2022高考英语 语法突破四大篇 第二部分 专题1 名词讲义

2022高考英语 语法突破四大篇 第二部分 专题1 名词讲义名词、形容词和副词在语法填空中的考查在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词形变换；形容词和副词相关的词形变换以及形容词和副词的比较等级考查较为频繁。应对策略1.首先要弄清名词的数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词形变换。2.作表语(系动词之后)、定语(修饰名词)或宾语补足语(表性质状态)时，通常用形容词形式。注意常考动词分词的形容词化，其形容词的形式有：-ing结尾的和-ed 结尾的两种。3.若括号中所给的是形容词或副词，有可能考查其比较等级或最高级；注意than或比较级的修饰词等标志性词或上下文中暗含的比较；其次还要注意一些特殊句式，如：the比较级.，the比较级.，“否定词(cant/couldnt)比较级”表示最高级等。名词、形容词和副词在短文改错中的考查短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格；其次名词的考查还会涉及词形变换方面的错误。对于形容词和副词的考查主要涉及词性混乱或错用(含-ed形容词与-ing形容词之间的误用)、修饰词错用或多余以及比较等级的误用等方面。应对策略1.遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断。此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误。2.对于形容词和副词的考查，注意以下几点：(1)作定语、表语、补语，用形容词；(2)作状语，修饰动词、形容词、副词、全句，用副词；(3)注意比较级与最高级的比较对象或范围；单音节形容词的比较级前，不可再加more；(4)注意many，much，(a) few，(a) little；very，so，(n)ever，hardly等修饰词的用法。专题1名词框架结构图名词的分类普通名词可数名词个体名词表示单个人或物的名词集体名词表示若干个人或物的名词不可数名词物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词抽象名词表示性质、状态、行为、情感、心理等抽象概念的名词专有名词表示洲、国、地、人名等表示团体、机构、组织、节日、报刊、朝代等的名称名词的核心考点1.可数名词的数这里主要讲其不规则变化。(1)单、复数同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工厂)。(2)合成名词的复数。如：boyfriendboyfriends，go-betweengo-betweens(中间人)，grown-upgrown-ups；passer-bypassers-by，looker-onlookers-on；woman doctorwomen doctors。(3)只有复数形式的名词。此类名词往往以复数形式出现，表示“衣服”“工具”等的总称，不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能加不定冠词a/an，但可以用a pair of/two pairs of，many等修饰。如：clothes衣服，tights紧身裤，jeans牛仔裤，pajamas睡衣，pants(长)裤子，shorts短裤，socks短袜，stockings长袜，trousers裤子，glasses眼镜，chopsticks筷子，passes圆规，pincers钳子，scissors剪刀，scales天平等；另外一类总是以复数形式出现，但不能用具体的数字修饰，也不能用a/an，a pair of等修饰，只能用many，a great many, a lot of等修饰。如：belongings所有物，congratulations祝贺，contents目录，earnings收入，fireworks烟火，goods商品，leavings剩余物，pains辛劳，spirits情绪，savings积蓄，stairs楼梯，surroundings环境，wages工资，arms武器等。(4)集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people，cattle，police；有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看作整体，复数看作集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多(指整体)。The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了(指个体)。2.不可数名词的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时，是可数名词)in surprise惊讶地a surprise一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour赢得荣誉an honour一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失败a failure一个(件)失败的人(事)by experience靠经验an experience一次经历with pleasure乐意a pleasure一件乐事抽象名词与a(n)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a novel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类时，可以用作可数名词。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些饮料，a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料；his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。3.名词所有格(1)-s所有格the boys mother，the childrens toys，the teachers books，Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用)，Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名词”所有格the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl，a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends)，a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)(4)-s所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名词或表集体、机构的名词后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the panys new factory等。用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后，如：the worlds population，Chinas industry，New Yorks parks。(5)所有格的句法功能表所有关系 Jacks brother表主谓关系 Mr Wangs praise表动宾关系 the famous stars admirers表修饰关系 a doctors degree表同位关系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing4.名词的功能(1)可作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语Mary is to meet you at the airport.My brother is a worker.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定语英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。分类意义air pollution空气污染coffee cup咖啡杯body language身体语言road accident交通事故the Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖时间、地点、称呼等Doctor Jack杰克医生Professor Li李教授evening school夜校winter sleep冬眠表目的、来源、材料、所属意义reception desk接待台sports field田径场stone table石桌color TV彩电(3)作状语名词作状语多为表时间或距离等概念的名词。The war lasted eight years.(4)作同位语Tom，our monitor，left school last year.1.书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏-s或-es2.部分名词的复数变化错误如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3.部分词性易混作名词动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4.可数与不可数名词混淆不可数可数take actiontake measuressome advicesome suggestionstake exerciseeye exercisesmake progressmake mistakesinformationcontributions考向1名词的数与格.单句语法填空1.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes(cause).(2018全国)解析cause表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填cause的复数形式。2.Making Chinese dishes(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018浙江)解析中式菜肴有很多种，故此处用dish的复数形式。3.This trend has had some unintended side effects(effect) such as overweight and heart disease. (2017全国)解析side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。4.In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017全国)解析crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。5.She has turned down several invitations(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.(2017全国)解析several几个，其后的可数名词要用复数形式。6.Last October，while tending her garden in Mora，Sweden，Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small carrots(carrot) and was about to throw them away.(2017浙江)解析a handful of一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots几个胡萝卜。7.The nursery team switches him every few days(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed，the other is with mumshe never suspects.(2016全国)解析few用来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。every few days每隔几天。8.Recent studies(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016全国)解析根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and as well.(2018全国)解析mistake是可数名词，此处所指的“错误”不止一个，应用复数形式。2.When I was little， night was our family game night.(2018全国)解析Friday morning/afternoon/night星期五的上午/下午/晚上。3.After supper，we would play card games of all in the sitting room. (2018全国)解析of all sorts各种各样的。4.The instructor kept repeating the ，“Speed up！” “Slow down！” “Turn left！”(2017全国)解析根据后面引号内的内容可知word应该用复数形式words。5.Besides，they often get some useful from the Internet.(2017全国)解析information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。6.If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain we cannot get from books.(2016全国)解析knowledge为不可数名词，没有复数形式。7.The teenage from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016全国)8.The we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015全国)解析由后面的定语从句we breathe in可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。句中的be动词is也是提示。故把airs改为air。9.As I told you last time，I made three new here.(2015四川)解析名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式，故把friend改成friends。10.My old classroom was interesting because three of the classroom were made of glass.(2015浙江)解析名词side为可数名词，且前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides。考向2词形变换之名词.单句语法填空1.My name is Mireya Mayor.Im a scientist(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018全国)解析由空后的who可知，定语从句的先行词是表示人的名词。scientist科学家。2.This switch has decreased pollution(pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018全国)解析decrease降低，减少，后接名词作宾语，pollute的名词形式是pollution。3.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in weight(weigh) problems.(2018浙江)解析此处应用名词作定语修饰problems，weight problems意为“体重问题”。4.This development was only possible with the introduction(introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.(2017全国)解析空格前是the，其后接名词。introduce的名词形式是introduction。5.She is determined to carry on with her education(educate).(2017全国)解析形容词性物主代词her应该用来修饰名词，educate的名词形式是education。6.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，Asias biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top attraction(attract).(2016全国)解析空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用名词形式。7.Then，handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of achievement(achieve).(2016全国)解析介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达a sense of achievement成就感。8.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C.，influenced the development(develop) of chopsticks.(2016全国)解析空前有冠词，此处应用名词作动词的宾语。9.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability(able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015全国)解析形容词性物主代词their之后应当用名词，故将able转化为其名词形式ability。.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.My uncle tells me that the key to his success is .(2016全国)解析由句意“他成功的关键是诚信”可知应当用名词形式。2.This made for the in the porcelain industry.(2013新课标全国)解析定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。.单句语法填空1.He had witnessed too many deaths(die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.2.Apples new machine，the Lisa，proved to be an expensive failure(fail).3.I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this performance(perform).4.Tourism should also advance the wealth and happiness(happy) of local inhabitants.5.These people have made great contributions(contribute) to China with their work.6.They get advice from “strangers(strange)”.When they need advice，they dont usually go to people they know.7.My first impression(impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.8.Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief(relieve) from this medicine.9.Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well，you know，English is my strength(strong).So it is my best choice.10.I made a decision(decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.Within the next few ，my grandfather also caught a fish.2.You told me the of different plants and their characteristics.3.Mom，I know I have never expressed my to you before.4.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local .5.Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and at home.6.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my .7.We，as well as ，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.8.In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，around three per .9.Tom was having much getting up in the morning and was always late for work.10.It felt very strange to travel without any .语法填空(名词专练)Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy Shu-How Lin is a professional basketball 1.player(play) with the Huston Rockets 2.of the National Basketball Association (NBA).But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3.coaches(coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him as 4.a Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.Jeremy Lin has recently bee 5.a success and attracted the worlds attention，which gives Chinese people a lot of 6.imagination(imagine) and 7.pride(proud).As we know，in most 8.peoples(people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9.families(family)，some children and even some 10.women(woman) players.