2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考试名师点拨押题密卷60（含答案详解）

2022年考博英语-西北工业大学考试名师点拨押题密卷（含答案详解）1. 单选题Research should continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proved practical.问题1选项A.focusedB.concentratedC.agreedD.based【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们应该继续核聚变研究，但是不能把能量项目建立在它存在的.，除非证明它的可行性。focus “集中，聚焦”；concentrate “集中（注意力）”；agree “同意”； base “以为基础”。根据后文的“on its existence”可推测出划线单词premise的意思是“以为前提”，选项D符合题意。2. 单选题MR BROWN Tall, attractive man, single, aged 30. Outdoor type, sports-loving. Plays football, tennis and squash. Enjoys swimming and skiing. Beer drinker. PE instructor at boys school.MR GREEN Unemployed, unmarried, undernourished English Lit. graduate, aged 23. Indoor type, plays Dungeons and Dragons and any other role-playing adventure games. Enjoys rock and jazz records and sci-fi films and books. Lives in London.MR BLACK Mature man of 50, recently widowed with one son of 15. Own business and home. Enjoys bridge, French food and good claret. Very sociable, likes entertaining and travel. City dwellerMR WHITE Quiet, shy, peace-loving man, aged 35. Divorced, non-smoker. Ecologist, lives and works in the country. Enjoys chess, walking and reading. Likes eighteenth-century classical music and dry white wine. Dislikes noise and energetic sports.1.Which one would most probably appeal to a young woman of 25 who doesnt like living in town and who enjoys playing sports?2.Mr. Black is most likely to be attracted to （）.3.Which of these women students would probably find Mr. Green interesting?4.Which one would most probably appeal to a woman of 30 who used to be a volleyball player and now is a referee of the game?5.What kind of publication might these people advertise in?问题1选项A.Mr. Brown.B.Mr. Black.C.Mr. Green.D.Mr. White.问题2选项A.an attractive widow who is very shyB.a fun-loving, intelligent womanC.a pretty woman who hates travellingD.a businesswoman who is a strict vegetarian问题3选项A.A law student who it very logical and practical.B.A dreamy, romantic music student who dislikes pop music.C.An energetic, sociology student, interested in politics.D.An amusing, carefree art student who is fun-loving.问题4选项A.Mr. Brown.B.Mr. Black.C.Mr. Green.D.Mr. White.问题5选项A.A quality daily newspaper.B.A business magazine.C.A popular weekly magazine.D.A trade journal.【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:D第4题:A第5题:C【解析】第1题:细节事实题。根据文章对MR BROWN的介绍：三十岁，单身，又高又有魅力，性格外向，爱好运动。这些都符合25岁女性的选择，因此选项A符合题意。第2题:判断推理题。文章对MR BLACK的介绍是这样的：50岁，丧妻，有一个15岁的儿子；有自己的公司和家，喜欢桥牌、法国食物和红酒；善于交际，喜欢娱乐和旅行；城市居民。可以推测出“聪明有趣的女人”会吸引他的注意。选项B符合题意。第3题:判断推理题。文章对MR GREEN的介绍是这样的：没有工作，没有结婚，英国文学素养不高的23岁毕业生；性格内向，喜欢玩“龙与地下城”及其他冒险类游戏；喜欢摇滚和爵士唱片，科幻电影和书籍；居住在伦敦。由此可知和他具有相同爱好的女学生会对他比较感兴趣，因此选项D“有趣，无忧无虑，喜欢有趣的东西的艺术生”符合题意。第4题:细节事实题。文章对MR BROWN的介绍中提到他是“男子学校的体育教练”（PE instructor at boys school），与题干中的“a volleyball player”以及“a referee of the game”很匹配，因此选项A符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。文章是一篇征婚交友启事，因此刊登在“流星周刊”合适，选项C符合题意。3. 单选题After the fierce quarrel, they began to have a（ ）loathing for each other.问题1选项A.boringB.reciprocalC.friendlyD.standing【答案】B【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。boring “无聊的；令人厌烦的”；reciprocal “互惠的；相互的”；friendly “友好的；亲切的”；standing “长期存在的”。句意：在那次激烈的争吵后，他们开始相互厌恶。选项B符合题意。4. 单选题In the packed hall, the people sitting close to me（ ）me into the comer little by little.问题1选项A.draggedB.drewC.frightenedD.wedged【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。drag “拖拉；拖曳”；draw “画；拉；吸引”；frighten “使惊吓；吓唬”；wedge “楔入；挤进”。句意：在拥挤的大厅，紧挨着我坐的人逐渐将我挤进了角落。选项D符合题意。5. 单选题The future of this company is（ ）: many of its talented employees are flowing into more profitable net-based businesses.问题1选项A.at oddsB.in troubleC.in vainD.at stake【答案】D【解析】考查词组辨析。at odds “有分歧，争执”；in trouble “陷入困境”；in vain “徒劳”；at stake “濒于险境”。句意：这家公司面临危机：很多有才的员工正流向获利更高的网络公司。选项D符合题意。6. 单选题The police detective put together the pieces of evidence to form one （ ）account.问题1选项A.sensitiveB.genuineC.expressiveD.coherent【答案】D【解析】考查形容词义辨析。sensitive “敏感的；感觉的”；genuine “真实的；真正的”；expressive “表现的；有表现力的”；coherent “连贯的；清晰的；一致的”。句意：这位警探将这些证据拼凑在一起形成一份连贯的报告。选项D符合题意。7. 单选题The government is seeking to（ ）itself from the latest financial crisis.问题1选项A.detachB.extractC.deriveD.ease【答案】A【解析】考查动词词义辨析。detach “使摆脱；派遣；使超然”；extract提取；提炼；摘录”；derive “源于；得自；获得”；ease “减轻；使安心”。句意：政府正在寻求方法摆脱最近的金融危机。选项A符合题意。8. 单选题Johnsons business survived on a（ ）relationship with only a few customers.问题1选项A.tentativeB.salientC.lucrativeD.insubstantial【答案】C【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。tentative “试探性的；暂定的 ；salient “显著的； 突出的”；lucrative “有利可图的；有利的”；insubstantial “脆弱的；非真实的”。句意：约翰逊的生意靠与仅有的几个顾客的有利可图的关系维持着。选项C符合题意。9. 单选题It is generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is（ ）to teacher-training.问题1选项A.indispensableB.inviolateC.indisposedD.invariable【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。indispensable“不可缺少的；绝对必要的”；inviolate “无污点的；未亵渎的”；indisposed “不舒服的；不愿意的”；invariable “不改变的；常数的”。句意：通常情况下都会认为当老师和学生共事时，心理学课程是教师培训必不可少的内容。选项A符合题意。10. 单选题Based on the（ ）that every business is now free to formulate its own strategy in light of the changing market, I would predict a market improvement in the efficiency of Chinas economy.问题1选项A.guidanceB.instructionC.premiseD.eminence【答案】C【解析】考查名词词义辨析。guidance “指导”；instruction “指令，指示”；premise “前提”； eminence “卓越，著名”。句意：基于任何企业都可以根据市场变化自由确定发展战略这一点，我估计中国经济市场的效率会提高。选项C符合题意。11. 单选题And the topic “fat” is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and（ ）of youth.问题1选项A.vagueB.vigorC.vogueD.vulgar【答案】B【解析】考查形似词辨析。vague “模糊的；含糊的”，形容词；vigor “活力；精力”，名词；vogue “时尚；流行”，名词；vulgar “粗俗的；通俗的”，形容词。句意：“肥胖”的话题被禁止了。即使是稍微隆起的小肚子都暴露出他正失去青春活力。选项B符合题意。12. 单选题Much（ ） I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job.问题1选项A.whenB.moreC.fartherD.as【答案】D【解析】考查倒装结构。这是由as引导的让步状语从句结构，需要倒装，但不是主谓倒装而是将被强调的内容放在句首，选项D符合题意。13. 单选题You should have your eyes examined（ ）to be sure of your eyesight.问题1选项A.periodicallyB.persistentlyC.continuouslyD.continually【答案】A【解析】考查副词词义辨析。periodically “定期地；周期性地；偶尔”；persistently “坚持地；固执地”；continuously “连续不断地”；continually “不断地；频繁地”。句意：为了确保你的视力，你应该定期检查眼睛。选项A符合题意。14. 单选题No one expected him to（ ）against his former employer.问题1选项A.declareB.testifyC.certifyD.allege【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。declare “宣布；声明”；testify “作证；证明”；certify “证明；保证”；allege “宣称；断言”。句意：没人想到他会作对他前老板不利的证明。选项B符合题意。15. 单选题His alibi was fishy, yet（ ）to close scrutiny.问题1选项A.stood stillB.withstoodC.stood upD.stood off【答案】C【解析】考查词组辨析。stand still “站着不动； 静止不动”；withstand “抵挡；禁得起；反抗”，及物动词；stand up to “经得起”；stand off “疏远；远离；避开”。句意：他的不在场证明很可疑，但仍然需要经得起严格审查。选项C符合题意。16. 单选题The first navigational lights in the New World were probably lanterns hung at harbor entrances. The first lighthouse was put up by Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1716 on Little Brewster Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor. Paid for and maintained by “light dues” levied on ships, the original beacon was blown up in 1776. By then there were only a dozen or so true lighthouses in the colony. Little over a century later, there were 700 lighthouses.The first light erected on the West Coast in the 1850s featured the same basic New England design: a Cape Cod dwelling with the tower rising from the center or standing close by. In New England and elsewhere, though, lighthouses reflected a variety of architectural styles. Since most stations in the Northeast were built on rocky eminences, enormous towers were not the rule. Some were made of stone and brick, others of wood or metal. Some stood on pilings or stilts; some were fastened to rock with iron rods. Farther south, from Maryland through the Florida Keys, the coast was low and sandy. It was often necessary to build tall towers there massive structures like the majestic Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, lighthouse, which was lit in 1870. At 190 feet, it is the tallest brick lighthouse in the country.Notwithstanding differences in appearance and construction, most American lighthouses shared several features: a light, living quarters and sometimes a bell (or, later; a foghorn). They also had something else in common: a keeper and, usually the keepers family. The keepers essential task was trimming the lantern wick in order to maintain a steady, bright flame. The earliest keepers came from every walk of life - they were seamen, farmers, mechanics, rough mill hands and appointments were often handed out by local customs commissioners as political plums. After the administration of lighthouses was taken over in 1852 by the United States Lighthouse Board, an agency of the Treasury Department, the keeper corps gradually became highly professional.1.What is the best title for the passage?2.Why does the author mention the Massachusetts Bay Colony?3.It can be inferred from the passage that lighthouses in the Northeast did not need high towers because（ ）.4.According to the passage, where can the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States be found?5.In the second sentence of paragraph 3, which of the following does the word “They” refer to?问题1选项A.The Lighthouse on Little Brewster IslandB.The Life of a Lighthouse KeeperC.Early Lighthouses in the United StatesD.The Modern Profession of Lighthouse-Keeping问题2选项A.It was the headquarters of the United States Lighthouse Board.B.Many of the tallest lighthouses were built there.C.The first lantern wicks were developed there.D.The first lighthouse in North America was built there.问题3选项A.ship there had high mastsB.coastal waters were safeC.the coast was straight and unobstructedD.the lighthouse were built on high places问题4选项A.Little Brewster IslandB.The Florida KeysC.Cape HatterasD.Cape Cod问题5选项A.LighthousesB.DifferencesC.QuartersD.Feature【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。题目问的是“以下哪个最适合做文章的标题？”。文章主要介绍了新世界早期的灯塔建设、特点还有发展，所以选项C“美国早期的灯塔”符合题意。第2题:细节事实题。题目问的是“为什么作者要提到马萨诸塞湾殖民地？”文章第一段提到“第一个灯塔是马萨诸塞湾殖民地1716年在波士顿港湾的入口小布鲁斯特岛建造的”（The first lighthouse was put up by Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1716 on Little Brewster Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor），由此可知，选项D“北美第一个灯塔是在那里建立的”符合题意。第3题:细节事实题。题目问的是“从文章中可知东北部的灯塔不需要高塔的原因是什么？”文章第二段提到“由于东北部的大多数灯塔都是修建在岩石高地上，所以那里一般没有很大的高塔”（Since most stations in the Northeast were built on rocky eminences, enormous towers were not the rule），因此选项D符合题意。第4题:细节事实题。题目问的是“根据文章可知美国最高的用砖头修建的灯塔在哪里？”文章第二段提到“在那里需要修建高的灯塔，比如1870年修建的位于北卡罗莱纳州哈特拉斯角处的宏伟灯塔那样的大型建筑。高190英尺，是这个国家最高的用砖头修建的灯塔”（It was often necessary to build tall towers there massive structures like the majestic Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, lighthouse, which was lit in 1870. At 190 feet, it is the tallest brick lighthouse in the country），因此选项C符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。题目问的是“第三段第二句话中的they指什么？”文章第三段第一句话提到“尽管在外表和结构上大部分美国灯塔有几个共同特征：有灯、生活住所和一个钟表（之后用的是喇叭）”（Notwithstanding differences in appearance and construction, most American lighthouses shared several features: a light, living quarters and sometimes a bell (or, later; a foghorn)）；第三段第二句话提到“它们还有别的共同点”（they also had something else in common），从这里可知they指的是前面的lighthouse。选项A符合题意。17. 单选题Disease is a fluid concept influenced by societal and cultural attitudes that change diachronically in response to new scientific and medical discoveries. Historically, doctors defined a disease according to a cluster of symptoms, and as their clinical descriptions became more sophisticated they started to classify diseases into separate groups, so that from this medical taxonomy came new insights into disease etiology. Before the 20th century, schizophrenia and syphilitic insanity were treated as the same disease, but by early 1900 it became evident that psychoses without associated dementia represented a separate disease for which the term schizophrenia was then coined. The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain. While an optimistic hunt is still on for the genes involved, we must continue to define schizophrenia in terms of the presence or absence of “positive” and “negative” symptoms.Labeling someone as diseased, however, has enormous individual, social, financial, and physic implications, for irrespective of disease symptoms, the label itself may lead to significant distress. Individuals with asymptomatic conditions, including genetic variations, may be perceived by themselves or others as having a disease. It is not that labeling someone as diseased is always positiveit does have severe ramifications, affecting decisions to have children or resulting in unjust treatment by life, medical, and disability insurersbut it can be beneficial, legitimizing symptoms, clarifying issues of personal responsibility, and improving accessibility to health care. Nevertheless, deviations from normal that are not associated with risk should not be considered synonymous with disease. Two schoolsnominalist and essentialist or reductionist-have debated the clinical criteria used to label a patient as diseased. Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology, while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality.It has been suggested that diseases defined according to the essentialist tradition may be precisely wrong, whereas those defined in the nominalist traditional may be roughly accurate. But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality), for adverse consequences, while the latter helps suggest specific genetic or pharmacologic therapies. Thus, both clinical criteria and genetic abnormalities should be used to define a disease state, and the choice of a disease definition will vary according to what one wishes to achieve, the genetic counseling of family members or the effective treatment of the patient.1.The author of the passage is primarily concerned with（ ）.2.It can be inferred that the author considers the way schizophrenia has been classified by doctors after 1960s to be an example of which of the following?3.According to the passage, an adherent of the “nominalist school would classify a rare new fever in which of the following ways?4.Which of the following best describes the function of the last paragraph in relation to the passage as a whole?5.It can be inferred that which of the following situations is likely to be most problematic to an adherent of the “essentialist” method of pathological taxonomy?问题1选项A.proposing a return to a traditional taxonomical systemB.describing a way to resolve a taxonomical dilemmaC.assessing the success of a new taxonomical methodD.predicting a change in future taxonomy问题2选项A.A disease which resisted traditional methods of classification, but has been served well by modern methods of classification.B.A disease which has resisted modern methods of classification, and continues to require a traditional method of classification.C.A disease which satisfies modern methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a traditional method.D.A disease which satisfies traditional methods of classification best, but which scientists prefer to classify through a modern method.问题3选项A.She would wait until the disease appears in other patients, then classify it by establishing variations in their symptoms.B.She would determine whether the disease is acquired or genetic, then classify it accordingly.C.She would isolate the bacteria or virus or genetic anomaly which causes the disease, then classify it accordingly.D.She would describe the patients symptoms, compare them to patients whohave had similar symptoms, then treat the pattern as a disease.问题4选项A.It summarizes the benefits that may accrue from a perfected system of pathological taxonomy.B.It provides additional reasons why pathological taxonomy is a difficult endeavor.C.It argues for a synthesis of two methods of pathological taxonomy already in use.D.It continues to highlight the differences between two methods of taxonomical pathological taxonomy.问题5选项A.A patient suffering from fever, in which the virus that is apparently responsible for the symptoms has not been isolated.B.A patient suffering from lung inflammation which, though resembling other inflammations, does not respond to any known treatments.C.A patient suffering from a genetic anomaly whose cause may be known but whose consequences remain unidentified.D.A case of a patient with symptoms that may have arisen from two known diseases of different sources.【答案】第1题:B第2题:D第3题:D第4题:C第5题:A【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。文章第一二段提到在确诊疾病的依据时，有两个不同的派别：唯名论者（nominalist）和本质主义者（essentialist），前者用疾病名称来标记症状（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name），后者认为每一种疾病都有病理病因（While essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology）；文章在最后一段提出在确诊时，临床症状和基因都应该考虑（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），选项B“提出一种解决疾病分类进退两难处境的方法”符合题意。第2题:推理判断题。文章第一段倒数第二句话提到“对精神分裂症的定义从20世纪60年代的精神疾病演变成一种疑似遗传病因的疾病，尽管这种病因还不确定”（The definition of schizophrenia continues to evolve from the psychiatric disease of the 1960s to an illness with a suspected genetic etiology, though the existence of such an etiology remains uncertain），由此可知选项D“一种满足传统分类方法的疾病，但是科学家更愿意通过现代方法来分类”符合题意。第3题:推理判断题。文章第二段提到“唯名论者用疾病名称来标记各类症状，例如精神分裂症，并且没有对潜在的病因作任何解释”（Nominalists label symptoms with a disease name, such as schizophrenia, and do not offer an explanation of the underlying etiology），选项D“她会描述患者的症状，跟那些有同样症状的病人比较，然后将他们定义为患同一种疾病”符合题意。第4题:推理判断题。文章最后一段提到“但是在确诊一种疾病时，临床症状和基因异常都应该被考虑在内”（But in labeling a disease state, we must consider both the phenotype (symptoms) or the genotype (genetic abnormality)），由此可知选项C“提出综合两种正在使用的病理分类方法”符合题意。第5题:推理判断题。文章第二段的最后提到“然后本质主义者认为每种疾病都有一个病理学上的病因，而且现在认为决定病情最本质的病变是基因异常”（while essentialists contend that for every disease there is an underlying pathological etiology, and now argue that the essential lesion defining the disease state is a genetic abnormality），选项A“一名明显是由病毒感染而引起发烧的病人”符合题意。18. 翻译题Translate the following passage into English科学实验的重要性现代科学的兴起也许要追溯到罗杰培根的时代。罗杰培根是牛津杰出的僧侣和哲学家。他出生于1214年，死于1292年。他可能是中世纪第一个提出我们必须通过对周围事物进行观察和实验来学习科学的人，他自己也有许多卓越的发现。然而，生活在三百多年之后的伽利略（1564-1642），却是好几个伟大人物中最伟大的一个，这些人在意大利、法国、德国和英国开始逐步使人们看到许多重要的真理是可以通过掌握得当的观察去发现的。在伽利略之前，学者们相信大的物体掉到地面比小的物体要快，因为亚里士多德是这样说的。可是伽利略登上比萨斜塔的顶端，让两个体积不相等的铁球同时落地，从而向一些他带去观看实验的朋友们证明，亚里士多德错了。正是伽利略的这种直接到大自然中去通过实验来证明我们的判断和理论的精神，导致了现代科学的伟大发现。【答案】The Importance of Scientific ExperimentsThe rise of modern science may perhaps date back to the time of Roger Bacon, the outstanding monk and philosopher of Oxford, who was born on 1241, and died on 1292. He was probably the man who firstly proposed that we must study science by observing and experimenting on the surrounding things, and made many remarkable discoveries himself. However, Galileo, who lived more than 300 years later, was the greatest of several great men. They showed people how many impo