英语句子成分和结构.ppt

Members of the Sentence and Structures,句子的成分与结构,句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，包括：主语、 谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。 主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。,英语的句子成分：,一主语 The Subject 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。 主语一般在句首。 Walls have ears. 名词 He will take you to the hospital. 代词 Three plus four equals seven. 数词 Smoking is not allowed in public places. 动名词 To teach them English is my job. 不定式 It is my job to teach them English. 不定式作主语时，常用形式主语it句型 Whether or not they will come depends on the weather.句子,二.谓语 The Predicate,说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。 谓语由动词/动词短语构成. 助动词或情态 动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。 谓语一般在主语后面。 E.g.We study hard. He looked after his little sister. He can speak English. Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994.,三.表语 The Predicative,说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、 代词、数词、形容词、短语或句子等充当， 和系动词一起构成谓语。一般在系动词后 面，用来说明主语的性质，特征，状态等. E.g. My father is a professor. 名词 Everybody is here. 代词 Three times five is fifteen.数词 My new computer is expensive.形容词 His plan is to seek work in the city. to do不定式 My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. 句子,四. 宾语 The Object,表示动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者. 由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充 当，和及物动词一起说明主语“做什么”。 一般在谓语之后。,E.g. He likes Chinese. 名词 We havent seen her for a long time. 代词 Do you mind opening the window? 动名词 Tom likes to sleep in the park. 动词不定式 Give me four please. 代词和数词,五.定语 The Attribute,用来修饰名词或代词, 译为的 由形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语 不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等充当。 定语的位置： 定语通常位于被修饰的成分前; 不定代词（something/nothing）之后； 不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后； 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,They are women workers. 名词 Mary is a beautiful girl. 形容词 He has three cats. 数词 China is a developing country. 现在分词 The girl behind the tree is my sister. 介词短语 I have nothing to eat. 不定式 The boy you will know is Tom. 从句 Toms father didnt come home yesterday night. 所有格 I met a friend on my way home. 副词,六.状语 The Adverbial,用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、频率、目的等. 可用作状语的有副词, 不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。 E.g. The boy needs a pen very much. 程度状语 He always comes late to school. 频率状语 They are playing on the playground.地点状语 He was late because he got up late. 原因状语 On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 时间状语 The students came into the classroom, singing and dancing. 伴随状语 If he goes, so will I. 条件状语 Though he is a child, he knows a lot.让步状语 The boy needs a pen to do his homework. 目的状语 He often went to school by bus. 方式状语,七. 宾语补足语,英语中有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必 须在宾语后加上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。 主要用来说明宾语的特征、状态或身份，主要由形容词、 名词、副词、介词短语、分词等充当. E.g. We must keep it a secret. 名词 We try to make our country strong. 形容词 I should advise you to get the chance. 动词不定 I saw him going upstairs. 分词短语 Yesterday he got his leg broken. 过去分词,同位语: 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放 在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和 解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫 做它的同位语。 E.g. We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生） We all are students. (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,同 位 语,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分. 感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。 肯定词: yes 否定词: no 称呼语：称呼人的用语。 插入语:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 E.g. The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,独 立 成 分,1. I cant hear a word. I cant hear a word. 主 谓 宾 2. They were talking loudly. They were talking loudly. 主 谓 状 3. I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily. I looked at the young man and the young woman angrily. 主 谓 宾 状 4. I got up early and bought thirty cards. I got up early and bought thirty cards. 主 谓 状 连 谓 定 宾,随 堂 练 习,1. 主语+系动词+表语 （主系表） 2. 主语+不及物动词+(其他成分) (主谓) 3. 主语+及物动词+宾语 （主谓宾） 4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补,五种基本句子结构:,1.此句型的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。 在这类结构中最常用的系动词是： be动词： is/am/are/was/were “变化”类： get/ become/ turn/grow “感官”类: taste/ smell/ feel/look/sound “持续”类：stay/ keep/remain 其他：（似乎） seem/appear (证明是) turn out/ prove (to be),1. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语,E.g. She is beautiful. Everything looks different. The dinner smells good. Her face turned red. You story sounded very interesting. The hot day will remain/stay/ keep a few days.,1. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语,此句型的特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整 的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,不及物动词(vi)没有宾语，形成主谓结构， 如：We come. 后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 E.g. Who cares? The train leaves at 7:30. The teacher teaches well. (动词副词搭配),2.主语+不及物动词+（其他成分）(主谓),此句型的特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语 产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有 一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。 这类动词叫做及物动词。 E.g. He enjoys reading. 主 谓 宾 My mother forgot to lock the door. The boss employed more than one hundred workers. I hope I can learn English well.,3.主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语(双宾语). 这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。 可接双宾语的常见动词有：ask, answer, give, offer, send, bring, pass, tell, show, teach, promise等.,4. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,1. Who will teach you biology next term? 主 谓 间宾 直宾 2. Give me a cup of tea please. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. I showed him my photos.,此句型的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词， 但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意 思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语， 才能使意思完整。 The villagers didnt allow them to do this. 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语,5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补,1. Please tell us a story. (主谓+间宾+直宾) 2. She smiled. (主谓) 3. His job is to train swimmers. (主系表) 4. He noticed a man enter the room. (主谓宾+宾补) 5. I have a lot work to do. (主谓宾+宾补) 6. He went to London yesterday. (主谓宾),说出下列句子的结构:,Many thanks!,