GooseHead Guide to Life.The book is about how to design a website and start a business.It begins with a section called “All About Ashley，”where Ashley tells readers what it is like to be the boss of a company when you are only sixteen.“I was so happy.But it was crazy in a lot of ways.I got very stressed.I mean，I was only sixteenI didnt even have a car！If you were sixteen and you had your own company，youd be stressed，too！”4 In an interview Ashley gave advice to teenagers who wanted to start their own business，“Just be strong and have your dreams and work hard at them.And dont listen when _，because I heardnoa lot.Just keep going until you hear yes！”76For what purpose did Ashley create GooseHead？(no more than 10 words)_77What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？(no more than 6 words)_78According to Paragraph 3，what did Ashley do after GooseHead closed down？(no more than 10 words)_79How did Ashley feel as a young boss of a company？(no more than 5 words)_80Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words._考向分析阅读表达题是自2007年开始山东省高考试题中增加的一种新的测试题型，要求考生能够在规定的时间内阅读完全部的内容并且按照题目的要求回答文后的五个问题。该题型的测试目的是从多方位、多角度考查考生通过阅读获取信息、处理信息并进行书面表达的能力。比传统的阅读理解题型更具综合性和主观性，更能体现对考生的语言综合运用能力的考查。根据山东省高考英语科最新考试说明和近几年高考试题来看，阅读表达题的常见设题类型有以下七种：设题类型设题要求设题方式概括主旨概括文章大意、标题，或指出作者写作的主要意图。What is the main idea of Paragraph.?What is the main idea of the article/passage/text?What is the best title of the article/passage/text?What does the writer mainly discuss/deal with in the article/passage/text?For what purpose does the author mention.in Paragraph.?What is the purpose of the writers writing the passage？完成句子补全文章中空缺的句子。Please fill in the blank in the passage with proper words or phrase.Fill the blank in Paragraph 3 with a proper sentence.翻译句子根据语境翻译句子。Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph.into Chinese.替换句子同义语句替换。Which sentence in the text/passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?Please find out the sentence which can be replaced by the following one.Which sentence in the passage can be replaced by the following one？封闭性问题根据文章内容回答问题。How does the author introduce the topic of the text?What does the author say about.?What advice is given in the last paragraph?According to the passage，what is the writers problem?List three activities that might develop into addictions based on the text.开放性问题结合文章内容陈述个人观点。What would you do if you were.?What other suggestions would you give to solve.problem mentioned?How would you settle the problem if you were.?What do you think.?Which of.do you think is the best for you，why？其他类型必要时根据文章的题材和体裁设置其他题目。纵观近几年的阅读表达题，可以看出题目的设计更加注重灵活性和针对性。2011年和2012年的试题均舍弃了以前常用的同义句替换、翻译句子以及细节信息列举等题型，保留了测试效果较好的回答问题、概括主旨和完成句子等题型，这使得该题的测试目的更加明确，提高了试题的效度和区分度。2012年题目的设计更为巧妙，独具匠心，各题皆需考生在理解、消化原文的基础上，捕捉关键信息进行逻辑推理，并据此进行语法和语义调整，组织语言回答问题，无一题可以照搬原文作答。这样的设计既考查了考生对段落大意的概括能力(如77题)，还考查了其利用上下文语境线索进行逻辑推理的能力(如80题)，以及准确把握篇章信息和概括归纳的能力(如76、78、79题)，将考查重点放在逻辑思维和语言表达能力上，这更加符合阅读表达测试的要求。总之，阅读表达题经过短短几年的尝试探索，已经变得日趋成熟，有利于推进中学素质教育和为高校选拔优秀人才。答题步骤1浏览全文，捕捉信息。以快速阅读方式浏览全文，了解文章大意，可避免断章取义，减少解题时的盲目性。阅读时要抓住主题和关键性词语，把握它们之间的联系，为解题做好准备。通过浏览全文，还可以了解作者的观点和写作意图。2细读问题，分析信息。浏览全文后，已对文章或段落大意有所了解，再读考题，对要捕捉的信息进行分析、推理，这样便可先解答与主题思想有关的问题。3复读全文，抓住细节。带着问题去复读，可缩小复读范围，更便于捕捉关键的信息。复读时可边读边用铅笔做标记，把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因(即：who，what，when，where，why)画出来。经过这样的处理，对文章的内容和细节便更清楚了。另外，复读全文时，还应特别注意首段或每一段的首句和结尾句。因为在首句和首段，作者往往要说明事件的起因，阐述自己的观点或事件发生的时间、地点与人物的关系。结尾句、段是事件的结论或作者表达的态度、意图、目的等。4回答问题，言简意赅。要弄清题目要求，这样才能把握方向，提高阅读理解及回答问题的正确性。对那些明显的、有把握的题目，可以马上作答，不必再过多推敲；对有些不能从文中直接找到答案的问题，考生可依据各种信息进行分析推理，把握文章的整体脉络，调整并定位自己的解题思路。另外，回答问题时，最好不要照抄原文，而是自己概括总结，简单明了。5综观全文，核对答题。现在大多数考生在做阅读表达题时，急于寻求答案，文章草草看一遍，就对问题作答。这样做既不利于整体把握全文概要，又会对文章局部内容的理解出现偏差，常常顾此失彼。因此要用全文的主题思想统率各考题，把在阅读和答题时所得到的信息归纳整理一遍之后，再读一遍短文检查答案，看是否前后一致，意义和语言知识是否和原文相符，是否符合逻辑等。发现前后矛盾、遗漏要点等错误，要立即改正。技法指导1概括主旨(2012山东高考，77)What is the main idea of Paragraph 2？(no more than 6 words)剖析：仔细阅读该段不难发现，这一段的关键词就是website和successful，以此为关键信息结合词数要求可以总结出其大意： Ashleys GooseHead was a big success.该题型要求学生概括短文或短文中某一段落的大意，判断作者的写作意图，并选择合适的文章标题格式。解决这类问题，要善于对文章的整体内容进行概括或归纳，要善于寻找段落的主题句和剔除文中的细节事实或作者所使用的论据等，即分清主旨和细节；概括出来的中心意思一定要能够覆盖全文或整个段落，绝对不可离题太远、太笼统或者只概括一段或几句话的意思，即以偏概全；文章标题格式可以是完整的句子，可以是简洁的短语，也可以用问题的形式，同时要注意字数要求。2完成句子(2012山东高考，80)Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with proper words.剖析：由下文“.because I heard no a lot.”可以推断，此处表达的应该是“不要听别人说”，所以答案为：people tell you that you cant do it。该题型要求结合上下文将短文中的空白处用适当的词语补充完整，使短文通顺。在处理此类试题上，一定要高屋建瓴，在把握全文大意的基础上，弄懂所填句子与上下文之间的逻辑关系，如：因果、递进、并列、对比、转折等。此类试题虽有一定的难度，但字数要求一般较少，语言力求简练。完成后可仔细通读上下文，看是否通顺，是否能恢复作者本来想表达的意思。3翻译句子(2010山东高考，80)Translate the underlined sentence in Paragraph 3 into Chinese.They also have better chance to reduce the possibility that children will get involved with alcohol，tobacco，and illegal drugs.剖析：该句包含了一个that引导的同位语从句，主句可译为“他们也有更好的机会来减少可能性”，同位语从句在被翻译成汉语时，可表达为前置定语。所以答案是：父母也有更好的机会来减少孩子沾染酒、烟和毒品的可能性。/父母也更有可能降低子女染上酗酒、吸烟、吸毒等不良习惯的几率。这种考查形式要求将短文中指定的句子翻译成通顺的汉语。要求翻译的句子往往是结构较为复杂或者包括一些特定习语的句子。在翻译之前一定要分析句子的结构，并通过句子所在的情景弄清楚句子的意思，然后用通顺的汉语进行表达。同时还要注意英、汉两种语言及其文体特征的差异。4句子替换(2010山东高考，77)Which sentence in the text is closest in meaning to the following one?By having dinner together family members can have free exchange of information and develop closer ties among them.剖析：该句大意为“通过聚餐，家庭成员可以无拘无束地交流信息，他们之间的关系也发展得更为密切”。其中free exchange of information基本等同于open communication，ties的意思就是relationships。所以答案为：Eating together helps families achieve open communication and build stronger and healthier relationships.该题型要求根据所给的英文释义句子，在短文中寻找相同的句子。做这种类型的问题时，首先要对句子的意义进行准确的理解，并迅速找出文中意义相同的句子，然后抄写在指定的地方。5封闭性问题(2012山东高考，76)For what purpose did Ashley create GooseHead？(no more than 10 words)剖析：根据第一段可知，Ashley Power经常上网，但是没有供青少年之间相聚交谈的网站，因此她想创办一个专门为青少年提供交流的网站。所以主人公创办网站的意图是：She wanted to create an interesting website for teenagers.封闭性问题是指答案是固定或唯一的问题，一般可在文章中找到明确的答案或依据，包括常见的whquestions。做这种类型的题目时，首先要读懂问题及相关段落的信息，然后根据要求进行总结，因为有字数限制，所以答题时要特别注意如何用词和如何组织语言。6开放性问题When things in your life seem almost too much to handle，when 24 hours in a day is not enough，remember the mayonnaise(调味汁)jar and the beer.A professor stood before his class with some items in front of him.When the class began，he picked up a very large，empty jar and filled it with golf balls.He then asked the students if the jar was full.They agreed that it was.So the professor then picked up a box of small pebbles(鹅卵石)and put them into the jar.He shook the jar lightly.The pebbles rolled into the open areas between the golf balls.He then asked the students again if the jar was full.They agreed it was.The professor next picked up a box of sand and poured it into the jar.He asked once more if the jar was full.The students said，“Yes.” The professor then took out two cups of coffee and poured the coffee into the jar.The students laughed.“Now，” said the professor，“I want you to recognize that this jar represents your life.The golf balls are the important thingsyour family，your children，your health，your friends and your favorite passion.If you lost everything else，only they would remain and your life would still be full.The pebbles are the things that matter like your job，your house and your car.The sand is the small stuff(事务)”“If you put the sand into the jar first，” he continued，“there is no room for the pebbles or the golf balls._.If you spend all your time and energy on the small stuff，you will never do the important things.One of the students raised her hand and asked what the coffee represented.The professor smiled，“It just shows that no matter how full your life may seem，theres always room for a couple of cups of coffee with a friend.”79What can we learn from the passage？(no more than 30 words)剖析：通读全文可知，教授的目的就是让学生知道如何驾驭生活，享受生活。所以答案为：What the professor did tells us how to get on well with our life./We cant spend all our time and energy on the small stuff，because we have some things which are really important for us and our families.开放性问题要求学生依据自己的看法结合对原文的理解作出回答。该类问题是阅读表达题中主观性最强的试题，要求考生根据个人的观点、经验、看法，结合原文理解回答相关问题，答案具有多样性和主观性的特点，注意扬长避短，避难就易。误区警示1封闭性问题审题不准，脱离原文(2012山东高考)3 After a few years，the website closed down.Then Ashley，who lives in Los Angeles，was asked to write a book called The GooseHead Guide to Life. The book is about how to design a website and start a business.It begins with a section called “All About Ashley，” where Ashley tells readers what it is like to be the boss of a company when you are only sixteen.“I was so happy.But it was crazy in a lot of ways.I got very stressed.I mean，I was only sixteenI didnt even have a car! If you were sixteen and you had your own company，youd be stressed，too！”78According to Paragraph 3，what did Ashley do after GooseHead closed down? (no more than 10 words)_【错混透析】 解答封闭性问题常见的错误有三种。一是审题错误，不清楚题目的要求，以至于对信息定位不准，答非所问；二是表达不当，答案不准确或因词数太少表达不够全面，甚至出现语法性错误；三是不能根据原文提供的信息进行作答，主观臆断，答案是自己的观点或看法。该题要求根据第三段内容作答，从该段Ashley的自述中可知他的网站关闭后，有人请她写了一本书，后面就是对这本书的介绍，所以答案应表达为：She wrote a book called The GooseHead Guide to Life.【解题指导】 对于封闭性问题，要在通读全文、掌握文章主旨大意的基础上进行。首先要认真审题，弄清要求，明确问的是什么；其次要按照题意进行寻读，找出问题涉及的具体细节内容，精确定位信息；然后根据题目要求，从文章细节、作者意图、文章脉络等方面加以分析判断；最后运用自己的语言重组信息，恰当地表达出结构和语义方面都正确的答案。2完成句子脱离语境，表达欠妥If you sleep curled(蜷缩)up，you are probably a very nervous person.You have a low opinion of yourself and so youre often defensive.Youre shy and you dont normally like meeting people.You prefer to _.78Please fill in the blank with proper words or phrases to complete the sentence.(Please answer within 10 words.)【错混透析】 做补全句子的题目时，容易犯的错误是忽略上下文语境，没有弄清楚文章的结构层次，所以会出现文不对题的错误。根据上文“Youre shy and you dont normally like meeting people.”一句能够很容易判断出下文应该是You prefer to be on your own/stay alone.【解题指导】 答题时，第一要准确把握文章大意，不能偏离主题；第二应注意句式、语法结构和文章的层次结构以及过渡词，分析所缺信息与上下文的关系；第三表述要准确，尽量使用较为高级的词汇；第四要注意词数的限制。3翻译句子逐词对应，不合习惯However，while some seem to be lost in the desire to succeed，others take an opposite attitude.In a culture which values only the winner and pays no attention to the ordinary players，they strongly blame competition.Among those who complain most are youngsters who have suffered under competitive pressures from their parents or society.Teaching these young people，I often observe in them a desire to fail.They seem to seek failure by not trying to win or achieve success.By not trying，they always have an excuse：“I may have lost，but it doesnt matter because I really didnt try.” What is not usually admitted by them is the belief that if they had really tried and lost，_.Such a loss would be a measure of their worth.5Translate the underlined sentence into Chinese._【错混透析】做翻译句子的题目时，容易犯的错误是忽视英汉两种语言文化间的差异，用汉语的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式来理解英语，导致翻译出来的句子逻辑混乱、语意含糊、信息缺失。该句是一个复合句，其中包含了两个who引导的定语从句，分别修饰代词those和名词youngsters，翻译成汉语时，要把定语从句的内容放在所修饰成分的前面。所以答案为：在那些最抱怨竞争的人中，就有深受来自父母或社会竞争压力之苦的年轻人。【解题指导】翻译句子时，要注意分析句子的结构及语序，不要逐词逐句翻译，同时要注意汉语的表达习惯，语言要通顺流畅。4开放性问题思维混乱，表达不清A long car journey can be a nightmare(噩梦)for everyone，whether they are adults or children，passengers or drivers.The driver at least has something that he or she needs to concentrate on but for the other occupants of the car，the journey can be boring，uncomfortable，and can make you feel sick.Moreover，passengers who suffer during car journeys can cause stress and anxiety to the driver，who may therefore lose concentration and cause an accident.With this problem in mind，doctors and child psychiatrists have recommended a series of things to do and not do to make these journeys less stressful.Surveys suggest that a major cause of arguments on car journeys is _，and evidence shows that drivers operate better if they are listening to something of their own choice.This means that，especially when different generations are traveling，everyone except the driver who wants to listen to music should be equipped with their own source of music or radio.By far the most successful strategy，especially if there are children in the car，is to turn the journey into a fun task of some kind.For example，children can be issued with an illustrated worksheet，offering them the chance to tick off things that they seea blue motorway road sign，for example，or a particular kind of tree.It is of course important to have sufficient provisions(储备物)for the trip，with water on the top of the list.However，doctors are now warning parents against giving their children fast food items and fizzy(起泡的)drinks，the kind of things that cause hyperactivity and can create tension and problems.5What do you think are the needed sufficient provisions for children during the trip？(Please answer within 20 words.)【错混透析】解答主观性试题容易犯的错误是忽视题干的要求，答非所问，或抓不住要点；语言表达不准确、不规范，缺乏逻辑性；有时会出现语法错误。该题要求学生回答在旅途中需要为孩子们准备什么样的储备物，要考虑到吃的和玩的等几个方面，学生只要言之有理，就可以自由发挥，但是根据最后一段第一句中的with water on the top of the list，所以water必须要有；根据最后一段第二句doctors are now warning parents against giving their children fast food items and fizzy(起泡的) drinks，所以与此有关的饮食不能作为答案。因此答案可以是：water，milk，sweats，fruits，bread to eat，toys to play，etc.【解题指导】解答主观性题目时，答案虽具有开放性的特点，但是必须忠于文章内容，与文章主题保持高度一致，不能遗漏关键信息，也不能凭空增加多余信息；语言表达要简洁明了；书写要清晰整洁，准确使用标点符号。1(2012山东5月仿真冲刺一)(第1题2分，第2、3、5题每题3分，第4题4分，满分15分)1 Food sometimes gets poisoned with harmful things.A person who eats such food can get an illness called food poisoning.Food poisoning is usually not serious，but some types are deadly.The symptoms of food poisoning usually begin within hours of eating the poisoned food.Fever is one of the most common symptoms.2 Certain microorganisms(微生物)cause most types of food poisoning.Bacteria and other microorganisms can poison eggs，meat，vegetables，and many other foods.After entering the body，these tiny living things release poisons that make people sick.3 Some chemicals can also cause food poisoning.They are often added to food while it is being grown，processed，or prepared.For example，many farmers spray chemicals on crops to kill weeds and insects.Some people may have a bad reaction to those chemicals when they eat the crops.4 Some plants and animals contain natural poisons that are harmful to people.These include certain kinds of seafood，grains，nuts，seeds，beans，and mushrooms.5 When people handle food properly，the risk of food poisoning _.Microorganisms multiply rapidly in dirty places and in warm temperatures.This means that people should never touch food with dirty hands or put food on unwashed surfaces.Food should be kept in a refrigerator to stop microorganisms.People should also wash food covered with chemicals before eating it.Finally，people should not eat wild mushrooms or other foods that grow in the wild.Some of these foods may contain natural materials that are poisonous to humans.In addition，some types of fish can be poisonous.6 Most people recover from food poisoning after a few days of resting and drinking extra water. If people eat natural poisons，they must go to the hospital right away to have their stomachs emptied.1What is the purpose of the first paragraph?_2Fill in the blank in Paragraph 5 with proper words.(no more than 5 words)_3List the causes of food poisoning.(no more than 8 words for each cause)_4Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese._5What is the main idea of Paragraph 5?_2(2012山东实验中学三模)(第1、2题每题2分，第3、4题每题4分，第5题3分，满分15分)1 It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes.The argument has been on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual growth by learning situation that has been designed for the average children.2 There can be little doubt that special classes can help the gifted children to graduate earlier and take their place in life sooner.However，to take these children out of the regular classes may create serious problems.3 I observed a number of intelligent children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a regular class.In the special class，they _，relying heavily on their teachers directions.In the regular class，on the contrary，having no worry about keeping up，they began to comment directly and freely on many problems，some of which were creative and imaginative.4 Many are concerned that gifted children in regular classes become bored and lose interest in learning.However this concern is more often from parents and teachers than from students，and some of these adults simply conclude that special classes should be set up for those who are talented.Some top students do feel bored in class，but why they feel so goes far beyond the work they have in school.Studies have shown that to be bored is to be anxious.The gifted child who is bored is an anxious child.1What is the authors opinion of gifted children being grouped in special classes？(no more than 10 words)_2According to some studies mentioned in the text，why do gifted children in a regular class become bored？(no more than 5 words)_3Fill in the blank in Paragraph 3 with proper words.(no more than 8 words)_4What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 3？(no more than 10 words)_5What is the best title for this passage？(no more than 10 words)_3(2012山东潍坊仿真三)(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)1 Each and every one of us is responsible for the greenhouse gases we give out in our daily actions and choices.Therefore，combating climate change is going to take the combined efforts of everyone on the planet.2 The average household carbon footprint in China is 2.41 tons of carbon dioxide annually.Thats enough to fill half an Olympic swimming pool.3 Surprised？Well，heres how you can work to reduce it：1Take showers rather than baths and reduce your shower time by two minutes.This will save water and give you an extra two minutes in bed.4 2.Dont purchase unnecessary clothes，and be careful about the materials you buy.Wool and cotton have a really high greenhouse gas impact.Manma