有关summary的写作技巧

有关summary的写作技巧第一篇：有关summary的写作技巧Summary的写法1一、概括原文（一）阅读1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。2.拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。3.概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。（二）基本结构和技巧1.重新拟定标题给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。2.阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author.）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。3.词汇运用注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.4.删除细节只保留主要观点。5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”1 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 7.注意问题 （1）避免重复在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在summary中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。（2）不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者 （3）概述长度不要超过原文章的1/4 （4）不要过多照搬原作者的用词，用句（尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句）。（5）最后检查一遍，确保文中没有语病，没有语法错误和拼写错误。二、论文摘要摘要的基本结构和内容 因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文，所以其构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。因此，摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、手段等；（3）结果（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其他：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息价值。（一）引言部分1.回顾研究背景2 常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。 This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about. 2.阐明写作或研究目的常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如：To investigate the mechanism of. 3.介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。Here we study the.This article includes a brief review of（二）方法部分1.介绍研究过程常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。We present an analysis of . 2.说明研究或试验方法常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate等。 We have developed amodel to estimate . This study presents estimates of.（三）结果部分1.展示研究结果常用词汇有：show, result, present等。We show this cell death to be dependent upon Our results suggest that 2.介绍结论常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude等。By means of a series of examples, we conclude that（四）讨论部分1.陈述论文的论点和作者的观点常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。 The results suggest that In this study, we describe . 2.阐明论证常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。3.推荐和建议常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。Summary 2一、概述3 文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为2022-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-2022。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过2022词。摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分 点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图； 介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有： 1）This paper deals with. 2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc). 3）This essay presents knowledge that. 4）This thesis discusses. 5）This thesis analyzes. 6）This paper provides an overview of. 7) This paper elaborates on . 8）This article gives an overview of.9）This article compares.and summarizes key findings. 10）This paper includes discussions concerning. 11) This paper presents up to date information on. 12) This article covers the role of chemicals in.4 13) This paper addresses important topics including. 14) This paper touches upon.15) This paper strongly emphasizes.16) This essay represents the proceedings of .17) This article not only describes.but also suggests. 18) This paper considers.19) This paper provides a method of .2022This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze. 21) This paper offers the latest information regarding. 22) This paper is devoted to examining the role of. 23) This article explores.24) This paper expresses views on.25) This paper reflects the state of the art in. 26) This paper explains the procedures for.27) This paper develops the theory of . 28) This第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。附：摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the main theme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。2）弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表 述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。5 在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。（2）安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。 （3）注意段落的连贯和句子的接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。第二篇：Summary的写作技巧和常见句型Summary的写作技巧和常见句型一、概括原文（一）阅读 1.读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。3.概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。（二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the author.）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points（对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节只保留主要观点。5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子：“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如：Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul its not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didnt have salt on your food it would taste awful like eating cardboard or sand just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didnt want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为：Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Pauls health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 7.注意问题 （1）避免重复在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在summary中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。（2）不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者 （3）概述长度不要超过原文章的1/4 （4）不要过多照搬原作者的用词，用句（尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句）。（5）最后检查一遍，确保文中没有语病，没有语法错误和拼写错误。二、论文摘要摘要的基本结构和内容 因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文，所以其构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。因此，摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、手段等；（3）结果（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用，提出的问题，今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等；（5）其他：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的，但具有重要的信息价值。（一）引言部分 1.回顾研究背景常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。 This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about. 2.阐明写作或研究目的 常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如： To investigate the mechanism of. 3.介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。 Here we study the.This article includes a brief review of（二）方法部分 1.介绍研究过程 常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。 We present an analysis of . 2.说明研究或试验方法常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate等。 We have developed amodel to estimate . This study presents estimates of.（三）结果部分 1.展示研究结果常用词汇有：show, result, present等。We show this cell death to be dependent upon Our results suggest that 2.介绍结论常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude等。By means of a series of examples, we conclude that（四）讨论部分1.陈述论文的论点和作者的观点常用词汇有：suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。 The results suggest that In this study, we describe . 2.阐明论证常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。 3.推荐和建议常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字,概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括.最后就是总结了.有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样,但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。main idea说明文章的主旨，作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么？supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。 如何写英文摘要概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为2022-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-2022。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过2022词。 摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； 提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。二、常见句型1)This paper deals with. 2)This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).3)This essay presents knowledge that.4)This thesis discusses. 5)This thesis analyzes. 6)This paper provides an overview of.7)This paper elaborates on . 8)This article gives an overview of.9)This article compares.and summarizes key findings.10)This paper includes discussions concerning.11)This paper presents up 12)This article covers the role of chemicals in. 13)This paper addresses important topics including. 14)This paper touches upon.15)This paper strongly emphasizes. 16)This essay represents the proceedings of .17)This article not only describes.but also suggests. 18)This paper considers.19)This paper provides a method of .2022his paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.21)This paper offers the latest information regarding.22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of.23)This article explores.24)This paper expresses views on.25)This paper reflects the state of the art in.26)This paper explains the procedures for.?27)This paper develops the theory of .28)This article reviews the techniques used in.29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to.30)This article is about.31)This essay is related to .32)This paper concerns.33)This paper gives an account of .34)This article tells of.35)This paper tries to describe.36)This paper provides an analysis of .37)This paper reports the latest information on .38)The author of this article reviews.39)The writer of this paper discusses.40)The writer of this essay tries to explore.41)The aim of this paper is to determine.42)The purpose of this article is to review.43)The objective of this paper is to explore.破题用语，一般有：The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) somethingThis article has been prepared (or: designed, written ).The purpose of this article is to determine something.The problem of something is discussed . 结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：The author suggests (recommends, concludes)that This article shows that.It is suggested that.The authors suggestion (or: conclusion )is that The author finds it necessary to .第三篇：高中英语写作课-Summary Writing高中英语写作课Summary Writing教学设计授课班级: 高三教材分析：“读写任务”是高考的重要题型，它要求学生通过阅读材料，获取信息并概括要点，在此基础上，写出自己的内容。这就要求学生具备较强的概括能力。虽然学生已经非常熟悉这种题型，但不少同学在概括文章要点时还存在一定的困难。学情分析:高三的学生在英语语言知识和英语写作技能方面已经有了一定的基础，他们对如何写摘要都有一定的认识。1根据教育心里学的观点, 不同年龄阶段的学生具有自身特有的心理活动,教学要根据学生的年龄特征以获取更好的效果. 高三的学生大多18、19岁,其个体思维的发展正处于初步成熟期，他们在学习行为上表现更主动。在学习策略上， 他们：1) 会积极探索适合自己的英语学习方法2) 会通过不同信息渠道获取所需信息3）遇到实际困难时，会有效地寻求帮助2高三（3）班是一个理科班，学生有重理轻文的倾向，在用英语进行交际时还存在一定的困难，部分学生可能在完成任务的过程中会遇到一些困难。教学目标：1语言知识目标写摘要的三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。2技能和策略目标阅读时找主题句和四个写摘要的微技能3能力、情感、态度目标培养学生的书面表达能力；培养学生合作精神和竞争的意识。设计理念：1以探究式教学理论为依据， 采取“任务型”教学模式（taskbased model），让学生在教师的指导下，通过感知、体验、实践、参与、合作和竞争等方式, 实现任务目标，感受成功.2渗透主体性合作式学习理念，发挥学生的主体性和教师的指导性作用，让学生在一个轻松、愉快、民主的氛围中获取英语知识和培养英语运用能力。教学媒体：本节课采取了传统和现代相结合的教学手段，既运用了黑板和粉笔，又运用了电脑制作了多媒体课件。教学方法设计：合作探究法：个人、2人或4人小组为单位，参与英语的各项交际活动。教学过程设计及简要分析：Teaching Procedures:Step 1 Lead-in :Task 1: Students read and pick out the topic sentence.-finished by students aloneMaterial One: Reading Topic sentencePassage 1A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, on the early morning of September 14, 2022, at 4 oclock. As most people were still in deep sleep when the earthquake was happening, all the people were in a panic, which led to a disastrous result about 2022people were killed in the earthquake, and many more were seriously injured, with hundreds of thousands homeless. The local government is organizing the rescue and the international aid has also come from many countries, including China.Which of the following is the topic sentence?1 A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul.2 About 2022people were killed in the earthquake.3 The international aid has also come from many countries, including China. 4 All the people were in a panic during the earthquake.Passage 2Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take people where their dreams lie, whether within ones country or abroad. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. So we can say transportation has been improved a great deal.Which of the following is the topic sentence?5 Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another.6 Today the picture has changed.7 Transportation has been improved a great deal.8 Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.Step 2 Instruction and DrillingTask 2: 1) Students reflect and summarize how to write a summary.-finished by students alone or in pairsPoint out four skills of summary writing.2) Students do some exercises.-finished by students first individually then in pairsMaterial Two:RewritingRewrite the following sentences - (each with one sentence).1. Kate looked at Paul and said angrily, “You put too much salt on your food.”_2.She bought a lot of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes,potatoes and some eggs. She intended to invite all his friends for her birthday party at the weekend._3.Nowadays more and more teenagers try to be more independent from theirparents and sometimes become very rebellious. They always want to wear long and strange hair style, which their parents complain about a lot. They also spend too much time on the Internet and playing computer games._Step 3 ConsolidationTask 3: Students use the skills acquired from the above and fill in the blanks.Material 3 Summary1. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep. So I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I dont think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “I enjoy cleaning windows at night.”“So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when hes busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station?”“Well, Id prefer to stay here,” I said. “You see, Ive forgotten my key.”“You what?” he called.“My key,” I shouted.Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to cli