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设计题目基于简单IO口的8LED语音播放机设计任务要求实验中需要的信源,可以通过处理一段WAV文件,将其变为一段数据表进行实验。基本要求:1、将处理过的数据通过单片机进行存储(信号固化)。2、用D/A转换器回放存储的信号。3、通过模拟示波器显示回放的波形。4、在数码管或LCD上显示回放波形的参数(最大/最小幅值,波形播放时间)。发挥部分:1、在实验允许的条件下,采用更灵活的存放方法。2、多段信源管理和播放。实验设备及软件Keil 4编程软件、Proteus 仿真软件同组人员学号及姓名一人一组,无组员参考文献郭天祥,新概念51单片机C语言教程入门、提高、开发、拓展全攻略,电子工业出版社,2009年1月基于简单IO口的8LED语音播放机摘要本文介绍了语音播放机的设计。硬件部分是在Proteus 7.8上搭设的数字系统,软件部分是基于AT89C51单片机的以Keil 4为编译工具的C语言系统。本系统利用51单片机的IO口读写、控制DA0832、SRAM 6264的数据;往数码管送段码、位码和控制信号;利用外部中断实现2个按键的作用。本系统可以以设定程序生成的hex文件在Proteus中运行。可实现全部要求的功能,系统使用性强。关键词:AT89C51 外部中断 DA0832 SRAM总体设计原理及思路本系统的整体框图由AT89C51构成主控芯片,并使用D/A转换器以及存储器等组成系统。首先通过处理一段WAV文件,将其变为一段数据表,再通过单片机将数据锁存到外部SRAM,然后由单片机控制将数据送到D/A输出,即回放采样数据;单片机串口读取数据表,实时显示在8位8段数码管上;利用中断原理,使用按键引发中断、操控时间等。图1 单片机原理框图电路介绍(一)单片机AT89C5151单片机是对目前所有兼容Intel8031指令系统的单片机的统称。该系列单片机的始祖是Intel的8031单片机,后来随着Flash ROM技术的发展,8031单片机取得长足的进展,成为目前应用最广泛的8位单片机之一,其代表型号是ATMEL公司的AT89系列,它广泛应用于工业测控系统之中。目前很多公司都有51系列的兼容机型推出,在目前乃至今后很长的一段时间内都将占有大量市场。51单片机是基础入门的一个单片机,还是应用最广泛的一种。当前常用的51系列单片机主要产品有:Intel的:80C31、80C51、87C51、80C32、80C52、87C52等;ATMEL的:89C51、89C52等;Phillip、Dallas、Siemens等公司的许多产品。本次软件设计中使用的是AT89C51。AT89C51是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压、高性能CMOS8位单片机,片内含4k bytes的可反复擦写的只读程序存储器(PEROM)和128bytes的随机存取数据存储器(RAM),器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产,兼容标准MCS-51指令系统,片内置通用8位中央处理器(CPU)和Flash存储单元,可灵活应用于各种控制领域。主要性能参数:与MCS-51产品指令系统完全兼容4k字节可重擦写与Flash闪速存储器1000次擦写周期全静态操作:0Hz-24MHz三级加密程序存储器1288字节内部RAM32个可编程I/O口线2个16位定时/计数器6个中断源可编程串行UART通道低功耗空闲和掉电模式图2 AT89C51(二)DAC08322.1 背景知识根据分析,D/A转换器的转换速率不必严格等于采样时的速率,可以选用一个固定的速率,只要不使LED显示发生不正常的显示即可;同时要求D/A转换器的位宽为8,准确度要求尽可能地高,建立时间尽可能地小,因此选用DAC0832(转换速率为1MHz),满足要求。DAC0832是采样频率为8位的D/A转换芯片,集成电路内有两级输入寄存器,使DAC0832芯片具有双缓冲、单缓冲和直通三种输入方式,以便适于各种电路的需要。它接收数字量,输出一个与数字量相对应的电流或电压信号的模拟量接口。D/A转换结果采用电流形式输出。要是需要相应的模拟信号,可通过一个高输入阻抗的线性运算放大器实现这个功能。在实现D/A转换时,主要涉及下面几个性能参数:(1) 分辨率:是指最小输出电压(对应于输入数字量最低位增1所引起的输出电压增量)和最大输出电压(对应于输入数字量所有有效位全为1时的输出电压)之比。位数越多,分辨率越高。(2) 转换精度:在不考虑D/A转换误差时,DAC转换精度就是分辨率的大小。分为绝对和相对转换精度。(3) 非线性误差:被定义为实际转换特性曲线与理想特性曲线之间的最大偏差,并以该偏差相对于满量程的百分数度量。(4) 转换速率/建立时间。转换速率由建立时间来反映。建立时间是指数字量为满刻度值时,DAC的模拟输出电压达到某个规定值时所需的时间。2.2 外部引脚 图5 DAC0832的引脚图(1) D0D7:数字信号输入端(2) ILE(BY1/BY2):输入寄存器允许,高电平有效(3) CS:片选信号,低电平有效(4) WR1:写信号1,低电平有效(5) XFER:传送控制信号,低电平有效(6) WR2:写信号2,低电平有效(7) IOUT1、IOUT2:DAC电流输出端(8) Rfb:集成在片内的外接运放的反馈电阻(9) VREF:基准电压(-1010V)(10) VCC:源电压(+5+15V)(11) AGND:模拟地(12) NGND:数字地,可与AGND接在一起使用(仿真中只有一个接地)2.3 DAC0832外围电路连接在本次课程设计中,DAC只需要处理SRAM锁存的一路数字量,所以采用DAC0832的单缓冲工作方式。图6 DAC0832的外围电路这里使用51单片机的P27引脚控制DAC0832的片选段,P36引脚控制其WR1写信号1端口。用D07接收来自6264缓存的数字量。这里的基准电压取了-5V,主要是考虑到输出波形反相的现象。将DAC0832输出的模拟信号通过运放放大一下,输出到模拟示波器的B通道。(三)静态RAM62643.1 外部引脚6264是8K*8位的静态随机存储器芯片,采用CMOS工艺制造,单一+5V供电,额定功耗200mW,典型存取时间200ns,28线双列直插式封装。 图7 6264的外部引脚(1) A12A0:地址线,最大可寻址8KB的存储空间(2) D7D0:数据线,双向,三态(3) OE:读出允许信号,输入,低电平有效(4) WE:写入允许信号,输入,低电平有效(5) CE:片选信号1,输入,在读/写方式为低电平(6) CS:片选信号2,输入,在读/写方式为高电平(7) VCC:接+5V工作电压(8) GND:信号地3.2 6264外围电路6264的地址线一共13根,则除了P0口外,还需P2的5个端口。由于P0同时兼作数据口,为了避免逻辑混叠,我采用了74373锁存器以锁存P0首先发出的地址信息。图8 6264外围电路通过6264锁存P0发出的地址信息后,再通过单片机控制WR,允许写入,从D7D0端口读取数据写入SRAM内部。在设计中,我只使用了其中的512字节单元,一旦存满之后单片机立即选中OE端为低电平,允许读出,将SRAM内的数据发送给DAC0832。(四)数码管显示4.1 背景知识由于基于IO的示波器需要借用数码管显示采样波形的电压,考虑到基准电压是+5V,而且需要显示的数据较多(最大值/最小值和时间),所以我选用了八位数码管,前四位用来显示最值,后三位用来来显示时间。集成数码管都有8位段选位,分别为AG(分别对应各段线)和DP(对应右下侧的点)。集成数码管分为共阳和共阴两种,在此我选用了共阴的数码管。图9 8位集成共阴数码管4.2 数码管的外围电路为了使得段码在逐位显示过程中不会产生混乱的现象,按要求使用了74373锁存器,用P35控制74373的LE端,决定何时读入。由于数码管有八个位选位,所以用了P10-P17作为位选位。连接电路图如下所示。图10 数码管外围电路图在实际中,需要合理设置位选和段选的位置,否则会出现时序问题;还需要合理设置每位之间的延时时间,否则动态显示效果会特别不好。(五)按键设置在本题中只有一个地方要用到按键,即“信源的播放”,再考虑到需要暂停,共需2个按键。我设置key1、key2,key1用于暂停或继续播放,key2用于一开始的播放。同时分别用P30、P31口来连接按键key1、key2。 图11 按键连接图(六)整体电路图12 整体仿真电路图结合之前六个部分的元件,以AT89C51为核心控制器,分别控制DAC0832、SRAM6264、8位数码管和键盘的运行。因为51单片机的IO口只有4组共32个,所以有必要统筹节约其使用。P0口作为输入输出口,需要加上拉电阻。软件设计(一)主程序模块主程序首先完成(1)变量的初始化;(2)开外部中断0和1;(3)反复循环SARM送数据到DA、数码管显示程序。其中,系统初始化包括把数据存入SRAM中。图13 主程序的流程图(二)按键中断模块为使得每当按键按下都能得到程序的实时响应,我使用了外部中断。按键1用于暂停或继续播放,按键2用于最初的开始播放。图14 按键中断模块的流程图系统测试在Proteus中画好仿真图后,将Keil编译生成的hex文件加载进AT89C51中,启动仿真。其中前四位的最值会不停的跳变,最大值与最小值交替出现,当第一位为向上的箭头时,数值表示的为最大值,当第一位为向下的箭头时,数值表示的为最小值。此外,为了显示方便,我设置成30秒的循环播放。(1) 初始状态,数码管显示都为0,模拟示波器没有波形。图15 初始状态显示(2) 点击播放后,在4.0秒时刻的波形显示(见示波器)及此时的最大值为149。图16 4秒时刻显示(3)点击播放后,在15.0秒时刻的波形显示(见示波器)及此时的最小值为12。图17 15秒时刻显示实验心得在本次软件设计中遇到了不少问题,比如说:数码管动态显示时位选随机跳且不符合代码、按键按下后不能触发中断程序、DA、SRAM地址分配的问题等等。在查资料、咨询老师同学、自己联调检测下,我最终逐一克服了这些困难。其实大一寒假时自学过一点51,也能够做一些简单的工程,大二上学期还跟同学一起参加了“电子制作大赛”,期间做了一个电子琴,不过相隔那么久之后,很多已经忘记,还好概念还有,所以学习起来较快。本次设计收获最多的还是增强了自己解决问题的能力吧。从一开始百度怎么将protues7.8与keil4联调,再到同学帮忙利用联调解决了我的一个问题后,我能够自己独立调试检测自己程序中的一些Bug,借此帮助自己、同学完成了课程设计。此外,我也在受同学帮助和帮助同学们中,受益匪浅,不仅提高了自己,也在帮扶中加深了同学们间的认识。总之,这次课程设计还是很成功的。非常感谢老师的指导、同学的帮助和自己的努力。代码:/*基于简单IO口的8LED显示语音播放机设计程序*/#include#include/*宏定义*/#define uint unsigned int#define uchar unsigned char/*芯片端口地址定义*/#define DAC0832 XBYTE0XBFFF /DAC0832口uchar dis_buf8;uchar code du_code=0 xC0,0 xF9,0 xA4,0 xB0,0 x99,0 x92,0 x82,0 xF8,0 x80,0 x90, ; /8段共阳极数码管显示码值 /*系统引脚定义*/sbit key1=P30; /key1sbit key2=P31; /key2/*定义系统变量*/uchar num=0,second=0; /定义时间变量bit flag1=0,flag2=0; /定义状态标志位uchar count;uchar max=0,min=200; /定义幅值的最大值和最小值uint m_x=0 xe000;uchar code music=0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7E, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x82, 0 x7E, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7E, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x7E, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x7E, 0 x81, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x81, 0 x81, 0 x7F, 0 x7F, 0 x82, 0 x7F, 0 x80, 0 x80, 0 x7F, 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