资源描述
高一英语专题培优阅读理解解题技巧第三节：阅读理解之 推理判断题分析解读：推理判断题考查学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思， 对作者的态 度及文章细节的发展做出正确推理判断的能力。 考生需尽量考虑文中的全部信息 和事实，在理解通篇文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意，并做出正确的推断， 这是对文章深层次的把握，属于高层次的阅读理解。即根据阅读材料中所提供的 已知信息，推断出未知部分。文章中没有明确的答案。要求考生从作者的角度去 考虑，不要固守自己的看法和观点。技巧点拨：1 .常见提问方式：(1) It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that?(2) The writer suggests that?(3) The author uses the example of to show that? What s the author s attitude toward?(5) From the story we can guess?(6) What would happen if?(7) Which of the following does the author agree with?(8) What s the tone 语气 of the author?(9) The paragraph following the passage will most probably be?(10) Where would this passage most probably appear?2 .解答步骤：(1)定位信息：通过寻送找到相关信息点。(2)字面理解：理解相关信息点的字面意义。(3)深层理解：结合语境和常识，在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断, 从而理解作者的言外之意。3 .干扰项的特点：(1)只是原文的简单复述，而非推断出来的结论，把直接表达当做间接推理。(2)看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上与原文不符，如因果倒置，手段 变目的等。(3)根据考生已有的常识来看是正确的，但是却不是基于文章(4)推理过头，引中过度。4 .注意：有时作者并未把意图说出来，我们可根据字面意思，通过研究语篇的 逻辑关系和细节的暗示.来推敲作者的态度,进行深层理解。典型例析:一. 推断隐含意义：例： Did you ever hear a strange sound coming from the wall? Did it sound like a clock? If so, it may have been made by a beetle. Long ago people thought the ticking meant that someone was about to die. Thus the beetle is called the deathwatch beetle.Q: It can be inferred from the text that the sound of this beetle.A. leased peopleB. surprised people.C. frightened people.D. excited people.练一练：One day a man walked a pet shop and said to the shop assistant, “ need two small mice and about five dozen roaches( 嶂螂)and two spiders(蜘蛛). What do you need these things for? ”the shop assistant was very surprised. Well,“ replied the man, “ m moving out of my apartment and the landlord(房东)insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”A. very cleanC. tidy and comfortable技巧：这类题干中通常含有Q: The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the apartment, it was.B. just cleaned by the landlordD. dirty and full of insects (昆虫)infer, imply, suggest, conclude,indicate(暗示)等标志性词语。解题步骤：1,全面分析2,忠实原文3,不要选择表层信息二. 推断作者观点或态度：例：But in London, dinner parties are in people s homes. Not only that, the guests are an interesting mix. The last time I went to one, the guests were from France, India, Denmark and Nigeria; it was like a gathering at the United Nations. In New York the mix is less interesting . It ，s like a gathering at Bloomingdale-k now n department store.Q: What does the author think of the parties in London?A. A bit unusual.B. Full of tricks.C. Less costly.D. More interesting练一练：Why isnt your newspaper reporting any good news? All I read about is murder, bribery(行贿),and death. Frankly, I m sick of all this bad news.Q: Whats author; s attitude towards the newspaper reporting?A. Complain B. Apologize C. Admiring D. Support技巧：注意作者表达感情色彩的形容词、副词、动词及所举的例子，推断出作者的弦外之音。站在作者的立场或角度思考答案。表示态度的形容词:positive(2)negative(3) optimistic(4) pessimistic(5) objective(6) subjective admiring积极的 (9) reserved消极的 (10) indifferent乐观的悲观的客观的主观的羡慕的(11)cautious(12) surprised(13)sympathize(14)support(15)doubt漠不关心的谨慎的惊讶的同情的支持的怀疑的(8)critical批评的(16) approve赞成的(17) ironic 讽刺的(18) neutral 中立的三. 推断写作目的：例：“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped inthe water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you? ” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.ce rtatihera lot of energy in waves, hesaid.Q: The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to.A. test the readers knowledge about wavesB. draw the readers attention to the topicC. show Jamie Taylor s importanceD. invite the readers to answer them练练：A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village. They lived with the mans big family his parents, his brothers, their young wives and children. The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest. Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar.Three months later the woman went back to her parents home, having quarreled(吵架) with her husband. Soon the elephant refused(拒绝)to eat or work. It appeared to be ill and heart-broken. One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house.It went to the women s home. On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it. The young woman was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to her husbands home.Q. The writer wrote the story in order to.A. show that elephants are very clever 主观臆想B. tell how a woman trained a wild animalC. show that women care more for animal than men doD. tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife技巧：这类题的题干中常有 purpose ,或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intend to, meantto, in order to 等。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的目的和态度。与写作目的对应的文章如下：(1) to entertain readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。(2) to persuade readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告或议论文。to inform readers(告知读者某些信息)：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性文章。(3)开头提出问题一一让读者关注主题。简介相关事物一一为了引出主题。列举具体事例一一说明文段的主题温馨提示：设身处地站在作者的角度上想一想四. 推断文章出处：例： Don t wander aimlessly through life. G et confused on your goals, start helping others in need, and live life to the fullest! Life is too short to be anything but happy. Visit my blog and find what you ve been missing. Sigh up for my newsletter and get seven freeooks, too! Read hundreds of articles while you re there in the article section, wupchated daily.Q: This text must be taken from.A. a radio programB. a websiteC. a newspaperD. a TV program练一练：WATCH CONTROLThis is a watch that James Bond would be proud to wear!This is NOT a watch for ordinary people!Your electronic PENGO WATCH CONTROLacts as a remote control for TVs and videos.gives you a daily weather forecast.reminds you when to hand in your homeworkBesides, your PENGO WATCH CONTROL will always tell you the time accurately !Originally sold for $199NOW ONLY $99For further information, click here.Q: where would you be most likely to find the two texts?A. on a magzineB. in a company guidebookC. on a teenage websiteD. in a college newspaper 技巧：1.看 文章 体 裁和题 材：advertisement, news, poster, magazine, website, textbook,guidebook.2.通过文章内容，判断读者对象是谁。 出现click （点击），往往来自 website五.推断下文内容：例： Another option is to set them up. With an account（ 账户）at a local bank that offers free use of a debit card（借t己卡）.Unlike credit card（信用卡）,the debit card has no overdraft（透 支）function Q: What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?A. further imformation about the debit cardB. the overdraft functions of a debit cardsC. more disadvantages of credit cardD. the kids s attitude towards a credit card 技巧：关注最后一段的内容，尤其是最后的两三句话。总结：如何排除干扰项：1 .不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点，要严格按照阅读材料中所提供的信息进行推理；2 .推理的根据来自于上下文；3 .如果某选项中的内容是阅读材料的简单重复，那它一般不是推论，也就不是正确答案;4 .如果某选项所表达的内容与经验相吻合，文中却没有涉及，那它属于主观臆断的结论， 也不是正确答案；5 .如果某个选项表达的内容虽在文中提到，但很片面或很不完整，那也不是正确答案；6 .文中的虚拟语气和情态动词(should, must, may)往往能流露出作者的弦外之音， 这有助于我们确定正确答案；7 .注意作者在文中的措辞，比如作者在形容词前用了too, excessively, rather则常带有否定的口气；8 . 某些过渡词(however, but, on the contrary, what s more)后面所表达的内容往往能反映 作者的观点和态度；第四节：阅读理解之猜测词义题分析解读：在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前 后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境(各种已知信息)推测、判断某些生词的词义。猜测词义题旨在考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句子意思的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。是阅读理解的必考题型， 题干中通常含有 mean, refer to或者be replaced by等。技巧点拨：1 .常见提问方式： The word in the passage probably means?(2) The underlined word could best be replaced by?(3) Which of the following is nearest/ closest meaning to the underlined word?(4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph mean?2 .解题步骤：(1) 在文中找到线索或信息词(2) 根据周围熟悉的词的逻辑关系(并列,转折，递进，对比，因果)来判断新单 词的意思。(3) 根据上下文(即语境)判断新词汇在特定句中的意思。典型例析：练一练：猜测下列划线词的意思。(1) At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business, nor were theyable to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.资金，nor结构后的 money, bank F(2) He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.不英彳馁D(3) But sometimes, no rain falls for a long, long time. Then there is a dry period, or干旱drought. B(4) She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.准时 E(5) You shouldnt have blamed him for that, because it wasnt his fault.责备 C(6) Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.一种水果，椰子 A总结：A.根据并列同列关系：一般来说,并列的几个事物应属同类事物，由此可推测其中一个的 大概意思。B.根据同位或解释关系：当作者不能肯定读者能够理解他的意思时,他会用另外一种方式 陈述自己的观点。 往往常见的词有：means, is, or, that is to say, in other words, to put itanother way, which.C. 根据因果关系：常见关联词有:because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course,therefore, so-that .D.根据反义词关系：看转折关系的连词或副词,如 but, while, however等，或者看与not 搭配等表示否定意义的词语。E.根据转折或对比关系：由上下句之间的转折或对比关系来推测词义.常见词有：unlike,otherwise, in spite of, despite, though, instead- of, rather than, on the other hand, on the contrary。F.根据近义词关系：看由and或or连接的同义词词组，或者看在进一步解释的过程中使用 的同义词。1. It will be very hard but very brittlethat is, it will break easily.A.易碎的 B.沉重的 C.美观的 D.有用的2. All his attempts to the unclock door was futile, because he was using the wrong key.A.成功的B.徒劳的C.有效的D.匆促的3. He had been getting better but during the night his condition deteriorated.A.变好B.恶化C.改变D.上升4. Twelve-year-old Sally was an active girl. But her sister was quite sedate.A. pretty B. calm C. protective D. energetic5. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits( 展览)in one day.A. small B. large C. dullD. interesting6. Children are always boasting . They say things like“ My Dad s car is bigger than your Dad s“MyMom is smarter than yours. and My family has more money than yours.”A.吵闹 B.吹牛C.顽皮D.幼稚实战演练:For the first 19 months of her life Helen Keller was able to see and hear. But then a sickness（疾病）struck. She became completely blind and deaf. For the rest or her life she was never able to see or hear. And the sickness struck when she was a baby before she learned to talk. Her world was totally dark and silent. For the first seven years of her life she was almost like a wild animal. Her mother and father could not control（控制）her. She screamed佚声叫喊）and kicked and struggled and cried. Finally her parents sent for a teacher. Her name was Ann Sullivan. She herself had once been blind. She quickly saw that first she had to teach Helen how to obey and how to control her anger. She spelt out words in Helen s hand. Helen couldn t see or hear so she learnby touching and feeling. She learned to read books in Braille（ 盲字）.Helen also learned foreign language: French, German, Latin and Greek. She learned to write and to speak. She could ride a horse, swim, row a boat, climb trees. She went to college and Ann Sullivan went with her. With Miss Sullivan s help, Helen Keller finished college with high honor. She became a teacher, writer and lecturer. Her life is an inspiration（激励），not just to the blind and the deaf but to people everywhere.1. Helen Keller was able to see and hear only for months.A. nine B. ninety C. nineteenD. ninth2. For thefirst seven yearsof her life, Helenwas almostlike a wild animalthis sentencemeansA. she was a very naughty girlB. she lived with animals for a long timeC. she was never able to see or hear, so she was very bored and angry D. she liked animals very much3. Ann Sullivan was Helen sA. mother B. teacher C. sister D. classmate4. Helen learned byA. touching and feelingB. listening and speakingC. smelling and feelingD. reading books5. The last sentence tells usA. Wed better learn by touching and feelingB. Helen is a hero only for the blind and deafC. Everyone could learn a lot from Helen Keller D Helen Keller had a terrible life .Keys are : C C B A CBAmericans have used colours to make many expressions they use every day.We say you re in the pink when we are in good health. It is easy to understand how this expression was born. When my face has a nice fresh, pink colour, it is a sign my health is good.The colour green is natural for trees, it is an unnatural colour for humans. When someone doesnt feel well. someone who is seasock, for example. we say he looks green. When someone is angry because he doesHt have what someone else has, we say he is green with envy（妒忌）:Some people are green with envy because someone else has more dollars, or green backs. Dollars are called greenback because thats the colour of the back side of the money.Blue is a cooler colour. The traditional blue music of American blacks is the opposite of red hot music. It is slow, sad and soulful. To be blue, of course, is to be sad.The colour black is often used in expressions. People describe a day in which everything goes wrong as a black day”. A black sheep is the member of a family or group who always seems to be in trouble. If s omeone meets a “ black cat ” , somethingra吸chappen to him. Not all the black expressions had bad meanings. A business:fon exampalck is making money.A company in the red is losing money. If someone tells you to put something in black and white”, they want you to write it down.1. After reading the passage, we can infer if someone looks gray ”, heA. looks wellB. may need to see doctorC. is healthy D. is happy2. American dollars have back side.A. pink B. green C. blue D. red3. Which word describes the blue music?A. Fast B. Sad C. Hot D. Cheerful4. My brother is a, everyone doesnt like him.A. a black horse B. a black cat C. a black dog D. a black sheep5. Which of the following is True?A. A company surely likes to be “ irthe red.”B. A business In the black ”, is making moneyC. All the black expression have bad meaningsD. If someone meets a black cat”, he might lucky soon.Keys are: B B B D BCA little boy invited his mother to attend his elementary school first teacher-parent meeting.To the little boy fear, she said she would go. This would be the first time that his classmates and teacher met his mother and he was embarrassed唐迫的）by her face. Although she was a beautiful woman, there was a big scar（ 伤疤）that covered nearly the whole right side of her face. The boy never wanted to talk about why or how she got the scar.At the meeting, the people were moved by the kindness and natural beauty of his motherDespite（不管）the scar, but the little boy was still embarrassed and hid himself from everyone. He did, however, he heard them speaking.How did you get the scar on your face? ”the teacher asked.The mother answered, When my son was a baby, he was in a room that caught on fire.Everyone was too afraid to go in because the fire was out of control, so I went in. As I was running toward his bed, I saw a beam coming down and I placed myself over him trying to protect him. I was knocked unconscious but luckily, a fireman came in and saved both of us. She touched the burned side of her face. This scar will be forever, but to this day, I have never regretted doing what I did.”At this point, the little boy came out running toward his mother with tears in his eyes. He hugged her and felt almost a sacrifice（牺牲）of life that his mother had made for him. He held her hand tightly for the rest of the day.1. The boy was when his mother said she would go to the school.A. pleased B. afraid C. excited D. bored2. What was his mother like ?A. She was uglyB. She was good-lookingC. She was beautiful despite a big scar on her right side of faceD. The writer didn t tell us3. How did his mother get the scar on her face?A. She hurt her face in an traffic accidentB. Something was wrong with her face skinC. She was hit by someone on the face.D. Her face was hurt while she was saving her son in a house on fire.4. From the mother s words, we knowA. she felt sorry about the scarB. she was frustrated about the scarC. she was satisfied with the scarD. she thought the scar worthwhile （ 值得的）5. From the last paragraph, it can be inferred thatA. the boy was still embarrasseds scarB. the boy would love his mother more than beforeC. the boy was pleased with his mothers scarD. the boy was afraid to see his mother Keys are : B C C D D BDAfter a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health.During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day.There are four levels of sleep, each being a little deeper than the one before. As you sleep, your body relaxes little by little. Your heart beats more slowly, and your brain slows down. After you reach the fourth level, your body shifts （ 改变）back and forth from one level of sleep to the other.Although your mind slows down, you will dream from time to time. Scientists who study sleep point out that when dreaming happens, your eyeballs begin to move more quickly. This stage of sleep is called REM, which stands for rapid eye movement.If you have trouble falling asleep, some people recommend（ 建议）breathing very slowly and very deeply. Other people believe that drinking warm milk will make you drowsy. There is also an old suggestion that counting sheep will put you to sleep.1 .The text tells us that getting enough sleep may make youB. feel tired and nervousD. healthyA. suffer from poor healthC. dream more oftenI2 .REM meansB. you start dreamingD. your eyeballs move quicklyA. you move fastC. your mind stop working3 .Which of the following is not true ?A. If you don t sleep well, youll feel tired and bored next dayB. There are four levels of sleep and the fourth level is the deepest one. .C. When your mind slows down, you won t be able to dream.D.While you are dreaming, your eyeballs move more quickly4 .The underlined word “ drowsy in the last paragraph meansA. lazy B. sleepy C. relaxed D. pleased5 . A good title for the text might beC. Good health D. Work and RestA. Dreams B. Sleep Keys are: D D C B B
展开阅读全文