八年级(上)Unit 1-4英语知识要点

年级(上)Unit 1-4英语知识要点 日期：2004-09-05 作者（来源）：网络资源【我来说两句】【关闭】八年级(上)Unit 1-4英语知识要点 Unit 1知识要点：概述：本单元是初中二年级第一学期的第一个单元。除复习初一学过的动词的现在进行时外，重点还有情态动词（may），物质名词paper及其数量的表达法。序数词r音节的拼读规则。阅读训练材料为第3课第一部分的两段对话。为了培养学生的阅读能力，还应充分利用阅读训练材料，同步完成。有条件的话，准备一些初级阅读材料，最好是中英对照的英语读物，逐步提高自身的阅读能力。重点：（1）情态动词may用来请求允许及答应。本单元只要求听懂，会说，知道意思就可以。 （2）物质名词paper及其数量的表达法：例如：a piece of paper; two pieces of paper（3）序数词first, second, third和fourth。（4）r音节的拼读规则。掌握其一个音标是某个字母或字母组合的读音。明确英语单词的发音特点（即一个字母特别是元音字母不只一个读音，一个音标（也叫音素）也不只由一个字母或字母组合来构成的）这点会在重点讲解中加以补充说明。（5）为了培养良好的书写习惯。抄写造句是十分必要的。难点：单词量，词汇量的加大会造成学习的困难。因此，要注意方法，千万不能死记硬背，要在听懂，读懂的基础上，通过拼读规则来记忆单词，而词义和词的搭配及用法，还必须通过有情景的课文，并结合各种言语实践才能达到。只有本着“词不离句，句不离文”的原则，才能降低词汇学习的难度。比如first如果掌握了发音f:st而ir字母组合发:的音，那么很轻松地就能写正确。就不会写成frist了。除此之外，名词复数和现在进行时的结构还是难点，方法之一就是学会写完一句检查一句。 疑点：（1）may与can May I (we).? 是请求允许的日常用语，可有不同的答语。 例如：May I come in? Yes, you may. /Yes, you can. May I have a piece of paper? Certainly! Here you are.（2）Im sorry 的呼语也应是具体情况具体对待。 Im sorry Im late.It doesnt matter. Im sorry. Dont mention it. Im sorry. Not at all.（3）time的用法。Time有时间的意思，是不可数名词，例如： : Whats the time, please? 几点钟了？ : I have no time to play football! 我没时间踢足球？ : Its time to go to school. 该是上学的时候了。 : have a good time. 玩得很高兴。（有“次”或“次数”讲，是可数名词。有复数形式。） : time and again. 一再，屡屡。（4）Welcome back to school. 欢迎回校。 注意，地点是名词时一般都不能省略“to”，例如，Welcome to Beijing. 欢迎到北京来。Welcome to China! 欢迎到中国来。 但如果后面是home, here, there 时就不能用to。例如Welcome home! 欢迎归来。类似的词组还有get here, get there 等。（5）Good morning, Sir. 先生早晨好。 Sir是对男士的尊称，学生对男教师的称呼。根据教师的性别，称为Miss.或Mr.英语国家的学生称呼教师在不带姓氏进，就称呼Sir或Madam，口语中人们常用maam代替madam。中考考点：（1）情态动词may用来请求，允许及答应。（2）物质名词paper及其数量的表达法。例如：a piece of paper.（3）序数词 first, second, third, fourth.（4）r音节的拼读规则。（5）现在进行时。学法指导：在英语课上一定要大胆开口练习英语，少讲汉语，在家应充分发挥录音带的作用。反复跟读模仿。而且应该做到有声阅读，要随时为自己创设情景，练习日常交际用语。有条件的话，与讲英语的人多交流。这样，提高的更快。要点讲解 1、英语的序数词都有简写形式： frist (1st) second (2nd) third (3rd) fourth (4th) twenty-first (21st) thirty-second (32nd) forty-third (43rd) fifty-fourth (54th)2、one 除了是数词外，还可以是代词。请看下列各句中one的用法和译法。（1）Here, take this one. 来，拿上这支。（2）Do you have a black one? 你有支黑的吗？（3）Who has a long one? 谁有一把长的？（4）I have one here, Mr Wu. 吴老师，我这儿有一把。（5）I have two books, One is old, the other is new. 我有两本书，一本是旧的，另外一本是新的。3、这里补充r音节的拼读规则的语音单词以供参考。ara: ere: ire: ore: ure: car her sir word fur 以下内容目的在于学习新内容的同时，不要遗忘旧知识。4、5两部分将新旧知识结合在一起。4、补充词组：（1）many people 许多人（2）an English teacher 一名英语教师（3）look mice and happy 看起来很快乐（4）Peters parents 彼得的父母（5）talk in low voices 低声谈话。（6）give a present to sb.（=give sb. a present）给某人礼物。（7）enjoy oneself 玩得很高兴，过得很愉快。（8）at the party 在宴会上，在聚会上。（9）write to sb. 给某人写信。（10）in another city 在另外一座城市（11）go to see 去参观（12）be free 有空的（13）at the school gate 在学校大门口（14）the Science Museum 科技馆（15）the History Museum 博物馆（16）make friends with 与.交朋友（17）enjoy doing 乐于做某事5、补充日常交际用语：（1） Would you like to come? 你愿意来吗？（2） May I bring Tom along? 我可以带Tom(一同)前往吗？Good idea. 好主意。（3） Its very kind of you. 你真好。（4） Will you join us? Yes, Id love to./Yes, Id like to.你也参加吗？是的，我很愿意。（5） How can we get there?我们怎样能到那儿？（也可以说How do we get there? 两句意思差别很小。）（6） Shall we meet at the market? 我们在市场见面好吗？All right. 好吧。（7） What do you think of your new teacher? 你以为你的新老师是什么样的（人）？Hes very nice/ kind-hearted/quiet and kind/., I think. 我想他是个非常好的/热心肠的/文静而善良的/.人。（8） What kind of person is he? 他是哪种类型的人？或他是什么样的人。Unit 2 知识要点：学习by交通工具用法，如： by bike学习句型：How do you usually come to school?often, sometimes, usually 用法及一般现在时态1、介词by交通工具可以构成介词短语，在句子中做方式状语，这些短语已形成固定搭配：by bike骑自行车by bus乘公共汽车by car乘小汽车by train乘火车by ship乘轮船by plane乘飞机还可以说：by sea乘船by air乘飞机但注意学习：on foot步行以上短语注意两点：by后面的名词只能是单数，不能用复数；在by与交通工具的名词之间不能加其它词，如冠词或代词，若一定要加上的话，则不用介词by，如by bike可以说成on ones bike。eg：They usually go to school by bus.他们通常乘公共汽车上学。Jim come to school by bike today.吉姆今天是骑车到学校的。Lucy goes home in her fathers car.露西坐她父亲的汽车回家去了。Do they go to work on foot?他们是步行去上班吗？2、How do you usually come to school?你通常怎样去上学？How是特殊疑问词，对方式状语by提问，要学会掌握。How does he go to school?How do they go to work?How does Mr. Green go to work?3、What about ?怎么样？这是一个用来询问或征求意见，提出建议的句型，一般都有上文，其后可接名词，代词和动名词，how about和其用法一样。eg：Its too hot. What about some water?You study very hard. What about your brother?How about picking apples? We like working on the form.4、副词用法：usually通常sometimes有时always总是often经常这四个副词是一般现在时态的时间状语，一般说来，单个副词在句子中的位置应是：行为动词的前面，be动词或情态动词的后面，sometimes一词比较灵活，可放句首，句中或句尾。下面试着做练习。eg：LiLei usually gets up at six.Sometimes he gets up at half past six.Kate is a good girl. She is always ready（乐于）to help others.Do you often go to see your grandma?5、Dont you usually come to school by bike?这是一个否定疑问句，可译为“难道不吗？”常用来表示说话人的一种惊奇或疑惑的语气，学习这个句型时，要学会回答部分的内容。eg：Dont you play basketball?Cant you carry that box?Doesnt he come from England?Isnt she a doctor?回答时，若符合事实，用Yes，不符合事实用No。但中文意思与英文不同，请注意。eg：Isnt she a doctor? 难道她不是医生吗？Yes, she is. （不，她是医生。）No, she isnt. （是的，她不是医生。）Arent they going to the form? 他们不打算去农场吗？Yes, they are. 不，他们打算去。No, they arent. 是的，他们不打算去。在这类句子中，用Yes时，后面是肯定，用No时后面用否定，决不会出现Yes, it isnt. No, they are.的情况。请试着练习：Doesnt he speak Chinese well? He was born in China.AYes, he doesnt.BNo, he is.CNo, he doesnt.DYes, he does.答案：D。6、定冠词用法：用来修饰世界上独一无二的事物时。如：the sun, the moon, the earth, the sea, the land用在序数词前面：the first, the second, the fifth lesson上文提到的人或物：Theres a boy under the tree. The boy is tall.谈话人都知道的人或物：Look at the blackboard and listen to me.Would you like to see the film?在江河、山脉的名词前用the：the Yellow River黄河the Changjiang River长江the Himalayas喜马拉雅山注意：下列情况不用定冠词：在表示体育运动、娱乐活动的名词前：play football踢足球play cards打牌季节、月份、星期前：Do you often go swimming in summer?We have no classes on Sunday.May is the fifth month of a year.在三餐的名词前：She usually has breakfast at home.We like rice for supper.语音学习：发长元音i:的字母有e，i和字母组合ea，ee，重点掌握ea字母组合，请试拼读：i:（发声 ）ealeave, cheap, teach, lead, reach, mealeefeel, deep, seek, peepUnit 3 知识要点：1、英语的比较级和最高级形容词和副词有比较级和最高级，其词的变化规则如下：?一般情况下在词尾 +er 或esttall taller tallest（原级）（比较级）（最高级）long longer longestdear dearer dearest 在这个单词中r发音读为rdir dirist?以e结尾的词，只需加r或stlatelaterlatestlargelargerlargest?以辅音字母 + y结尾的双音节词，要去y变i再加er，estheavyheavierheaviesteasyeasiereasiesthappyhappierhappiest?重读闭音节词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时，要双写这个辅音字母，再加er，estbigbiggerbiggestredredderreddest有些词的变化是特殊的，要特殊记：原级 比较级 最高级good/wellbetterbestmany/muchmoremostbadworseworstlittle less least在两个人或物之间进行比较，就要用比较级，我们看一下比较级句子的形成过程：Mr. Read is tall.Mr. King is taller.把这两个简单句合并为一个带有比较状语从句的复合句：Mr. King is taller than Mr. Read (is tall.)省略由此可见，than后面的是主语，使用代词时一般用主格，口语中有时用宾格eg：His brother is shorter than he.(主格)下面根据谓语动词的情况给同学们两个句型以便掌握比较级的句型：?主语 + 系动词 + adj. 比较级 + than + 对比成分Lily is younger than Li Tao.Han Meimei is hungrier than Lucy.?主语 + 行为动词 + adv. 比较级 + than + 对比成分Jim comes to school earlier than Mike.Mike comes to school later than Jim.形容词和副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或物之间的比较，一般有一定的范围，常表达“最之一”，这个范围一般用in或of的无定语来表达，形容词的最高级前一定要用定冠词“the”。eg：Lin Tao is the tallest in our class. 林涛是我们班最高的。The cake with meat is the nicest of all. 带肉的月饼是所有里面最好的。句型：?主语 + 系动词 + the + adj. 最高级 + 名词 + 范围Changjiang River is the longest river in China.She is the oldest of the three. 她是三个人中最大的。?主语 + 行为动词 + adv. 最高级 + 范围Miss Hu comes to school earliest is our school. Who comes latest, Lucy, Lily or LiLei?2、be free 有空，free的反义词是busy, 也可be busy 忙的Are you free now? 你现在有空吗？He is busy now. 他正忙着呢。3、come over 过来，顺便拜访。Come over to my house. Im free tonight.4、would like 是想要，语气较委婉、客气记住以下两个句型：would like would like sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事?Would you like to have some coffee?Yes, Id like to.?I would like some tea. = like?We would like you to sing an English song for us. ?Hed like to talk with you.5、a little的用法：a little在本单元中做副词短语，修饰形容词：1）Are you hungry?Yes, a little.a little = Im a little hungry.2）You are speaking a little fast. I can hardly follow you.3）Can you speak English?Yes, a little.a little还可以做定语，修饰不可数名词。意思是“有一点”。eg：There is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有一点牛奶。We have a little bread for breakfast. 而little做定语时，则意思是“几乎没有”eg：There is little water here. 这儿几乎没有水了。6、学习下列短语：many different kinds of 许多不同种类的at night 在夜晚in the day 在白天in the open air 在户外come from 来自于one of其中之一be hungry 饥饿be full 饱了7、Thank you for having me. 谢谢你招待我。句型Thank you for + doing sth. eg：Thank you for helping me a lot. Thank you for telling me that.8、感叹句专题讲座（见后面）语音学习：? 注意：ea字母组合有两种发音即：i: 和e?字母a在重读音闭音节中一般发e 如：fat, back, hard, ladder?下面归纳一下发L的元音字母和字母组合：字母u读L：cup, mum, much, jump, lunch, must, nut, hungry, under, number, study, Sunday.字母o发L：（一般在m, n, th, v等字母前读L）son, some, other, another, colour, love, come.字母组合ou读L：young, trouble, touch, country, enough?定冠词“the”的三种发音：eg： ：the truck, the classroom, the mooncakesUnit 4 知识要点：学习be going to用法学习Why dont you come with me?Its time for.1、be going to表达的将来时态的概念，是表示说话人打算最近或将来要做的事情。强调计划和打算。结构：be going to do其中be是助动词，do是行为动词，代表动词原形，具体用在句子中be要变为：+ going to doeg：Im going to fly kites this afternoon.We are going to play football after class.Wei Hua is going to do some shopping tomorrow morning.否定句：+ not + going to doIm not going to meet my friends at the bus stop.They are not going to climb the hill next Sunday.一般疑问句：Are you going to clean the classroom this afternoon?Is she going to wash her hair?特殊疑问句：wh- +一般疑问句What are you going to do this afternoon?When is he going to play football?Where are they going to fly kites?How much meat is she going to buy?在英语中go, come, leave等词的现在进行时可以表示将来，就不必出现be going to do的情况了。例如：Are we going to the Great Wall tomorrow?The train is leaving. 火车要开了。Look! The bus is coming! 看！汽车来了！学习一个时态，同时要学习其时间状语：this afternoon 今天下午this evening今天晚上tomorrow 明天2、Why dont you come with me? 为什么不呢？这个句型常用来提出建议，不需要回答。Why dont you tell us about that? 为什么不告诉我们有关那事呢？Why doesnt he go there by plane? 为什么他不乘飞机去呢？这个句型还可用另一种形式表达：Why not + 动词原形？Why not have some mooncakes?Why not read English in the morning?3、let动词，“使”、“让”的意思，它的后面可以跟不带to的不定式，记为：let sb. do sth.eg：Let me see. Lets go!Let him watch TV.Lets sing a song.Let me have a look.4、a few = some与可数名词连用Were going to Da Lian for a few days. 我们要去大连几天。I have a few friends. 我有一些朋友。注意：few表示几乎没有，带有否定含义。Autumn is coming. There are few flowers over there. 秋天到了，那边几乎没有花了。Few people like to see the film. 几乎没有人爱看这部电影。5、Its much better than having class. 摘苹果比上课好得多。It在这句中是指picking apples, 即摘苹果。所以这句话也可以说成：Picking apples is much better than having class. 本句中picking是动名词，picking apples是动名词短语做主语，它和后面的having达成一致。eg：Playing football is good for your health. 本句中的much是副词，修饰比较级better，表示“比的多”，much better是“好得多”，而very 却不能这样使用。eg：Lin Tao is much taller than Mike. 林涛比迈克高得多。They are working much harder this term. 他们这学期用功得多。6、Its time for class. 该上课了。这个句型可以演变为四种形式，请同学们注意学习。Its time eg：Its time to go to school. 还可以说成：Its time for school.Its time for us to go to school.Its time for going to school.7、下面我们做些词汇辩析练习：?用little, a little, few, a few填空：1、I have quitefriends in my school.2、He is a man ofwords. He doesnt like talking.3、Get me some water, thereswater in my glass.4、I cant buy that dress, because I havemoney left.5、Lucy says she can only stay here forhours.6、There isink in my pen. May I use yours?7、Mike can speakChinese.?用hear, listen to填空。listen听，强调听的动作，常与“to”连用短语有：listen to me听我说listen to the radio 听收音机listen carefully仔细听1、Pleaseme carefully.2、Ibut I couldntanything.3、Uncle wangthe radio every morning.4、Did youthe news?5、Wesomeone laughing.答案：?1、a few2、few3、little4、little5、a few6、little7、a little?1、listen to2、heard（hear的过去式）；hear3、listens to4、hear5、heard8、语音：1）|u: |字母u和oo常发此音，一般oo在字母l, m , n的前面时，oo常发|u: |oo |u: | broom, school, moon, room, 但：food也发|u: |2）|u|是短元音，u和oo可发此音一般来说oo在字母t, d, k前常发短音|u| u put fulloo foot good look但：classroom（在结尾读短音）还有：oul 读 |u| 如：could, should3）ure, ua是字母组合，发|u|如：sure |u|9、学习一首小诗，要背熟并用以激励自己不断地努力。better, best是good的比较级和最高级中文：Good, better, best好，较好，最好Never let it rest永远不歇脚Till good is better由好到较好And better best一直到最好