英语动词的分类和用法

英 语 动 词 的 分类和用法提示：如下动词的分类并没有绝对的原则。有的分类只是为了更好地学习英语动词、掌握动词的用法和搭配，以及更好地学好与动词有关的语法。牢记：有些动词作不同的意义解释时可以分属于不同种类的动词。因此，我们要特别注意一词多义现象。 动词的种类分类总表：(更多更具体的内容请参照其她复习内容.)情态动词1只作情态动词使用can/ could/ must/ may/ might/ ought to 请你参照复习此前发放的资料2可作情态动词，也可作实义动词need/ dare3可作情态动词，也可作助动词shall/ should/ will/ would4勉强可作情态动词have to/ had better/ used to助动词1be 形式变化：am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ been/ being同步是实义和系动词2do 形式变化：does/ did 同步是实义动词3have 形式变化：has/ had/ having同步是实义动词4shall形式变化：should同步是情态动词5will 形式变化：would同步是情态动词系动词1状态系动词be特别阐明：这里列举的所有系动词自身都是实义动词。但它们表达的意思不同。请注意结合句意去理解判断。2表像系动词look / appear/ seem3感官系动词feel / smell/ sound/ taste4持续系动词keep/ rest/ remain/ continue/ last/ lie/ stand/ stay5变化系动词become / grow/ turn/ go/ get/ fall/ come/ run6终结系动词prove/ turn out实义动词1不及物动词（vi）自身意义完整背面不须跟宾语的实义动词。vi背面若要跟宾语，必须加上介词。有不少的动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。区别在于它所示的含义有所不同。第2页有更多内容及物动词 （vt）背面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词。vt背面可以直接跟宾语。2静态动词静态动词是表达静止状态的动词。一般不用于进行时态。A. 表达存在、附属意义的动词。如：be（“是”）、have（“有”）、own, exist, live, belong toB. 与五官感觉有关的动词如：hear, see, feel, taste, smell及watch, notice, observe, find, catchC. 表达心理状态或情感状态的动词believe; consider; expect; envy; suppose; feel; think; find; forget; hate; hope; imagine; know; like; love; mind; realize; regret; suppose; understand; want; wishD. 接度量衡名词的动词 (+数词+单位) (这些动词的主语一般是物)weigh, cost, cover, last, take, extend, stand, measure, number, total, carry, contain, seat动态动词动态动词是表达运动状态的动词。可用于进行时态。A延续性动词：表达行为或过程能持久地继续下去或能产生持久的影响。eat， listen， read， run， walk，work，write第3页有更多有关内容.B终结性动词：表达行为或过程是短暂的或瞬时间完毕结束。arrive; begin; break; bring; buy; catch; close; come; die; discover; fall; leave; open; put on; take off; sell; start; stop; return; go; jump C表达状态变化或位置转移的动词.arrive，change，come，die，go，land（着陆），leave3使役动词A.表达“使、令、让、叫”等意义的动词. 如: make, have, let, get, keep第4页有更多有关内容.B.表达“使人，令人”的心理状态的动词。如：interest; excite; astonish; move; amuse; surprise(+ sb.)4表达动作的动词表达状态的动词表达到果的动词put on / wear/ be on; look at/ see; look for/ find;listen to/ hear;study/learn; try to do/ manage to doprepare for/ be prepared for, advise/ persuade 等。请人们注意积累.5A谓语动词在句子中作谓语的动词。注意谓语动词的时态和语态变化。B非谓语动词在句子中不是用作谓语的动词。变化形式：进行式、完毕式、被动式、否认式。A不定式 to do形式变化：to have done/ to have been done / to be doing/ not to doB动名词doing形式变化：not doing此后有专项复习有关内容.C目前分词doing形式变化：having done/ having been done/ not doingnot having done/ not having been doneD过去分词done形式变化：not done有关动词分类对比与同近义动词的辨别（重点内容）及物动词与不及物动词vi用法（1）主语+ vi(+状语)(不及物动词):ache=hurt; appear; bathe; bleed; breathe; cheer; clap; cough; cycle; dance; disappear; dive; drown; exercise; continue; exist; fade; fall; fish; float; flow; hurry; freeze; hibernate; leak; matter; pour; quarrel; rain; recover; run; settle; sew; ship; rest; rise; rot; shop; sigh; ski; sink; sit; skate; sleep; speak; snow; sound; travel; swim; act, come, go, cry, blow, smile, sleep, run, retire, fly, jump, stand.(不及物动词短语): show up, break down, break out, turn up, die away, die out, give out, run up, .vi用法（2）主语+vi+介词+宾语aim + atlook +atstare +atstay +atglance + atlaugh + atcontact +with sbdeal + withdisagree + withend + in/up with wait +for depend + onoperate +onrely + oninsist + on doinglive +in/onbelong + to sbcome + to sbgo + tohappen +to sblie + to/inlisten + toobject +tooccur +torefer +torelate +toreply +toreturn +tostick +to sth graduate + fromsuffer +fromfail + insucceed +in doingfall +off/ ontostruggle + for/ againstvote +for/ against care + for/aboutapologize + to sb for doingargue + about sth with sbdie +in/ from/ of/talk +about sth/ to sbthink +of/ about/ overcompete + in sth with sbagree + to/ with / onwork +on/ at/ in/for arrive + in/ at(要熟记它们的搭配。)vt与vi近义词对比listen to sbsound like sthhear sbarrive in/atget toreachbelong to sbown sthpossess sthlie in +be situated in +be located in +contact with sbtouch sbtalktellwork for sbserve sbreply toanswerappearshow sth to sbrise / go up / increaseraisesitseat sblook atsee/ watchsucceed in doingmanage sth/ to dobreak inbreak intogo outturn offlook forfindgive ingive upagree with sbpromise sbA既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。 如: begin 开始。Everybody, our game begins. Let us begin our game. 类似的尚有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.B既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的消散。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.作及物动词时是升高；举起。He lifted his glass and drank. 类似的尚有：beat vi.(心脏)跳动/vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长/ vt. 种植 play vi.玩耍/ vt. 打（牌、球）演奏 smell vi. 发出（气味）/ vt. 嗅 ring vi.（电话、铃）响/ vt.打电话 speak vi. 发言/ vt. 说（语言） hang vi. 悬挂 / vt. 绞死 operate vi. 动手术/ vt. 操作run vi. 跑步; 褪色 vt. 经营C 有的及物动词加上介词后，表达的意思不同。如：allow 容许 allow for 考虑到感官动词 感官动词hear, see, feel, watch, notice, observe, find, catch, look at; hear; listen to的用法归纳总结: (感官动词+ sb. do/ doing / sth done)。1后接不带to的不定式表达一种发生过或者还没发生具体的动作When you go to watch the football match, you will enjoy seeing the Chinese football team win.2后接V-ing形式表达正在进行的动作。Seeing the sun rising above the surface of the sea, we let out a shout of joy.Hearing this, I felt my heart beating fast.3后接V-ed形式表达被动意义。After his return twenty years later, he found his home town greatly changed.Although I had learnt some English, I had never heard a word of it spoken. 试比较（注意理解）:）I heard him sing a song. 我听她唱了一首歌（指自始至终整个过程）。）I heard him singing a song. 我听见她正在唱歌唱（指当时动作的某个片断）。）I heard a song sung. 我听见（有人）唱歌（逻辑主语“歌”与“唱”是被动关系。）延续性动词与终结性动词的对比注: “”左边的是终结性动词(瞬间动词); “”右边的是延续性动词更多的终结性动词(瞬间动词): borrow, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, reach, recognize.borrowkeepbuyhavebecomebeput on wearmove tolive inrecognizeknowcatch a coldhave a coldget to knowknowopen sthkeep sth openleavebe away frombegin/startbe ondie be deadfinishbe overreturnbe backjoinbe in + 组织机构 /be a member of + 组织机构come herebe herego therebe therecome backbe backfall asleepbe asleepget to/arrive/reachbe (in)go (get) out be out fall illbe illget upbe up 在有表达时间的场合，要注意根据句子或上下文提供的时间关系判断句子中的动词该使用延续性动词还是终结性动词。1. 延续性动词不能与表达短临时间的“点时间”状语连用。但: come/ begin/ get + to + 延续性动词可表达一瞬间的动作。(“点时间”指具体某一时间点;“段时间”指某一时间内.)It rained at eight yesterday morning. (误)由于rain为延续性动词，而at eight表达点时间，前后矛盾。It began to rain at eight yesterday morning. (正)-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.-Then youve known each other for more than two years.-Thats right.2. 终结性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中，但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表达的时间是“点时间”(从句谓语动词用终结性动词)，也可以是“段时间”(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表达的是一种较长的时间或过程，从句谓语动词一般只能用延续性动词。When we reached London, it was twelve oclock. (reach为终结性动词; when不可用while替代.)Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)I havent left here for 3 years. I havent heard from him for 3 weeks.3. 终结性动词的完毕时态，表达动作的完毕并产生了影响与成果。但一般不能与表达延续的时间段短语“for”或“since”以及“How long ”连用，终结性动词否认式除外。He has joined the League. 她已经入团。He has been a League member for three years. He has been in the League for three years. The old man died 4 years ago. The old man has been dead for 4 years.It is 4 years since the old man died.Four years has passed since the old man died.I bought the book 5 days ago.I have had the book for 5 days. 4.注意句型(1): “It is 一段时间since从句(+ 终结性动词的过去时)” “一段时间has passedsince从句( + 终结性动词的过去时)”: 句子的含义是: “自从起, 有(多长的时间)”。如果在since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词的目前完毕时，那么与其一般过去时的含义就完全相反了。注意比较理解: I have been at school since I have been ill. 我生病以来始终在学校里。I have been at school since I was ill. 我病愈以来始终在学校里。Its 4 years since Mr Li smoked. 李先生吸烟已有四年了It is four months since my elder sister went to Britain.我姐姐去英国已有四个月了。More than three years has passed since Mary came to China. 玛丽来中国已有三年多了5. 注意句型(2): “not + 终结性动词 + until/till .” 意为“直到才”。“延续性动词 + until /till”表达：“始终延续到.”I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight. 今天晚上直到我画完画，我才上床睡觉。I wont leave till my parents come back. 我将呆在家里直到我父母回来。言外之意是，我父母不回来，我就始终呆在家里，我父母回来后我就离开家。I didnt receive the notice until last evening.直到昨天晚上我才收到告知。言外之意是，昨天晚上前我始终没有接到告知。We worked until 11:00 yesterday evening. 我们昨天晚上始终工作到11点。高考中常用使役动词的用法与搭配1. makemake sb. do sth 使/让/逼某人做某事; (被动形式)sb. be made to domake sth done 使/让某事得以 make sb. adj 使某人处在的状态make sb sth 使/让某人成为 She will make a good wife. 她会成为一种好妻子。make oneself done 使某人的为她人所 (make oneself heard/ understood)2. havehave sb do sth 使/让/请某人做某事. have sb doing. 使/让某人始终做某事have sth done 请/让某人做某事; 招致或遭遇到(不好的事情) have sb adj. 使/让/某人处在的状态 It had the salesmen busy around.3. let let sb do sth 让/容许某人做某事 let sb+介词短语 让某人处在的状态4. keepkeep sb doing sth 使/让某人始终做某事keep sb/sth +介词短语. 让某人或某物处在的状态5. getget sb to do sth请/让某人做某事 Would you please get them to bring down the price?get sth done. 请/让某人做某事 Ill get my hair cut.get sb doing. 请/让某人始终做某事 The joke got us laughing.6. leaveleave sb (to) do sth 让某人做/干某事 Well leave them(to) run the shop. leave sb doing sth 让某人继续处在某种状态 Dont leave her waiting outside in the rain.leave sth done 让某事保持的状态The workers left the rest of the work untouched.工人们对余下的工作动都没有动一下。7. causecause sb to do sth 使得/促使/引起某人做某事 What caused him to quit his job? 是什么因素使她辞职的?8. leadlead sb to do sth. 使得/引导某人做某事 What led you to think so? lead sb in doing sth 领导某人/带领某人干某事. The Party leads us in carrying out reform and opening up.9. forceforce sb to do sth 迫使/ 逼迫某人做某事The policemen forced the criminals to give up their arms. 警察迫使罪犯放下武器10. drivedrive sb+adj 使/逼迫某人变成的状态 The loud noise have driven us mad.drive sb to do sth 迫使/逼迫某人做某事 He drove her to admit it. 她逼迫她承认。drive sb+介词短语 迫使/逼迫某人进入的境地The men drove the young man to the wall. 这几种人把这青年人逼得走投无路.11. obligeoblige sb to do sth 使某人(按法律、公约、合约等规定)而必须做某事。The scandal obliged the minister to resign. 这一丑闻迫使部长辞职。12. sendsend sb doing sth 使某人进入(特定状态); (迫)使某人处在的状态The slightest touch will send us floating away from in the opposite direction in space.send sb+介词短语 (迫)使某人进入的状态The failure sent him into discouragement.send sb to do sth 派某人干某事13. setset sb to do sth 使某人开始或着手做某事 set sb doing sth 使某人开始或着手做某事They set him to mow the lawn. 她们叫她给草坪刈草.Her words set me thinking. 她的话使我深思。set + sb./ sth + adj 使处在(的状态) She set the caged bird free. 14. placeplace sb in/into 使某人处在地位/位置The victory in the contest placed our team in a favorable position.15. putput sb in/into 使某人处在地位/位置 (用法同place.)16. bringbring sb/sth+介词短语 使某人或某物处在的状态bring sb. back to life. 使某人起死回生 bring under control. 使处在控制之下The joke brought the class into laughter. 17. land land sb in 使某人在(地方)着陆 Ill land you safe in Liverpool.18. costcost sb sth. 使人遭到损失；使人赔了本The failure in the contest cost us the first place held for 10 years.这次比赛失败使我们丢失了保持已之久的冠军宝座。19.具有使役意义, 表达“使人，令人”的心理状态的动词。如：interest sb in(使某人对感爱好) excite sb (使某人激动)astonish sb(使某人震惊)move, amuse, surprise, terrify, convince, inspire, encourage, satisfy, delight, please, frighten, surprise, amaze, shock, worry, disappoint, discourage, puzzle, tire, terrify上述V-ed/ V-ing的用法区别: 如: The story was so moving that everyone present was moved to tears.What disappointing result! We were all disappointed with it.Climbing a hill was tiring and we were tired when we reached the summit.