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课题： M1U1 Grammar and usage【教学目标】1. know what an attributive clause is like;2. have a general idea of the usage of relative pronouns who, whose, which;3. make up sentences containing attributive clauses by following examples;4. show more interest in learning grammar by attending competitions in class【教学重点】Let students know the rules of attributive clauses and can uses these rules to deal with problems【教学难点】Let students understand the differences between different kinds of attributive clause【教 具】Multi-media projector【教学过程】Step 1 Lead- in （guessing game）The teacher tells the class that she went abroad last summer. After that, students are encouraged to guess which country the teacher went to.设计说明 在这个过程中，教师将给出带有不同定语形式的提示语，如：It is a beautiful country. It is a country with the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean surrounding it. 以及含有定语从句的句子，从而让学生有一个关于定语的概念：用来修饰名词，限定名词，使其外延逐步缩小。同时，引出本节课的主线。Step 2 Presentation1) Get the students to watch some pictures about Australia and listen to the introduction at the same time.1) Ask them some questions about the contents of the introduction.2) Present sentences with attributive clauses by using the information mentioned above.E.g.: 1. T: Where is Australia? S: Its in Oceania.T: Australia is a country which is in Oceania.2. T: Whats the capital city of Australia? S: CanberraT: Its capital city is Canberra.Australia is a country whose capital is Canberra4）Present a simple structure to show the positions of the antecedent and the clauses after the students are familiar with examples.设计说明 通过学生非常容易理解的句子自然地呈现定语先行词是物的、由which 和 whose 引导的定语从句。Step 3 Look and combine sentencesGet the students to look at the picture of clothes, food, books and a mobile phone. Make up sentences containing attributive clauses based on the sentences given.设计说明 通过图片和句子相结合的形式让学生仿照上面的例子来造句。Step 4 Consolidations (PPT 10)Ask the students to work in groups of 4 to make up a dialogue according to the situation below. One is going traveling and preparing his suitcase. They talk about Australia, the country he is going to and ask him what he has taken and why.Tip: students can be given a piece of paper with the names of different items to guide them.设计说明 此项活动事实上是上一个步骤练习的延伸，旨在让学生通过重复上课以来老师所提到的用定语从句描述地点的句子以及学生自己看图所造的句子，进一步理解定语从句。Setp5 Presentation1) The teacher introduces the hostess and host of the home where she stayed to present the attributive clauses whose antecedents are persons.E.g.: This is the woman who looked after me when I was in Australia.This is the woman whose name is Emma.2) Present a simple structure to show the positions of the antecedent and the clauses after showing the students enough examples.设计说明 通过学生非常容易理解的句子自然地呈现定语先行词是人的、由“which ”和“ whose ”引导的定语从句。Step 6 Look, listen and combine sentencesGet the students to look at the pictures of some places while listening to the teachers information. They are supposed to combine the information to form sentences containing attributive clauses.E.g.: T: This is the school. And its name is EF training school.S: This is the school whose name is EF training school.设计说明 进一步巩固学生对先行词是物、人的定语从句的认识和理解。Step 7 ConsolidationsDivide the students into groups of four to interview the teacher about her experiences. One acts as the teacher while the others act as the school newspaper journalists. In the end, a report is expected to be presented.设计说明 此项活动的目的是让学生在交际中使用定语从句，帮助学生从机械的模仿过渡到在语境中使用，从而在提高学生交际技能的过程中实现语言知识的巩固。Step8 Summary1)Get the students to look at the two simple structures again and summarize the table below. Things Which Whose Persons Who Whose 2）Present another rule : “that ” can be used to replace “which ”& “who” Things Which / that Whose Persons Who / that Whose 设计说明 使学生对定语从句的理解上升的理论, 加深对定语从句的理解。Step 9 Read & search1) Get the students to read the passage on Page 9 to find as many attributive clauses as possible.2) Check the answers设计说明 这是从口头表达到书面应用过渡的第一步，同时为下节课做好铺垫。定语从句（1）一、基本概念（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。（二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。（三）关系代词和关系副词定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。二、关系代词的用法（一）基本用法根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。如下表：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语，宾语Do you know the man who is talkingwith your mother?whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I amworkingThe boy (whom) she loved died in thewar.whose人，物定语I like those books whose topics are abouthistory.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that人，物主语，宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see verymuch.which物主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth$10.The picture which was about theaccident was terrible.as人，物主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by allof us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语）注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例）（二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。但在有些情况下，只用 that。 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。例如： This is the best that has been used against pollution. English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： This is the last place (that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that Ive ever seen. 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。例如： You should hand in all that you have. We havent got much that we can offer you. 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little money (that) he had was stolen.（三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it.先行词是those时。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.（四）其它情况 先行词既有人又有物时。例如： Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?（五）与whose有关的问题 whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. Please show me the book whose cover is red. 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant.三、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now?但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如： 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of.四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如： Who is the guy that is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be done has been done. He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam.例中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。that与which, who, whom的用法区别：情况用法说明例句只用that的情况1 先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被the only, the very修饰时6 句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时1. He told me everything that he knows.2. All the books that you offered have been given out.3. This is the best film that I have ever read.4. We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5. He is the only man that I want to see.6. Who is the man that is making a speech?只用which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3 先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。1. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.2. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.3. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.注：本节课可以配合PPT进行同步教学，帮助学生更好地理解【二次备课】【作业布置】【教学后记】
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