英语单词词性转换的基本规律

英语单词词性转换的基本规律(1.动词(v.)名词(n.)(a)词形不变,词性变化例如:work, study, water, plant等可以用作动词(工作,学习,浇水,种植),也可以用作名词(工作,学习,水,植物). (b)某些动词在词尾加上-er或-or之后就变成了表达某一类人的名词例如:workworker, teachteacher, singsinger, jumpjumper, playplayer, learnlearner, visitvisitor, inventinventor, collectcollector等.注意:1)以不发音的e结尾的动词,在词尾加-r. 例如:drivedriver, writewriter等. 2)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一种辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-er 例如：runrunner, winwinner, beginbeginner等. (c)在动词词尾加上-ment 变成名词例如:achieveachievement (成就) advertiseadvertisement/advertising(广告) agreeagreement disgreedisagreement amuseamusement (娱乐) improveimprovement(争执)commit(奉献)commitment developdevelopment (发展) departdepartment (局,部) govern(统治)government(政府)managemanagement (管理) equipequipment (装备)有些单词比较特殊,需把动词后的e去掉再加ment. 例如:argueargument(争论) (d)在动词词尾加上-(t)ion/(s)ion变成名词例如: attractattraction; instructinstruction; inventinvention discussdiscussion; expressexpression educateeducation; graduategraduation; operateoperation (去e再加ion) competecompetition; organizeorganization (把e改成其她字母再加tion) decidedecision concludeconclusion (把de改为s再加ion) describedescription描写,描绘 (这是特例,不规则变化) (e)在动词词尾加上-ance变成名词例如: appearappearance (外貌;浮现) performperformance (表演) acceptacceptance (接受) (f)在动词词尾加-ing变成名词 (措施与动词变为目前分词的措施相似)例如:meetmeeting buildbuilding waitwaiting bathebathing saysaying(谚语) meanmeaning end ending train training washwashing注意:以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一种辅音字母的动词,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-ing 如:swimswimming shopshopping beginbeginning (g)其她某些比较特殊的变化例如: Beg(乞讨)beggar(乞丐) behave(行为举止)behavior know(懂得)knowledge(知识) flyflight (飞行) heat (加热)heat(热量) hit (撞击)hit( 轰动一时的人或物,碰撞) mix (混合)mixture(混合物) press(按,压)pressure(压力) sit(坐)seat (座位) succeedsuccess(成功) tourtour(旅游)/ tourist (游客) 2.动词(v.)形容词(adj.)(a)动词背面加able,以e结尾的动词则去e加able,表达具有此性质,特点或属性.例如: affordaffordable；lovelovable (b)动词背面加ed,以e结尾的动词则直接加d,表达被动性的属性或特点.例如: scatterscattered useused （赵科翔，注意下，这个就是我们所讲的非谓语动词作定语的状况） (c)不规则的动词则必须记忆,记住其过去分词形式.规律不大,意义同(b). 3.名词(n.)形容词(adj.)(a)在名词背面加-y可以变成形容词(特别是某些与天气有关的名词)例如: rainrainy, cloudcloudy, windwindy, snowsnowy, healthhealthy, lucklucky, angerangry guiltguilty(内疚的) touristtouristy(游客多的) , salt (盐)salty (咸的) silk(丝绸)silky(丝绸般的), sleepsleepy (昏昏欲睡的) 注意:1)如果以重读闭音节结尾,且词尾只有一种辅音字母,这时应双写辅音字母再加-y. 如: sunsunny, funfunny, fogfoggy(有雾的), furfurry(毛皮的) 2)少数以不发音的e结尾的名词变为形容词时,应去掉e再加-y. 如: noisenoisy, iceicy, shineshiny(发亮的), taste(口味)tasty(甜的) (b)名词背面加-ed,以e结尾的直接加d.例如: spot(斑点)spotted(有斑点的); talenttalented (有天赋的) organizeorganized 有组织的; balancebalanced(平衡的) (c)某些抽象名词在词尾加-ful可以变为形容词例如:carecareful, thankthankful, helphelpful, useuseful, meaningmeaningful (d)在名词后加-less构成具有否认意义的形容词例如:carecareless(粗心的), useuseless(无用的) hopehopeless(没但愿的)，homehomeless(无家可归的) (e)某些以-ce结尾的名词,把-ce改为-t变成形容词例如: differencedifferent, silencesilent, confidenceconfident (f).在名词后加-ly变为形容词例如: friendfriendly, lovelovely, live-lively (g).在名词后加-ous变为形容词例如: dangerdangerous (h)名词背面加-al变为形容词例如: musicmusical; medicinemedical (这个比较特殊) (i)名词背面加-able变为形容词,如果以e结尾就去e再加-able.例如: adjustadjustable 可调节的 valuevaluable有价值的 (j)名词背面加-en变成形容词例如: woodwooden 木制的 woolwoolen 羊毛的 (k)某些表达国家的名词可以在词尾加-ese, -ish或-n构成表达国籍,语言的形容词例如: ChinaChinese, JapanJapanese, EnglandEnglish, AmericaAmerican, IndiaIndian, Australia Australian (注意CanadaCanadian) 4.形容词(adj.)副词(adv.)一般在形容词的词尾加-ly可以变成副词例如: quickquickly, slowslowly, loudloudly, suddensuddenly 等但是,如下几点值得注意：(a) 某些以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,要把y改为i再加-ly例如: happyhappily, angryangrily, luckyluckily, heavyheavily, noisynoisily (b) 有些以-ble或-le结尾的形容词,去掉e加-y例如:possiblepossibly, terribleterribly (c)少数以e结尾的形容词,要去掉e再加-ly例如: truetruly但绝大多数以e结尾的形容词仍然直接加-ly 例如: politepolitely, widewidely(d)以-l结尾的形容词变为副词时要在词尾加-ly,以-ll结尾的才在词尾只加-y.例如: usualusually, carefulcarefully, usefulusefully fullfully (以-ll结尾的才只加y)