2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前模拟强化练习题52（附答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西南交通大学考前模拟强化练习题（附答案详解）1. 单选题From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of the west emerged the medieval version of politics（ ）in turn evolved the politics of our modern world.问题1选项A.of whichB.from whichC.on whichD.by which【答案】B【解析】句意:从基督教和西方的野蛮王国中出现了中世纪政治的形态，而从该形态中又依次演变出了我们现代世界的政治形态。语法题。考查从句引导词。空格后是一个定语从句。前面的主句中，From Christianity and the barbarian kingdoms of the west是地点状语，因此在定语从句中，from which 作状语与前面的from形成对应，evolved作谓语，the politics of our modern world作主语。2. 单选题Putting in a new window will（ ）cutting away part of the roof.问题1选项A.includeB.involveC.containD.comprise【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项include“包含，包括，指包括属于整体的部分，可以是具体的或抽象的”；B选项involve“包含；牵涉；使陷于，指必然包括某种结果，所接的事物通常是抽象的”；C选项contain“包含；控制，指容器装有具体东西，含仍有剩余空间之意；也指包含具体之物或数据、信息等”；D选项comprise“包含；由组成，既可指整体包含若干部分，也可指若干部分或成员构成整体”。句意：新开一扇窗户就得拆掉部分屋顶。doing A involves(doing)B表示“做A事包含做B这部分工作”，因此B正确。3. 单选题Based on accumulated social research, there now can be little doubt that successful and well adjusted children in modern societies are most likely to come from two-parent families consisting of the biological father and mother. Alternative family forms which are attempted, such as single-parent and step families, have been demonstrated to be inferior in child outcomes. The recent movement away from the two-natural-parent family has led to considerable social malaise among the young, not to mention social decay in general.It can be argued that child well-being would be enhanced if families lived among care-giving relatives and in supportive communities, but this has become an ever-diminishing situation. Historically, a substantial stripping down has occurred of both the extended family and the cohesive neighborhood, and this trend is probably irreversible. The state has tried to fill the vacuum, bur without much success. The two-parent nuclear family therefore may be more important today for children, and for society in general, than ever before in history.Constituting one of the greatest dilemmas faced by modern societies, however, is the fact that nuclear families themselves are breaking apart dramatically high rates. The chances in some societies are now less than 50 to 50, thanks mainly to divorce and births, hat a child will live continuously to adulthood with both natural parents. This is despite the fact that, unlike in times past, parents now almost live to see their children reach maturity.One fundamental reason for the high break-up rate is that the nature of marriage has changed. Not so long ago marriage was an economic bond of mutual dependency, a social bond heavily upheld by extended families. Today, marriage is none of these. The economic bond has become displaced by affluence, by female economic pursuit, and by state support; extended family pressures on marriages have all but vanished; and modern societies have become increasingly unconcerned with religions. Marriage has become a purely individual pursuit, an implied and not very enforceable contract between two people; a relationship designed to satisfy basic needs for intimacy, dependency and sex. When these needs change, or when a presumptively better partner is discovered, marriages are easily dissolved. Moreover, more of the everyday needs, traditionally met by marriage, can be met in other days, such as through the marketplace.With its surrounding and supporting social structures collapsing, can there be any hope that the nuclear family can be revived? Yes -the basis for hope lies in the fundamental biological and psychological makeup of humankind. If the evolutionary biologists are correct, human beings are a pair-boding species.1.Which of the following family forms may be ideal for a childs well-being?2.Which of the following is NOT the trend of modern families today?3.The high break-up rate of two parent nuclear families can be attributed to（ ）.4.The authors attitude toward the revival of nuclear family is（ ）.5.The word affluence (Paragraph 4) is in similar meaning to（ ）.问题1选项A.Extended familyB.Single-parent familyC.Step familyD.Nuclear family问题2选项A.Easily-dissolved partnership.B.Ever-diminishing cohesive neighborhood.C.Decreasing number of extended families.D.Husband and wife held in passive obedience.问题3选项A.social decay in generalB.custom pressureC.collapse of the economic bond of marriageD.the completely different nature of marriage问题4选项A.negativeB.optimisticC.hopelessD.mournful问题5选项A.wealthB.healthC.cultural refinementD.modern conveniences【答案】第1题:D第2题:D第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第二段指出:The two-parent nuclear family therefore may be more important today for children, and for society in general, than ever before in history (因此，双亲核心家庭在今天对儿童和整个社会可能比历史上任何时候都更加重要)。由此可知，如今对孩子成长最理想的家庭模式是two-parent nuclear family (双亲核心家庭)。故选D。第2题:细节事实题。A:容易破裂的婚姻。B:不断疏远的邻里关系。C:大家庭数量减少。D:处于被动服从地位的丈夫和妻子。第二段指出: Historically, a substantial stripping down has occurred of both the extended family and the cohesive neighborhood, and this trend is probably irreversible (从历史角度看，大家庭数量大幅缩水，紧密的邻里关系也变得更加疏远，而且这种发展趋势是不可逆转的)。因此B跟C项属于现代家庭的趋势。第四段指出:When these needs change, or when a presumptively better partner is discovered, marriages are easily dissolved(当这些需求发生改变，或者当一位看似更加合适的伴侣出现后婚姻就会很容易破裂)。因此A项也是现代家庭的趋势。只有D项未在文中体现，本题选D。第3题:细节事实题。根据题干关键词定位至第四段: One fundamental reason for the high break-up rate is that the nature of marriage has changed (高离婚率的一个根本原因是婚姻的本质发生了改变)。因此D项“婚姻本质发生改变”正确。第4题:观点态度题。最后一段指出: Yes -the basis for hope lies in the fundamental biological and psychological makeup of humankind (是的希望的基础在于人类基本的生理和心理构成)。由此可见，作者对于核心家庭的复兴的态度是积极乐观的。第5题:词义题。根据题干定位至第四段:The economic bond has become displaced by affluence, by female economic pursuit, and by state support（女性对经济的追求及政府的支持已取缔了这一经济纽带)。由此可知，affluence表示与“经济状况”相关的意思。因此A项“财富”正确。4. 单选题You dont have to install this radio in your new car, its an（ ）extra.问题1选项A.excessiveB.optionalC.additionalD.arbitrary【答案】B【解析】句意:你不必在你的新车上安装这个收音机，它是一个可选的附加设备。考查形容词辨析。excessive 过多的；过分的；optional 可选择的：随意的；additional 附加的；额外的：arbitrary 武断的；专制的。由前半句句意“你不必在你的新车上安装这个收音机”可知，B项正确。5. 单选题The new appointment of our president （ ）from the very beginning of next semester.问题1选项A.takes effectB.takes partC.takes placeD.takes turns【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。选项A：take effect “生效，起作用”;选项B：take part “参与，参加”；选项C：take place “发生，举行，就位”;选项D：take turns “轮流，依次”。句意：校长的新任命从下个学期的开始就生效。根据句意可知，本题选项A更切合题意，正确。6. 单选题The puritan army executed the king, abolished the House of Lords, and got the House ofCommons to（ ）England a commonwealth, or republic.问题1选项A.proclaimB.reclaimC.exclaimD.declaim【答案】A【解析】句意:清教徒军队处决了国王，废除了上议院，并让下议院宣布英格兰为“联邦”或共和国。考查动词辨析。proclaim 宣布；宣称；reclaim 开拓；改造某人; exclaim呼喊；declaim 演讲；朗读。空格处动词后面的句意为“英格兰为“联邦”或共和国”，因此A符合句意。7. 单选题Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future.The motorcar will undoubtedly change significantly over the next 30 years. It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types.Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion （拥挤）.One proposed solution to this problem is the automated highway system.When the auto enters the highway system, a retractable （可伸缩的）arm will drop from the auto and make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically. Once attached to the rail, the car will become electrically powered from the system, and control of the vehicle will pass to a central computer. The computer will then monitor all of the cars movements.The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system. The computer will calculate the best route, and reserve space for the car all the way to the correct exit from the highway. The driver will then be free to relax and wait for the buzzer （蜂鸣器）that will warn him of his coming exit. It is estimated that an automated highway will be able to handle 10,000 vehicles per hour, compared with the 1,500 to 2,000 vehicles that can be carried by a present day highway.1.One significant improvement in the future car will probably be （ ）.2.What is the authors main concern?3.What provides autos with electric power in an automated highway system?4.In an automated highway system, all the driver needs to do is to （ ）.5.What is the authors attitude toward the future of autos?问题1选项A.its power sourceB.its driving systemC.its monitoring systemD.its seating capacity问题2选项A.How to render automobiles pollution-free.B.How to make smaller and safer automobilesC.How to solve the problem of traffic jamsD.How to develop an automated subway system问题3选项A.A railB.An engineC.A retractable armD.A computer controller问题4选项A.keep in the right laneB.wait to arrive at his destinationC.keep in constant touch with the computer centerD.inform the system of his destination by phone问题5选项A.Enthusiastic.B.PessimisticC.OptimisticD.Cautious【答案】第1题:A第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。第二段指出：It should become smaller, safer, and more economical, and should not be powered by the gasoline engine. The car of the future should be far more pollution-free than present types（它应该变得更小、更安全和更经济且不再由汽油发动机提供动力，未来的汽车也应该比现在更环保）。因此A项“它的动力来源”正确。第2题:细节事实题。第三段指出：Regardless of its power source, the auto in the future will still be the main problem in urban traffic congestion（不管它的动力来源如何，在未来，汽车也将仍然是导致城市交通拥挤的主要因素）。之后的两个段落就解决这个问题进行了论述。因此，作者主要关心如何解决交通堵塞的问题，故选C项。第3题:细节事实题。第四段指出: .make contact with a rail, which is similar to those powering subway trains electrically (与轨道接触，它类似于为地铁列车供电的东西)。因此，A项 “铁轨”正确。第4题:细节事实题。第五段指出：The driver will use a telephone to dial instructions about his destination into the system（司机将使用电话将目的地指示拨入系统）。因此D项 “用电话通知系统他的目的地”正确。第5题:观点态度题。作者在第一段指出了有关汽车未来的两个观点，一是汽车将会被人废弃，二是汽车依然会是城市交通的主要方式。随后提到其他权威人士认为汽车在可预见的未来将仍然是一个主要的城市交通工具，后面对未来发展问题的解决进行探讨。由此可见作者对于汽车的发展是持乐观态度的。故选C项。8. 单选题（ ）conflict among city-states caused the eventual decline of Greek civilization.问题1选项A.ContinuousB.ContinualC.ConstantD.Contrary【答案】B【解析】句意:城邦之间的持续冲突导致了希腊文明的最终衰落。考查形容词辨析。continuous和continual都有“连续的，持续的”意思，但continuous强调“不间断”而continual 强调“频繁，反复”。Constant 不变的，恒定的；contrary 相反的，对立的。这里是用来形容城邦间的冲突，故选B。9. 单选题The travel agency has a full program of（ ）, if tourists wish to visit local places of interest.问题1选项A.expeditionsB.excursionsC.explorationsD.propositions【答案】B【解析】句意:如果游客想游览当地的名胜古迹，旅行社有一套完整的短途旅行计划。考查名词辨析。expedition 远征，探险;excursion 远足，短程旅行;exploration 探测；proposition 命题，提议。根据 “当地的名胜古迹”可知四个选项中，B项正确。10. 单选题It was felt that he lacked the （ ）to pursue a difficult task to the very end.问题1选项A.petitionB.engagementC.commitmentD.qualification【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。选项A：petition“请愿，祈求, 法 诉状”；选项B：engagement“婚约，约会,交战,诺言”；选项C：commitment “献身,承诺”;选项D:qualification “资格，条件, 赋予资格”。由题意可知本题选项C更切合题意，正确。句意：有人认为，他缺乏将一项困难的任务坚持到底的奉献精神。11. 单选题Your advice would be（ ）valuable to him, who is now at a loss as to what to do first.问题1选项A.exceedinglyB.excessivelyC.extensivelyD.exclusively【答案】A【解析】句意:你的建议对他非常有价值，因为他现在不知道该先做什么。考查副词辨析。exceedingly极其，非常，特别；excessively过分地，极度；extensively 广阔地，广大地：exclusively 唯一地，独占地。后面从句说到:因为他现在不知道该先做什么，因此前面应该在说“你的建议对他非常有价值”。12. 单选题Obesity generally is defined as an accumulation of fat beyond what is considered normal for a persons age, sex, and body type. In todays society obesity is considered a disease, not a moral failing. It occurs when energy intake exceeds the amount of energy expended over time. Only in a small minority of cases is obesity caused by such illnesses as hypothyroidism, or the result of taking medications such as steroids(类固醇),that can cause weight gain.The more a person weighs, the more blood vessels the body needs to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart takes on a heavy burden as has to pump harder to force the blood flow through so many vessels. As a result; the heart grows in size and blood pressure tends to rise. Obesity is also a factor in osteoarthritis (because of the extra weight placed on the joints), bone and joint diseases, respiratory ailments, gallbladder disease, complications during pregnancy and delivery, and higher accidental death rate.Obesity can alter hormone levels, affect immune function, and cause impotence in men and reproductive problems in women. Women who are 30% overweight are twice as likely to die of endometrial cancer, and those who are 40% overweight have four times the risk. Obese women also are more likely to incur cancers of the breast, ovaries, and gallbladder. Obese men are more likely to develop cancers of the rectum, colon, bladder, pancreas, stomach, and prostate.Obesity can also cause psychological problems. Sufferers are associated with laziness, failure, or inadequate willpower. As a result, overweight men and women blame themselves for being heavy, thus causing feelings of guilt and depression.Scientific evidence has found an association between BMI (body mass index) and higher death rates. However, the relative risk of being heavy declines with age. Some researchers have found that data linking overweight and death are inconclusive, while other researchers have found that losing weight may be riskier than dangers posed by extra pounds. Some researchers counter that overweight indirectly contributes to over 300, 000 deaths a year.A poll by Shape Up America found that 78% of overweight or obese adults have abandoned dieting as a means of losing weight. Diets do not teach people how to eat properly. They merely restrict food intake temporarily, so when the diet ends, weight gain resumes.1.Which of the following expresses the main idea of this passage?2.According to the passage, （ ）.3.According to the passage, why does dieting not result in permanent weight loss?4.Which of the following is implied in Paragraph 5?5.Which of the following can be concluded from this passage?问题1选项A.Obesity puts a burden on the heart.B.Many people are constantly dietingC.Obesity is considered to be a disease.D.Obesity can lead to many serious health problems问题2选项A.obesity is often related to medications such as steroidsB.obesity does not affect a persons chance of getting cancerC.a diagnosis of obesity is based on a normal weight for ones age, sex and body type.D.obesity is becoming less of a problem in todays society问题3选项A.Diets dont teach people good eating habits,B.Diets lead to peoples guilt and depressionC.There are too many diets and each has different requirements.D.Diets cause feeling of deprivation问题4选项A.Losing a lot of weight is not wise for older people.B.Some surgical methods for weight loss are better than dieting.C.All obese people need to shed their extra pounds.D.Obese people should consult their doctors about the pros and cons of losing weight问题5选项A.Obesity is not a major health risk.B.Scientists agree on the connection between obesity and death.C.Obese people are likely to be biased against by othersD.Obese people often blame others for their conditions.【答案】第1题:D第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:C【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。第一段主要说明了什么是肥胖及什么导致了肥胖，第二段至第五段讨论了肥胖会导致的各种健康问题，最后一段说明了减肥失败的原因。因此D项 “肥胖会导致许多严重的健康问题”符合文章大意。第2题:细节事实题。A: 肥胖通常与类固醇等药物有关。第一段赞成：Only in a small minority of cases is obesity caused by such illnesses as hypothyroidism, or the result of taking medications such as steroids（类固醇）， that can cause weight gain （只有在少数情况下，肥胖是由甲状腺功能减退等疾病或服用能导致体重增加的如类固醇药物造成的）。因此A项不符合原文所述。B: 肥胖不会影响一个人得癌症的几率。第三段指出：Obese women also are more likely to incur cancers of the breast（肥胖女性也更容易患乳腺癌）。因此B项错误。C: 肥胖的诊断是基于一个人的年龄、性别和体型的正常体重。第一段指出：Obesity generally is defined as an accumulation of fat beyond what is considered normal for a persons ase, sex, and body type（肥胖一般被定义为脂肪的积累超过了就一个人的年龄、性别和体型而言被认为是正常的水平）。因此C项正确。D: 在当今社会，肥胖已经不再是一个问题了。第一段指出：In todays society obesity is considered a disease（在当今社会，肥胖被认为是一种疾病）。因此D项不符合原文所述。本题选C。第3题:细节事实题。最后一段指出：Diets do not teach people how to eat properly. They merely restrict food intake temporarily, so when the diet ends, weight gain resumes（节食并不能教会人们如何正确饮食。他们只是暂时限制食物摄入，所以当饮食结束时，体重又会恢复增长）。因此A项正确。第4题:判断推理题。A: 对老年人来说，减肥是不明智的。B: 有些手术减肥方法比节食减肥效果好。C: 所有的肥胖者都需要减掉多余的体重。D: 肥胖的人应该向医生咨询减肥的利与弊。第五段指出：而另一些研究人员发现，减肥可能比超重带来的危险更大。一些研究人员反驳说，超重每年间接导致30多万人死亡。由此推断，是否应减肥还应向医生咨询，故选D。第5题:判断推理题。A: 肥胖不是一个主要的健康风险。文章提及很多肥胖导致的健康问题，因此A项并不能被推断出。B: 科学家们一致认为肥胖和死亡之间存在联系。第五段有指出：关于肥胖与死亡的关系，有很多不同观点，因此B项也不能被推断出。C: 胖人有可能受到他人对自己的偏见。D: 肥胖的人经常把自己的状况归咎于别人。第四段指出：（肥胖）患者被与懒惰、失败或意志力不足联系在一起。最后，超重的男人和女人责怪他们自己太重，从而导致内疚和沮丧的感觉。由此推断，C项正确，D项不正确。本题选C。13. 单选题One might predict that the easiest and fastest adjustment would be made by the flexible, tolerant person who had chosen to come to the new country and who had a job. Additionally, （1）would be easier for someone whose culture and language are（2）to those of the new country.（3），a person who has a lot of support（4）friends and family would probably adjust more quickly. Undoubtedly, in many （5）these would be good predictors of a relatively smooth adjustment. However, sometimes there are surprises in peoples cultural（6）to a new country.Some newcomers （7）a society does well in their first year of cultural adjustment.（8）, they may have a more difficult time later. Perhaps they expected the second year to be（9）easy and successful as the first year, but are not prepared to deal with obstacles（10）arise during the second year. （11）who had problems from the beginning may（12）find the second year easier（13）they are used to solving problems. They expect difficulties and arent surprised by them.There is yet another unpredictable variable in cultural adjustment. Sometimes people come to a second（14）speaking the new language very well, but still do not have an easy adjustment. The newcomers think,（15）because they have a good（16）of the language, they will not have much difficulty.（17）, if people think that the new country is very similar to their country of origin（18）, in fact, it is not, they may actually adapt more slowly. This is because the ewcomers only imagine the similarity between the two cultures. Therefore they may（19）that differences exist. Cultural differences do not（20），of course, just because a person denies that they exist.问题1选项A.predictionB.adjustmentC.adaptabilityD.expectation问题2选项A.similarB.newC.superiorD.inferior问题3选项A.ParticularlyB.PersonallyC.SometimesD.Finally问题4选项A.fromB.inC.ofD.on问题5选项A.occasionsB.casesC.placesD.parts问题6选项A.adoptionB.applicationC.adaptationD.subjection问题7选项A.inB.ofC.toD.from问题8选项A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.HenceD.Actually问题9选项A.soB.asC.moreD.very问题10选项A.whenB.of whichC.whatD.that问题11选项A.ThoseB.AnyC.ThatD.Some问题12选项A.reallyB.alwaysC.typicallyD.actually问题13选项A.whenB.whatC.becauseD.due问题14选项A.cultureB.schoolC.locationD.city