(完整版)四六级英语作文写作基础——过渡词

无论是四六级英语作文，还是英语四级（CET4）和英语六级（CET4）,如果你想拿高分，让评分老师有耳目一新的感觉，你就必须学会用过度/渡词。恰当，合理运用过度/渡词可以你的英语作文结构紧凑,过渡自然,避免脱节现象。但最重要的是你要在平时练习的时候就多用过度词/过渡词，但不要滥用，否则会适得其反的。你要懂得何时用这些词，这样在考试中用起来才不会别扭，不顺手。四六级英语作文写作基础过渡词众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（TransitionalWords）是连接这些部分的纽带。过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。一、过渡词的分类1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词：and,also，aswell,aswellas，or,too,notonlybutalso,bothand,eitheror,neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词：besides,inaddition（加之，除之外）,moreover（此外，而且）,whatsmore,whafsworse(3) 表转折对比的过渡词：but,however,yet,instead,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,although,differentfrom,despite,inpiteof,whereas,unlike,nevertheless,notonlybutalso,herethere,yearsagotoday,thisthat,theformerthelatter,thennow,thefirstwhereasthesecond,oncenow,ontheonehandontheotherhand,someothers(4) 表原因的过渡词：because,becauseof,since,as,for,nowthat,thanksto,dueto(由于)(5) 表结果的过渡词：so,thus,therefore,asaresult,sothat,then,thereby,hence,sothat,suchthat(6) 表条件的过渡词：if,unless,onconditionthat,as/solongas(7) 表时间的过渡词：when,while,after,before,until,assoonas,later,afterwards,soon,lately,recently,since,fromthenon,eventually,inthemeantime,then,suddenly,atthesametime,next,earlythismorning/year/century,afterawhile,inafewdays,now,presently,finally,atlast,allofasudden,formnowon,atpresent,immediately,themoment(8) 表特定的顺序关系的过渡词：first,firstly,second,secondly,third,thirdly,aboveall,firstofall,then,next,finally,intheend,atlast,afterward(s)(后来),meanwhile(几乎同时),thereafter(在那以后),last,finally,eventually(终于)(9) 表换一种方式表达的过渡词：inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitanotherway(10) 表进行举例说明的过渡词：forinstance,forexample,like,suchas(11) 表陈述事实的过渡词：infact,actually,asamatteroffact,totellyouthetruth(12) 表强调的过渡词：certainly,indeed,aboveall,surely,mostimportant,infact,nodoubt,withoutanydoubt,truly,obviously(13) 表比较的过渡词：like,unlike,inthesameway,similarly,similarto(14) 表目的的过渡词：forthisreason,forthispurpose,sothat,inorderto,soasto(15) 表总结的过渡词：inaword(总之，简言之),ingeneral,inshort(总之),aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking,tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头,“承”是承接，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于“启”的过渡词语用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first,firstofau,atfirstjinthefirstplace,firstly,tobeingwith,tostartwith,recently,now,atpresent,inrecentyears,ingeneral,generallyspeaking,atpresent,lately,currently,Itisoftensaidthat，Astheproverbsays，Itgoeswithoutsayingthat，Itisclear/obviousthat，Manypeopleoftenask（2）用于“承”的过渡词语表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：second,similarly,inaddition,besides,then,fUrthermore,moreover,whatismore,whatisworse,forexample,forinstance,certainly,surely,obviously,inotherwords,especially,particularly,inparticular,indeed,still,third,truly,infact,atthesametime,nodoubt,Itistruethat,Everybodyknowsthat，Itcanbeeasilyprovedthat,NoonecandenythatThereasonwhyisthat，Thereisnodoubtthat，Totakeforanexample（instance），Weknowthat，Whatismoreseriousisthat（3）用于“转”的过渡词语用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but,however,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast,inanycase,atanyrate（无论如何）,nevertheless（虽然如此）,otherwise,or,orelse,while,whereas,but,despite,inspiteof.,yet,instead,Idonotbelievethat，PerhapsyoullaskwhyThismaybetrue,butwestillhaveaproblemwithregardto,Thoughweareinbasicagreementwith,yetdifferenceswillbefound,ThafswhyIfeelthat（4）用于“合”的过渡词语用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：inaword,ingeneral,inshort,aboveall,afterall,generallyspeaking，tosumup,finally,inconclusion,atlast,insummary,therefore,asaresult,aboveall,thus,afterall（毕竟），eventually,hence,inshort,inconclusion,inaword,insum（总之），ontheFromthispointofviewOnaccountofthiswecanfindthatTheresultisdependentonThus,thisisthereasonwhywemust二、过渡词的应用有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so，and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象,可以通过使用不同的过渡词，不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如：1. 学生习作TVandwebsiteTVandwebsitearepopularmediaTheyhavesomethingincommonBothofthemmakemoneyfromadsWebsitesalsohavedifferentsections.Youmaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.Theyaredifferentinmanyways.MovingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation.Itmakesyoufeelthatyouarejustonthespot.Theprogramschangeeveryday.ProfessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.Someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime.Notallofitissoupdated.Everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.Everymediumhasitsownfeatures.Itishardtosaywhichisbetter.这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。修改后的文章：TVandwebsiteBothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.Bothofthemmakemoneyfromads.SimilartoTV,websitesalsohavedifferentsections,sothatyoumaychoosetheoneyouaremostinterestedin.However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.Aboveall,movingpicturesareshownonTVwithsoundandinterpretation,whichmakesyoufeelasifyouarejustonthespot.Then,theprogramschangeeverydayandprofessionalTVreportersdothereportforTV.UnlikeTV,someinformationonwebsiteschangeallthetime,butnotallofitissoupdated.Inaddition,everybodycanwritearticlesforwebsitesratherthanprofessionalreporter.Inaworeverymediumhasitsownfeatures,soitishardtosaywhichisbetter.修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段第一段第一句为：BothTVandwebsitearepopularmedia.Theyhavesomethingincommon.第二段第一句为：However,theyaredifferentinmanyways.第三段第一句为：Inaword,everymediumhasitsownfeatures这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both.and,However,Inaword使全文有序地衔接起来。如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。（见上文）我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。Asanewwayofshopping,onlineshoppingisbecomingmoreandmorepopularinourdailylife.Onlineshoppinghasmanydisadvantages.First,onlineshoppingmakesiteasierforustobuythings.Insteadofsearchingacrowdedstore,wejustneedtowatchthecomputerscreenandchoosethethingswelike.Second,itismuchfasterforustodoshopping.Wedonthavetospendalotoftimegoingtoshops.Third,wecanseeagreatdealofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenatthesametime.However,onlineshoppingisnotsoperfect.Thepicturesofgoodsshownonthecomputerscreenarenotalwayswhattheyare.Asaresult,wecanbecheatedeasily.Whatsworse,wecannotseethethingsindetail.Despitethedisadvantagesofonlineshopping,Ithinkitisanadvancedwaytodoshopping.Soweshoulddevelopit.2四六级作文题我们主要看一下四六级作文题中过渡词的使用：假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。注意：1. 词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3. 参考词汇：牛津Oxford费用feeDearSir/Madame,Yours,LiHuaPossibleversion:DearSir/Madame,ImwritingformoreinformationaboutthedaytourtoLondon.AsastudentatOxfordUniversity,Idliketoknowifyouhaveanyspecialpriceforstudents.Asforthemoneyyoucharge,doesitcovertheentrancefeesforvisitingtheplaceslisted?Whataboutlunch?Isitincluded?OrdoIneedtobringalongmyownfood?Howlongwillthetourlast?SinceIneedtopreparemylessonsforthenextday,Idliketoknowthetimetoreturn.Besides,isthereanytimeforshopping?IreallywanttohavealookatthebigstoresinLondon.Yours,LiHua第一节情景作文（20分）美国中学生Jeff将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给Jeff写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。2. 词数不少于60。DearJeff,ImLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.ImveryhappytolearnthatyouregoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyoureinBeijing.Bestwishes,LiHuaPossibleversion:Dearjeff,ImLiHuafromBeijingHongxingMiddleSchool.ImveryhappytolearnthatyouregoingtostaywithmyfamilywhileyoureinBeijing.Whileyouarehere,wellprovideyouwitharoomofyourownwithabed,adesk,acoupleofchairsandaTV.Youllalsohaveyourownbathroom.Ourschoolisquiteclosetoourhome,sowecouldgotoschooltogetherbybike.Atnoonwelleatattheschooldininghall.ImsureyoulllikethedeliciousChinesefoodthere,andenjoytalkingwithfriendsoverlunch.Classesinourschoolusuallyfinishat4:00intheafternoon.Youcanthenjoinotherstudentsinplayingballgamesorswimming.Itllbealotoffun.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsorrequests,pleaseletmeknow.WelltryourbesttomakeyourstayhereinBeijingapleasantexperience.Bestwishes,LiHua第二节开放作文（15分）请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。InyourEnglishclass,theteachershowsthispictureofalittleboylookingintoamirror,andaskstheclasstodiscussit.Yourclassmateshavedifferentunderstandings.Lookatthepicturecarefullyandtelltheclasshowyouunderstandthepicture.Writewhatyouwouldsayonthenextpage.请将开放作文写在右侧横线内Onepossibleversion:Wecanseeinthepicturealittleboystandinginfrontofamirror.Heslettinghisimaginationfly.Whatheseesinthemirrorisnothisphysicalselfbutwhathewillbelikeintwentyyears.Althoughheissmallandshortnow,hebelieveshewillgrowuptobeatallandstrongyoungmanlikeYaoMing,whoheadmires.Ithinkthispicturetriestotellusthatweshouldalwayslookintothefuturewithhopeandconfidence.假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。赞成迁出：反对迁出：1. 游客多，交通堵塞2. 郊区环境好1.建于1906年，中外闻名2. 搬迁易造成动物死亡注意：1. 词数100字左右，信的开头已为你写好。2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3. 参考词汇：郊区一suburbJune3,2005DearEditor,Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.June3,2005DearEditor,Recently,ourclasshashadaheateddiscussionaboutwhethertheBeijingZooshouldbemovedoutofthecity.Someofmyclassmatesareinfavorofthemove.Theysaylargecrowdsoftouriststothezoowillresultintrafficjams.Theyalsosaythatoncemovedanimalswillhavemorespaceandbetterlivingconditionsinthesuburbs.However,otherstudentsareagainsttheidea,sayingthattheBeijingZoo,builtin1906,hasahistoryof100years,andiswell-knownathomeandabroad.Soitshouldremainwhereitis.Whatsmore,movingmaycausethedeathofsomeanimals.Tomoveornot,thisisabigdecisionwhichhastobemadebypeopleinBeijing.Yourstruly,LiHua