英语语法总结

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语语法总结英语语法总结英语语法总结下文总结了十二个要点：1、主谓一致2、时态3、语态4、非谓语动词5、情态动词6、虚拟语气7、句子种类8、名词性从句9、状语从句10、定语从句11、强调句12、倒装句当然以上并不是全部要点，还有一些比较基础的，比如：祈使句、省略句、名词等知识点比较简单，在平时做题中自然而然就积累下来了，不需要刻意背诵。一、主谓一致 主谓一致的关键在于，分条记清楚，不要混淆。1、 以动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；To study English well is not easy.（动词不定式短语作主语）Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. （动名词短语作主语） What he said is very important for us all. （从句作主语）2、 由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。The writer and artist has come.由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was left. None of us has (have) been to America.3、 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。（画线为先行词）Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.4、 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致。It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.5、 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) His family are watching TV.（他的家人）6、由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.6、 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。There comes the bus.Between the two hills stands a monument.7、 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.8、 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。I dont think physics is easy to study.9、“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.（老人们）The beautiful gives pleasure to all.（美好的东西）10、there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.11、主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.二、动词的时态动词的时态是日常口语、写作都要用到的，并不仅仅局限于考试，所以是一个英语语法的基础。对于应用考试，时态的难点通常是过去完成时、过去进行时、将来完成时，难在时间点、时间段的判别，通常会有关键词比如agosince等等，如果没有关键词就要结合语境判断时间的延续性和间断性。1、 一般现在时：do/does,( 系动词is/am/are )（1）一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。（2）主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.（3）在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。There goes the bell.（铃响了。）There comes the bus.（汽车来了。）Here she comes.（她来了。）2、 一般过去时：did,( 系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。3、 现在进行时：is/am/are doing（1）表示正在进行的动作。（2）表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.（她要去北京。）（3）代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The sun is rising in the east.（太阳从东方冉冉升起。）4、 过去进行时：was/were doing（1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.（2）表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.（3）用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.（4）表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.5、 现在完成时：has/have done（1）表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.（2）表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.（3）表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”，表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai.She has been there.（4）短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry,finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”He has been in the army for three years.“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.6、 过去完成时：had done（1）表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.（2）表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.（3）常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.7、 将来完成时：will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.8、 现在完成进行时：has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the math problems since 8:00.9、 过去完成进行时：had been doing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。Shehadbeenwaitingatthestationfor5hours.Shewasstillwaiting.(有表示一段时间的状语)10、一般将来时：will/shall do；is/am/are going to do；is/am/are（about）to do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。（1） be + doing 进行时表将来：go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作。He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?（2） be about to + 动词原形：表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语。I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.（3） be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见。Were to meet at the school gate at noon.（4） 一般现在时表将来：时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来。The meeting starts at five oclock.三、动词的语态（被动语态的句型）动词的语态主要是被动语态的应用，比较简单。1、常见句式是：主语（受动者）be过去分词（by施动者）。He was scolded by the English teacher.2、主语get过去分词其它成分。（使用这种结构不能带有“by施动者”）The boy got drowned last summer.3、带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike.被动：I was lent a bike(by her). A bike was lent to me(by her).4、情态动词be过去分词。This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5、双重被动式：主语被动式谓语不定式的被动式其它成分。These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.四、非谓语动词非谓语不是难点，但是一个比较复杂的知识点，要记要背的东西比较多，但用熟了以后就会脱口而出，没有太大难度，主要在多用、熟悉。1、只接不定式做宾语的动词：hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen.2、只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语：mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to.3、意义不同的不定式：-stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图做）mean doing （意思是，意味着）cant help （to） do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done被认为已经做了 considerto be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事五、情态动词情态动词通常是语气的表示，虽然没有实际意义，但却常常在完形填空中出现。首先要区别各个情态动词所表示的意思和语气，然后注意对应的文章和语境所需要的语气。之后就是一些小点，比如shall的不同意义、情态动词+have done的各种特殊用法等。1、表示“能力、许可”的can和may：（1）表示能力的情态动词用can/could。A computer cant think for itself; it must be told what to do.（2）表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could?或might？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustnt表示禁止，不许可）。Johnny, you mustnt play with the knife, you may hurt yourself.（3）在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.2、表示“推断、判断”的can，may，must：（1）在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。Peter may come with us tonight, but he isnt very sure yet.（2）在否定句中只能用can和may。所以cant时用以代替mustnt，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。Michael cant be a policeman, for hes much too short.（3）在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。He may be very busy now. /Can he be very busy now?He must be very busy now. /Can he be very busy now?3、need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。4、dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。If he dare come, I will kick him out. I dont know whether he dare say.He doesnt dare(to)answer the question.（否定句）Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句）5、shall：（1）用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening?（2）用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。You shall fail if you dont work harder. （警告）He shall have the book when I finish reading.（允诺）He shall be punished.（威胁）6、should劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。You should(ought to) go to class right away.7、will/would：（1）请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。Would you pass me the book?（2）表示意志、愿望和决心。I will never do that again.（3）would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）（5） would表示估计或猜想。What would she be doing there?8、情态动词+have done的用法：（1）could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。You could have done better, but you didnt try your best.（2）cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。He cannot have been to that town.（3）can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。Can he have got the book?（4）might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。He may not have finished the work.（6） must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。其否定式为：cannot have done。You must have seen the film.You cannot have seen the film.（7）neednt+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.区别于：didnt need to(have to)do：没有必要做而实际上也没有做I didnt need to clean the windows. My sister did it 2 hours ago.（8）should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。You should have started earlier, but you didnt.She shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape,for I worked to use it.区别于：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测）六、虚拟语气虚拟语气是重点也是难点，一定要详细记忆，清楚地分辨各种用法，千万不要混淆。If引导的条件句是基础，在清除记忆了这个基础之上，有几个难点如下所列：省略if的虚拟条件句、混合虚拟条件句、含蓄虚拟条件句和其它状语从句等。1、 If引导的条件从句：（1）与现在事实相反从句：过去式（was/were），主句：should/would/could/might +doIf he were here, he would help us.（2）与过去事实相反从句：had +done，主句：should/would/could/might +have +doneIf I had been free ,I would have visited you.（3）与将来事实相反从句：过去式/should+动词原形/were +to do，主句：should/would/could/might+动词原形If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.2、 省略if的虚拟条件句：将虚拟条件从句中的were，had，should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。Should he come ,tell him to ring me up.Were I you, I would not do it.Had I been free, I would have visited you.3、 混合虚拟条件句：（1）不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则。If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.If he had told me yesterday, I should know what to do now.If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.（2）虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则。He could have passed the exam, but he wasnt careful enough. You should have come earlier. The bus left a moment ago.4、 含蓄虚拟条件句：（1）but for+名词表示虚拟条件But for your timely warning, we must have got into great trouble. -You know were friends.（2）without+名词表示虚拟条件Without the air to hold some of the suns heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.（3）动词不定式表示虚拟条件It would be only partly right to follow in this way.（如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。）（4）现在分词表示虚拟条件Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.（要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。）（5）过去分词表示虚拟条件Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.（如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。）（7） 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件I was too busy at that time. Otherwise, I would have called you.（我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。）（8）连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件He would become fatter but he eats too little.5、 其它状语从句：（1） as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或haddone或wouldcouldmightdo。与现在事实相反He talks as if he knew where she was与过去事实相反He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.与将来事实相反He opened his mouth as if he would say something.注意：当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时，as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气。It sounds as if it is raining听起来像是在下雨。He talks as if he is drunk从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。（2）in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do。Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.6、宾语从句：（1）demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+ do。He suggested that we not change our mind.（2）wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+ do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反。I wish I could be a pop singer.I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.7、主语从句在It is necessary / important / strange thatIt is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that等从句中，谓语动词用should+ do。It is strange that such a person should be our friends.8、其它句型中（1）It is time that句型中动词用过去式或should+ doIts high time that we left/should leave.（2）would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式I would rather you stayed at home now.（3）If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望If only our dream had come true!七、句子种类句子种类是比较简单，考试也不会特殊单独考到，在这里写下主要是因为它是语法学习的基础，有助于接下来高级语法的学习，所以简单理解清楚即可。1、感叹句：（1）what + 名词What a fine day it is! （多好的天气呀!）（2）how + 形容词或副词How hard they are working! （他们工作多努力呀！）（3）how +句子How time flies! （时间过得多么快呀!）（4）How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+nHow nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! （多好的孩子啊!）2、简单句：（1）主+谓They disappeared. （他们消失了。）（2）主+谓+宾He likes swimming.（他喜欢游泳。）（3）主+谓+间接宾+直接宾I told my friend the good news. （我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。）（4）主+谓+宾+宾补They named the boy Jack. （他们给孩子起名叫杰克。）（5）主+系+表She is a university student. （她是一名大学生。）3、并列句：（1）并列关系and, not onlybut also, neither nor, bothand, notbut。Eitheryoudoit,orIaskforsomebodyelsetodoit.（要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。）NeitherTomnorJackhasfinishedthehomework.（汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。）Notcouldnttheycompletethetask,butthetaskwastootough.（不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。）（2）转折关系but,while（而，尽管），nevertheless(然而；不过)。Johnlikesplayingbasketball,buthedidntplayityesterday.（约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。）（3）选择关系or, otherwise or else, eitheror。We must hurry, or well miss the train. （我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。） Either you come to my place or I go to yours. （或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。）（4）因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so。We had better stay at home, for it was raining. （我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。）He didnt work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.（他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。）4、复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。从句有：（1）名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）；（2）状语从句；（3）定语从句。八、名词性从句名词性从句是一个考试点，做题时经常会遇到，但是高中语法阶段不需要做太难的深究，只要弄清楚详细的小知识点用于选择、填空等即可，比如thatwhetherifwhichwhat等的应用环境与辨别。1、主语从句：（1）连词：that（that在引导主语从句时不可省去），Whether（主语从句中只能用whether不可用if）。That he will come and help you is certain.（他来帮助你是确实无疑的。）Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. （月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。）（2）连接代词：who，what，which，whatever。What he wants to tell us is not clear. （他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。）Who will win the match is still unknown. （谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。）（3）连接副词：when，where，why，how。It is known to us how he became a writer. （我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。）Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. （英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。）注：主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。2、宾语从句：（1）陈述：that（that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省）。I believe(that) he is honest. （我相信他是忠诚的。）（2）疑问：if，whether（whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替；作介词宾语要用whether不能用if；从句是否定句时一般用if引导）。I wonder whether he will come or not. （我想知道他来还是不来。）Everything depends on whether we have enough money. （一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。）I dont know if(whether) it is interesting. （我不知道它是否有意思。）He doesnt care if it isnt a fine day.（他不在乎天气是否好。）（3）特殊疑问意义：who, whom,which,whose,what, when,where,why,how,whoever, whatever, whichever（宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语）。Please tell me what you want.（请告诉我你需要什么？）She always thinks of how she can work well. （她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。）She will give whoever needs help a warm support.（凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。）（4）如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. （我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。）（5）think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。We dont think you are right. （我们认为你不对。）I dont believe he will do so. （我相信他不会这样做的。）3、表语从句：（1）连词：that，whether，as if（在非正式的文体中that可以省去）。The problem is(that) they cant get here early enough. （问题是他们不能很早到达这里。）It looks as if its going to rain.（看起来天要下雨。）（2）连接代词：who，what，which。Thats just what I want. （这正是我想要的。）The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. （问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。）（3）连接副词：when，where，why，how（表语从句位于主句系动词之后）。This is where our problem lies.（这就是我们的问题所在。）That is why he didnt come to the meeting. （那就是他为什么不到会的原因。）4、同位语从句：由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导（同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought, question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等）。The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.（他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。）I have no idea when he will come back home. （我不知道他什么时候回来。）The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. （他想到可能玛丽生病了。）He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.（他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。）九、状语从句状语从句看着很多、很繁琐，但是它的考点其实并不难，只要记清楚固定的知识点和固定的搭配应用即可，在多做题的过程中自然就熟悉了。1、实践状语从句：（1）When，whenever（when指的是“某一具体的时间”，whenever指的是“在任何时间”）。When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。（2）when（when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末）。I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。（3）while（while指“在某一段时间里”，“在期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的）。While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。（4）as（as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生）。He hurried home, looking behind as he went.他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。（5）before，after。Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。（6）till（如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到为止”）。We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。（7）until（如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直才”“在以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until）。She didnt stop working until eleven oclock .她到11点钟才停止工作。（8）since，as soon as（状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号）。Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, Ill write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。（9）hardlywhen，no soonerthan（hardlywhen和no soonerthan的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装）。I had hardly got home when it began to rain. =Hardly had I got home when it began to rain. 我刚一到家，就下雨了。No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.我们刚到车站，火车就走了。Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。（10）every time, by the time, the moment等（在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时）。Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。Next time you come ,youll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。2、地点状语从句：where，wherever（where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语）。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。3、原因状语从句：（1）because（because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强）。I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。（2）since（since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首）。Since everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。（3）as（从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中）。As he didnt know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。（4）now