测绘工程专业英语2030

测绘工程专业英语全文翻译（Unit2030）Unit 20 Understan ding the GPS（认识 GPS）What Is GPS?（什么是 GPS）The global Positioning System (GPS) operated by the U .S. Department OF Defense (DOD)is a satellite-based system that can be used to locate positions anywhere on the earth（.全球定位系统（GPS），由美国国防部管理，是一个基于人造卫星的系统，可以用来在全球任何地方定位）GPS provides continuous (24 hours/day), real-time, 3-dimensional positioning, navigation and timing worldwide.（GPS 提供全世界范围内的全天候，实时，三维坐标，导航和授时的功能。）Any person with a GPS receiver can access the system, and it can be used for anyapplication that requires location coordinates.（任何拥有一台 GPS 接收机的人都可以使用这套系统，可以应用于任何需要位置坐标的工作中）The GPS system consists of three segments: the space segment: the GPS satellitesthemselves, the control segment, operated by the U .S. military, and the user segment,which includes both military and civilian users and their GPS equipments（.GPS 由三个部分组成：太空部分：GPS 卫星自己，地面控制部分，由美国军方控制，用户部分，包括军方和民用用户和他们的装备。）Space Segment: The GPS Constellation（太空部分： GPS 星座）The first GPS satellite was launched by the U .S. Air Force in early 1978.（第一颗 GPS 卫星由美国空军在 1978 年的早些时候发射的）There are now 24 satellites orbiting the earth at an altitude of about 10,900 miles.（现在有24 颗卫星在绕地球大约 10900 英里的高度运行）The high altitude insures that the satellite orbits are stable, precise and predictable, and that the satellites motion through space is not affected by atmospheric drag.（这么高的高度确保了卫星轨道是稳定、精确和可知的，并且确保了卫星穿过太空的运行不受到大气阻力的影响）There are four satellites in each of 6 orbital planes.（6 个轨道平面中每个有 4 颗卫星。）Each plane is inclined 55 degrees relative to the equator, which means that satellites crosstie equator tilted at a 55 degrees angle.（每个平面相对于赤道面倾斜55 度，这就意味着这些卫星以 55 度角穿过赤道）The system is designed to maintain full operational capability even if two of the 24satellites fail.（这套系统被设计成即使 24 颗卫星的 2 颗故障也能维持全工作能力）These 24 satellites make up a full GPS constellation.（这 24 颗卫星组成了一个完整 的GPS 星座）The GPS satellites are powered primarily by sun-seeking solar panels, with nicad batteries providing secondary power.（GPS 卫星主要由太阳定向太阳能电池板提供动力，镍镉蓄电池提供备用动力）Each GPS satellite has four atomic clocks on board, only one of which is in use at a time. These highly accurate atomic clocks enable GPS to provide the most accurate timing system that exists. （每一个 GPS 卫星有四个原子钟，某一时刻只有一台在使用。这些高精度原子钟能够使 GPS 提供最准确的时间系统）Control Segment: U.S. DOD Monitoring（控制部分：美国国防部监控）The U .S. Department Of Defense maintains a master control station at Falcon Air Force Base in Colorado Springs.（美国国防部维持了一个主控站，在科罗拉多斯普林斯的佛肯空军基地）There are four other monitor stations located in Hawaii, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia and Kwajalein.（还有 4 个监控站座落在夏威夷、阿松森岛、迭哥加西亚岛、卡瓦加兰岛）The DOD stations measure the satellite orbits precisely.（DOD 站精确测量卫星轨道）Any discrepancies between predicted orbits and actual orbits are transmitted back to the satellites.（任何预报轨道和实际轨道之间的偏差被传回卫星。）The satellites can then broadcast these corrections, along with the other position and timing data, so that a GPS receiver on the earth can precisely establish the location of each satellite it is tracking.（然后卫星可以广播这些改正值 连同位置和时间数据一起，以便地球上的 GPS 接收机可以精确确定它所跟踪的每个卫星的位置）User Segment: Military and Civilian GPS Users （用户部分：军方和民用 GPS 用户）The U .S. military uses GPS for navigation, reconnaissance, and missile guidance systems.（美国军方把 GPS 用在导航、侦察和导弹制导系统上Civilian use of GPS developed at the same time as military uses were being established, and has expanded far beyond original expectations.（GPS 的民用在军用建立起之时就发展起来了，并且已经发展的远远超过起初的期望）There are civilian applications for GPS in almost every field, from surveying to transportation to natural resource management to agriculture.（GPS 的民用用途几乎 用在每个领域，从测量到交通到自然资源管理到农业）Most civilian uses of GPS, however, fall into one of three categories: navigation, positioning and timing.（然而， GPS 的大部分民用用途，分为三种类型：导航、定位和授时。）How Does GPS Work?（ GPS 如何工作）A GPS receiver calculates its position by a technique called satellite ranging, which involves measuring the distance between the GPS receiver and the GPS satellites it is tracking.（GPS 接收机利用一项被称为卫星测距的技术，计算它自己的位置，涉及到 GPS 接收机到它所跟踪的 GPS 卫星的距离测量）The range (the range a receiver calculates is actually a pseudorange, or an estimate orange rather than a true range) or distance is measured as elapsed transit time.（距离（接收机测的距离实际上是伪距，或者说是距离估值，而不是真实距离）是用传播时间来测的）The position of each satellite is known, and the satellites transmit their positions as part of the “ messages” they send via radio waves.（每个卫星的位置已知，并且卫星将它们的位置作为它们用无线电波发出的“讯文”的一部分传送出去）The GPS receiver on the ground is the unknown point, and must compute its position based on the information it receives from the satellites.（地面 GPS 接收机是未知点，必需基于它从卫星收到的这些信息计算它的位置。）The first step in measuring the distance between the GPS receiver and a satellite requires measuring the time it takes for the signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver.（测量GPS 接收机和卫星的第一步，要求测出从卫星到接收机的信号传播时间。）Once the receiver knows how much time has elapsed, the travel time of the signal multiplies the speed of light (because the satellite signals travel at the speed of light, approximately 186,000 miles per second) to compute the distance.（一旦接收机知道用了多少时间，用信号的传播时间乘上光速（因为卫星信号以光速传播，大约186,000 英里每秒）来计算距离。）Distance measurements to four satellites are required to compute a 3-dimensional (latitude, longitude and altitude) position.（计算一个三维（纬度、精度和高程）位置需要4 颗卫星的距离值）In order to measure the travel time of the satellite signal, the receiver has to know when the signal left the satellite and when the signal reached the receiver.（为了测出卫星信号的传播时间，接收机需要知道信号是什么时候离开卫星的和什么时候到达接收机的）Knowing when the signal reaches the receiver is easy, the GPS receiver just “ checks” its internal clock when the signal arrives to see what time it is（.确定信号到达接收机的时间容易，GPS 接收机只需在信号到达时“检查”自己内置的钟，看看是什么时间）But how does it “know” when the signal left the satellite?（但是怎样“知道”信号何时离开卫星的呢？）All GPS receivers are synchronized with the satellites so they generate the same digital code at the same time.（所有 GPS 接收机与卫星是同步的，因此它们在同一时间产生同样的信号码）When the GPS receiver receives a code from a satellite, it can look back in its memory bank and “remember” when it emitted the same code（.当 GPS 接收机收到一个从卫星来的码时，它可以在它的内存条中回忆并“记起”它发出的相同码）This little “ trick” allows the GPS receiver to determine when the signal left the satellite.（这个小小的“技巧”使得 GPS 接收机能够确定信号是何时离开卫星的）Once the receiver has the distance measurements, its basically a problem of geometry（.一旦接收机测出了距离，基本上就只有几何上的问题了）If it “ knows” where the four satellites are, and how far it is from each satellite, it can compute its location through trilateration. Heres an illustration of how it works.（如果知道了 4 颗卫星的位置，距每颗卫星的距离，就可以通过三边测量来计算它的位置。这里有个例子说明它如何工作的）The GPS receiver “ locks on” to one satellite and calculates the range to be 12,000 miles.（GPS 接收机“锁定”一颗卫星并计算出距离为 12,000 英里）This fact helps narrow the receiver location down, but it only tells us that we are somewhere on a sphere which is centered on the satellite and has a 12,000 mile radius.（这把接收机的位置限定下来，但是它只能告诉我们在一个以这个卫星为中心，半径 12,000 英里的球面上）Many of the locations on that sphere are not on earth, but out in space.（这个球面的许多位置不在地球上，而在太空中）Now,consider that the receiver picks up a signal from a second satellite and calculates the range between the receiver and the satellite to be 10,000 miles.（现在，考虑这个接收机从第二颗卫星获得一个信号，计算出接收机到这颗卫星的距离是 10,000英里）That means we are also somewhere on a sphere with a 10,000 mile radius with the second satellite at the center.（这就意味着我们也在一个以第二颗卫星为中心、半径 10,000 英里的球面上的某处）We must, therefore, be somewhere where these two spheres intersect.（因此，我们肯定在这两个球面相交的某处。）When the two spheres intersect, a circle is formed, so we must be somewhere on that circle.（当这两个球面相交时，一个圆圈形成了，因此我们肯定在这个圆圈的某处）If the receiver picks up another satellite, says at 11,000 miles away, another sphere is formed, and there are only two points where the three spheres intersect.（如果接收机“拾取”了另一个卫星，比方说11,000 英里以外，另一个球面形成了，三个球面相交只有两个交点）Usually the receiver can discard one of the last two points because it is nowhere near the earth.（通常接收机可以丢弃最后这两点中的一个点，因为它离地球差的 远）So, were left with one point which is the location of the GPS receiver.In practice, a fourth measurement is needed to correct for clock error（.这样我们留下一个点，它是 GPS 接收机的位置。在实际当中，需要第四个观测值来修正时间误差）Uuit21 Understanding the GPS (II) 认识 GPS(II)GPS Error Sources (GPS 误差来源 )There are many sources of possible errors that will degrade the accuracy of position computed by a GPS receiver.（有许多或然误差来源， 这种误差 会降低GPS 接收机计算的位置的准确度）The travel time of GPS satellite signals can be altered by atmospheric effects; when a GPS signal passes through the ionosphere and troposphere it is refracted, causing the speed of the signal to be different from the speed of a GPS signal in space.（GPS 卫星信号的传播时间会因大气影响而改变；当 GPS 信号穿过电离层和对流层时会发生折射，因为信号速度与在太空中信号的速度不同。）Sunspot activity also causes interference with GPS signals（.太阳黑子活动也对 GPS 信号产生干扰）Another source of error is measurement noise, or distortion of the signal caused by electrical interference or errors inherent in the GPS receiver itself.（另一个误差源是测量噪声，或者是由于电干扰或 GPS 接收机自己固有的误差引起的信号失真）Errors in the ephemeris data (the information about satellite orbits) will also cause errors in computed positions, because the satellites weren t really where the GPS receiver “thought” they were (based on the information it received) when it computed the positions.（星历数据（关于卫星轨道的信息）误差也会引起位置的误差，因为当计算位置时，卫星不真正地在接收机“认为”它们在的地方（基于它接受的信息所知道）Small variations in the atomic clocks (clock drift) on board the satellites can translate to large position errors; a clock error of 1 nanosecond translates to 1 foot or 0 .3 meters user error on the ground.（卫星原子钟内的很小的变化（钟漂）能转化成很大的位置误差；一纳秒的钟差能造成 1 英尺或 0.3 米的地面用户误差）Multi path effects arise when signals transmitted from the satellites bounce off a reflective surface before getting to the receiver antenna.（当从卫星发射的信号在到达接收机天线 之前，被一个反射面反射时，多路径效应出现了）When this happens, the receiver gets the signal in straight line path as well as delayed path(multiple paths). The effect is similar to a ghost or double image on a TV set（.当这种情况发生时，接收机接收直线路径来的信号，也接收延迟路线（多路径）来的信号。其效果与电视的重影或重像类似）How to Reduce GPS Errors（如何减小 GPS 的误差）Youve probably heard people talk about getting 2 to 5 meters accuracy with a GPS receiver, or even centimeter or millimeter accuracy（.你可能听说过有人说 GPS 接收机可以达到 2 到 5 米的准确度，甚至是厘米或毫米级精度）Is there a way to cancel out the errors and get satisfied accuracy?（有方法低偿误差并获得满意的精度吗？） The answer is yes, but the level of accuracy depends on the type of equipment you are using.（回答是肯定的，但是准确度的级别依赖于你使用的装备的类型）The following discussion describes a technique used to achieve 2 to 5 meters accuracy using mapping (resource) grade receivers.（下面的讨论描述了一种用于绘图（资源）级接收机的技术，能够获得 2 到 5 米的准确度）Some mapping grade receivers are even capable of sub-meter accuracy, but the increased accuracy comes at a price.（一些绘图级的接收机甚至能够达亚米级精度，但是精度的提高是以很高代价带来的Survey grade receivers are the most accurate, capable of centimeter or even millimeter accuracy, depending on the equipment, but they use more advanced techniques to achieve this level of accuracy and, naturally, are more expensive.（测地级接收机最精确，凭装备能够达到厘米甚至是毫米级精度，但是它们是使用更先进的技术才得到这样的精度水平，自然地，就更昂贵。）Recreational grade receivers usually can receive real-time differential corrections, but they cannot store a file that can be differentially corrected using post-processing methods.（休闲级的接收机通常可以接收实时差分改正，但是它们不能存储文件，以便可以用后处理方法差分改正。）Differential Correction（差分改正）Differential correction is a method used to reduce the effects of selective available (SA) and other sources of GPS positioning error (differential correction cannot correct for multipath or receiver error; it counteracts only the errors that are common to both reference and roving receivers).（差分改正是一种用来减小 选择可用性政策(SA)影响和其它 GPS 定位误差源 的方法（差分改正不能修正多路径效应或接收机误差；它只能抵消基准接收机和流动接收机所共有的误差）It requires, in addition to your “ roving” GPS receiver, a GPS receiver on the ground in a known location to act as a static reference point.（这需要除了你的“流动”GPS 接收机之外 一个 GPS 接收机在地面上一个已知的位置担当参考点）This type of setup is often called a GPS base station. Since the base station “ knows” where it is, it can compute the errors in its position calculations (in reality, it computes timing errors) and apply them to any number of roving receivers in the same general area.（这种设备经常被称为 GPS 基准站。由于基准站“知道”在哪儿，它就可以计算它自己的位置误差（实际上，它是计算 定时误差），并将它们应用于将应用于】许多同一区域的流动接收机）This requires that the base and rover receivers “ see” the same set of satellites at the sametime.（这需要基准接收机和流动接收机同时“看到”相同一批卫星）The base station, depending upon how it is configured, can correct roving GPS receiver data in one (or both) of two ways.（基准站，依照如何配置，可以用两种中的一种方法（或同时用两种）对 GPS 流动接收机的数据进行修正）in the first method, called real-time differential correction or real-time differential GPS (DGPS), the base station transmits (usually via radio link) error correction messages to other GPS receivers in the local area.（第一种方法，称为实时差分改正或实时差分 GPS（DGPS），基准站发射（通常经由无线电联系）误差改正信息到其它当地的 GPS 接收机）In this case, the positions you read on your GPS receiver while you are out collecting data are the corrected positions.（这样，当你外出收集数据时在你的 GPS 接收机上读出的位置就是改正后的位置。） the second method, called post-processed differential correction, is performed on a computer after the roving receiver data are collected.（第二种方法，称为后处理差分改正，在流动站数据收集完后经由计算机完成的）While you are out in the field collecting data, the positions you read on your roving GPS receiver are uncorrected.（当你在野外收集数据时，你在 GPS 流动接收机上读出的位置是未经修正的）It is not until you take the rover files back to the office and process them using differential correction software and data from the base station file, that you get corrected positions（.直到你把流动站文件带回办公室并利用差分改正软件和基准站的文件数据进行处理，你才能得到改后位置）The base station file contains information about the timing errors.（基准站文件包括同步误差信息）This information allows the differential correction software to apply error corrections to the roving receiver file during processing（.这种信息可以在处理时使差分改正软件把误差改正施于流动接收机文件上。）Since the base and rover receivers have to “see” the same set of satellites at the same time, the base file has to start before the rover file starts, and end after the rover file ends (a base station is normally set up to track all satellites in view, insuring that it will “ see” at least the four satellites that the roving receiver is using to compute positions)（.由于基准站接收机和流动站接收机必需同时 “看到”同一组卫星，基准站文件必需开始于流动站文件之前，结束于流动站文件之后（基准站通常设置为跟踪所有视野内的卫星，以保证至少“看到”流动站接收机用来计算位置的 4 颗卫星）Post-processed differential correction, then, requires both base and rover receivers that are capable of collecting and storing files.（后处理差分改正，要求基准站接收机和流动接收机都能收集和存储文件。）Most recreational grade receivers cannot collect and store files that can be differentially corrected.（多数休闲级接收机不能收集和存储可以用来差分改正的文件）How Accurate Is GPS?（ GPS 准确度如何？）The accuracy that can be achieved using GPS depends on the type of equipment used, the time of observation, the positions of the satellites being used to compute positions, the model and the software you used.（使用 GPS 可以达到的准确度依赖于使用装置的类型、观测时间、用来计算位置的卫星的位置、你所使用的模式和软件）In general, recreational and mapping grade receivers using C/A code without differential correction are accurate to between 30 and 100 meters.（大体上讲，使用 C/A 码没有差分改正的休闲和绘图级接收机精度在 30 到 100 米之间。）Many people using recreational grade receivers don t realize they cannot get highly accurate readings using them autonomously (without differential correction)（.许多用休闲类接收机的人没有意识到他们直接使用（没有差分改正）它们不能取得高精度的读数。）Unfortunately ,some manufacturers ads are misleading and only confuse the situation.（不幸地是，有些厂商的广告误导并混淆了这种情况）They claim 30 meters accuracy, which actually means 30 meters GEP (circular error probable).（他们宣称有 30 米的精度，实际上那意味着 30 米的 GEP（圆概然误差）This means that positions will be within 30 meters 50 percent of the time.（这意味着这个位置有 50的机会在 30 米内）There is really no way to tell whether you are within 30 meters or within 100 or more meters of the true position.（实在不能说你是在真实位置的 30 米内或者 100 米内或着更多米内）Most mapping and recreational grade receivers with differential correction can provide from about 2 to 5 meters accuracy（.大多数差分改正的测图和休闲类接收机可以提供 2到 5 米的准确度）Some receivers use what is called “ carrier-smoothed code” to increase the accuracy of the C/A code.（有些接收机利用被称为“载波平滑码”来增加 C/A 码的精度）This involves measuring the distance from the receiver to the satellites by counting the number of waves that carry the C/A code signal.（这涉及利用计算承载 C/A 码信号的载波数来测量从接收机到卫星的距离）These receivers can achieve 10 cm to 1 meter accuracy with differential correction.（这些接收机可以利用差分改正达到 10cm 到 1 米的精度）Dual frequency survey grade receivers using more advanced network survey techniques can achieve centimeter to millimeter accuracy（.双频测量型接收机利用更先进的联合测量技术，可以达到厘米到毫米的精度）Unit22 Competition in Space Orbit（太空轨道上的竞争）Around the world, countries are mobilizing to build independent satellite navigation networks, troubled that the Global Positioning System (GPS) is run by the US military and controlled by the US government.（环绕世界，顾虑到 GPS 由美国军方运作并受到美国政府的控制，许多国家都努力建立独立卫星导航网）On March 7, 1995 was announced the Russian Federation Governments decree “On executing works in use of the GLONASS system for the sake of civil users”（.在 1995.3.7，俄罗斯联邦政府宣布一项法令“GLONASS 系统民用计划”）It was also reported on “ 21st century” , 2001 that the European Union says the US couldn t guarantee the reliability and availability of the GPS civilian signal, as United States national security needs could potentially outweigh any other needs.（2001 年“二十一世纪”也报道说，欧盟说美国不能保证GPS 民码的可靠性和有效性，由于美国国家安全需要潜在地超过了其它任何需要）“Europe cannot accept reliance on a military system which has the possibility of being cut off,” said Rene Oosterlinck, head of the navigation department at the European Space Agency ,fairly summing up the emotions GPS brings about abroad.（“欧洲不能接受依赖一个有可能被切断的军方系统”，Rene Oosterlinck说道，欧洲航空局导航部主任，清楚的概括了 GPS 对国外产生的情绪。）In response, Europe will spend billions assembling a civil satellite system called Galileo ,scheduled to be operation by 2008.（作为反应，欧洲将花费数十亿装配一个民用卫星系统称为“Galileo”，预期在 2008 年运转For the benefit of students to get some knowledge on the competition in space orbit, brief introduction to GLONASS, GALILEO and BEIDOU is provided as follows.（为了使学生们得到一些太空轨道上的竞争的知识，下面提供了关于 GLONASS，GALILEO 和北斗的简要介绍）GLONASS（ GLONASS）The Russian Federations GLObal Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed for the Russian military and was declared operational in 1996.（俄联邦的全球导航卫星系统（GLANASS）是由俄罗斯军方开发的，并在 1996 年宣布运行）Fully deployed GLONASS constellation is composed of 24(21 operational + 3 spares) satellites in three orbital planes whose ascending nodes are 120 degrees apart.（全配置的 GLONASS 星座由 24（21 运行3 备用）颗卫星在三个轨道平面中，其升交点相差120 度）8 satellites are equally spaced in each plane with argument of latitude displacement of 45degrees（.8 颗卫星平均分布在升交角距相差45 度的每个平面内）Besides the planes themselves have 15 degrees argument of latitude displacement.（此外轨道平面它们自己有 15 度的升交角距差）Each satellite operates in circular 19,100 km orbits at an inclination angle of 64.8 degrees and each satellite completes an orbit in approximately 11 hours 15 minutes.（每个卫星在19100 公里的圆轨道上运转，倾角为 64.8 度，每个卫星完成一次绕轨飞行大约11 小时 15 分钟）The spacing of satellites in orbits is arranged so that minimums of 5 satellites are in view to users worldwide.（轨道卫星间隔被安排能够使使用者最少能看到 5 颗卫星）GLONASS constellation allows providing continuous and global navigation coverage for performing of successful navigation observations.（GLONASS 星座能够为成功的航行观测的执行提供持续的和全球的导航覆盖Each satellite transmits radio frequency navigation signal containing navigation message for users.（每个卫星发射包含导航信息的无线电频率导航信号给使用者）The GLONASS Constellation is operated by Ground-based Control Complex (GCC).（GLONASS 星座由地面控制部分（GCC）来操作）It consists a System Control Center (SCC) and several Command Tracking Stations (CTSs).（它是由一个系统控制中心（SCC）和几个置零跟踪站（Cuts）组成The CTSs track the GLONASS satellites in view and accumulate ranging data and telemetry from the satellites signals.（CTSs 跟踪所见到的GLONASS卫星，并根据卫星信号收集距离修正数据和进行遥测）The information from CTSs is processed at the SCC to determine satellite clock and orbit states and to update the navigation message of each satellite.（CTSs 的信息经 SCC 处理，确定卫星时钟和轨道状态，并上传导航信息给每个卫星）This updated information is transmitted to the satellites via the CTSs, which are also used for trans