2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷50（附答案带详解）

2022年考博英语-西安电子科技大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（附答案带详解）1. 单选题An enquiring mind can catch _ to a new idea quickly.问题1选项A.onB.upC.atD.out【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. on 在之上 B. up 向上C. at 在 D. out 向外【答案】A【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】固定搭配catch on to表示“理解；明白”。由句意“善于探究的人能很快一个新观点。”可知，该搭配符合句意，译为：善于探究的人能很快理解新一个观点。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均不符合搭配。【句意】善于探究的人能很快理解一个新观点。2. 单选题The traditional markets retain their _ for the many Chinese who still prefer fresh food like live fish, ducks, chickens over packaged or frozen goods.问题1选项A.appealB.pledgeC.imageD.survival【答案】A【解析】【选项释义】A. appeal 吸引力；感染力 B. pledge 保证；诺言C. image 形象；印象 D. survival 生存；存活【答案】A【考查点】名词辨析。【解题思路】句意：传统市场对许多中国人仍有，他们仍然喜欢新鲜食品，如活鱼、活鸭、活鸡，而不是包装或冷冻食品。根据逻辑，后半句讲中国人喜欢新鲜食品，而传统的市场就是售卖新鲜食品，由此可推出传统市场对中国人仍有吸引力。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项均无法与空格前后构成相应逻辑关系。【句意】传统市场对许多中国人仍有吸引力，他们仍然喜欢新鲜食品，如活鱼、活鸭、活鸡，而不是包装或冷冻食品。3. 翻译题Light, durable (经久耐用), simple and inexpensive, such devices are warmly received by users.【答案】这种装置（重量轻、耐用、简单、价廉）受到用户的热烈欢迎。4. 单选题His remarks finally _ me that I had made the right decision.问题1选项A.assuredB.ensuredC.reassuredD.insured【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. assured （向）保证 B. ensured 确保C. reassured 使安心；打消的疑虑 D. insured 投保【答案】C【考查点】动词辨析。【解题思路】句意：他的话终于我的决定是正确的。根据逻辑，他的话应该是打消我的顾虑，让我确信我的决定是正确的。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项assured“（向）保证”，并不是他的话保证我的决定是正确的，而是他的话使我安心，从而让我觉得我的决定是正确的，该选项不符合逻辑；B选项ensured“确保”，并不是他的话确保我的决定是正确的，该选项不符合逻辑；D选项insured“投保”，该选项不符合语境。【句意】他的话最终打消了我的疑虑，我做了正确的决定。5. 翻译题输出随输入的变化是很大的。【答案】The output varies greatly from the input.6. 单选题Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicatedthan previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still dont know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _.2. The word “gizmos” (paragraph 2) most probably means _.3. According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _.问题1选项A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work问题2选项A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures问题3选项A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world问题4选项A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity问题5选项A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environment【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:C【解析】1.【选项释义】Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in _. 人类的智慧最初是在_上展示的。A. the use of machines to produce science fiction A. 用机器制作科幻小说B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry B. 机器在制造业中的广泛应用C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work C. 发明用于处理困难和危险工作的工具D. the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work D. 精英们对危险和枯燥工作的巧妙处理【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第一句“自从人类有了聪明才智以来，人们设计出了越来越巧妙的工具来处理那些危险、无聊、繁重或纯粹是肮脏的工作（people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work）。”由此可知人们最初的智慧是设计用于处理工作的工具。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A选项“用机器制作科幻小说”，文中提到“虽然科学家们还没有创造出科幻小说的机械版本，但是他们已经开始接近了。”说明还没有用机器制作科幻小说，该选项属于过度推断；B选项“机器在制造业中的广泛应用”，这并不是人们最初智慧的展示，该选项属于张冠李戴；D选项“精英们对危险和枯燥工作的巧妙处理”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。2.【选项释义】The word “gizmos” (paragraph 2) most probably means _. “gizmos”(第二段)的意思很可能是_。A. programs A. 项目B. experts B. 专家C. devices C. 设备D. creatures D. 生物【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据出处提示词Paragraph 2与题干信息可定位到第二段第一句“由此引起的结果是，现代世界已经充斥着越来越多的智能gizmos，尽管我们几乎都注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在却节省了许多人类劳力。”然后作者提及到了“工厂机械手”、“自动柜员机”以及“机器人驾驶员”等。由此我们可以认定这些设施都是对“gizmo”的举例和解释。而这几样东西具有一个共同的特征，即它们都是“工具”。对比选项，C正确。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项曲解原意，属于过度推断。3.【选项释义】According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can _. 根据这篇文章，目前人类所无法做到的是设计一个能够_的机器人。A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery A. 完成一些精细的任务，比如做脑部手术B. interact with human beings verbally B. 与人进行口头交流C. have a little common sense C. 有一点常识D. respond independently to a changing world D. 独立应对变化的世界【答案】D【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第三段最后“但我们还不能给机器人足够的常识，让它们与动态的世界可靠地互动（we cant yet give a robot enough common sense to reliably interact with a dynamic world）。”因此人类无法做到的是设计一个能应对变化的世界的机器人。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“完成一些精细的任务，比如做脑部手术”，文章第二段提到“现在已经有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术”，说明已经设计出这样的机器人了，该选项属于反向干扰；B选项“与人进行口头交流”，文章第二段讲“我们的银行业务是在自动柜员机上完成的，这些柜员机会礼貌地对我们的交易表示感谢。”自动柜员机向我们表示感谢说明已经设计出机器人来跟我们进行交流了，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“有一点常识”，文章讲的是不能设计出足够常识让他们与世界互动，这些常识是特指的，且一点和足够之间是有区别的，该选项属于偷换概念。4.【选项释义】 Besides reducing human labor, robots can also _. 除了减少人类劳动，机器人还可以_。 A. make a few decisions for themselves A. 为自己做一些决定B. deal with some errors with human intervention B. 用人工干预处理一些错误C. improve factory environments C. 改善工厂的环境D. cultivate human creativity D. 培养人创造性【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第三段“虽然我们知道如何让机器人处理特定的错误（While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error）”。也就是说我们可以人工让机器处理错误。因此B选项正确。【干扰项排除】A选项“为自己做一些决定”，文章第三段第一句“但是，如果机器人要达到节省劳动力的下一个阶段，它们将不得不在更少的人类监督下操作，并且至少能够自己做一些决定这些目标构成了真正的挑战。”说明目前机器人还不能自己做决定，该选项属于反向干扰；C选项“改善工厂的环境”，文章最后一段提到“他们制造的机器人可以在受控的工厂环境中识别机器面板的误差，误差可达毫米的几分之一。”可知机器人是受环境控制的，不能改善工厂环境，该选项本末倒置；D选项“培养人创造性”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5.【选项释义】The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are _. 作者用猴子的例子来说明机器人是_。A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure A. 预计会复制人脑的内部结构B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately B. 能够立即察觉异常C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information C. 在关注相关信息方面远不如人类大脑D. best used in a controlled environment D. 最好在受控环境下使用【答案】C【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段“但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立即排除98%的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。”由于文章举这个例子就是为了说明计算机虽然功能强大，但是仍然无法和人脑的复杂性相比，因为人脑看一眼迅速变化的场景就能够迅速地排除不相干的信息，立即把注意力集中到蜿蜒的森林小路边的一只猴子，这一点计算机是做不到的。由此可推断机器在关注相关信息方面远不如人类大脑。【干扰项排除】A选项“预计会复制人脑的内部结构”，文章没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“能够立即察觉异常”，文章最后一段提到“也要复杂得多。他们制造的机器人可以在受控的工厂环境中识别机器面板的误差，误差可达毫米的几分之一。但是人类的头脑可以只迅速地瞟一眼一个快速改变的场面，然后立即排除98%的不相关部分，而马上聚焦于一条崎岖森林道路边的一只猴子，或者在茫茫人海中的一张可疑的脸。地球上最先进的计算机系统都无法达到这种能力”说明机器不能立即察觉异常，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；D选项“最好在受控环境下使用”，文章最后一段提到“他们制造的机器人可以在受控的工厂环境中识别机器面板的误差，误差可达毫米的几分之一。”，并没有说最好在受控环境下使用，该选项属于过度推断。7. 翻译题The atomic number (原子序数) is equal to the number of electrons per atom or, what is equivalent, the number of protons (质子) per nucleus.【答案】原子序数等于每个原子的电子数或者相当于每个原子核的质子数。8. 单选题As one of the youngest professors in the university, Mr. Brown is certainly on the _ of a brilliant career.问题1选项A.porchB.edgeC.courseD.threshold【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. porch 门廊；门厅 B. edge 边；边缘C. course 方针；行动方向 D. threshold 门槛；门口【答案】D【考查点】固定搭配。【解题思路】固定搭配on the threshold of意为“在的开端；即将开始”。句意：作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，布朗先生的辉煌事业。根据句意，因为布朗先生是这所大学最年轻的教授，所以他的辉煌事业即将开始。D选项固定搭配符合句意，因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项porch“门廊；门厅”，不符合固定搭配；B选项edge“边；边缘”，on the edge of表示“濒于；在边缘”，与布朗先生辉煌的事业不搭，不符合语境；C选项course“方针；行动方向”，该选项不符合语境。【句意】作为这所大学最年轻的教授之一，布朗先生即将开创辉煌的事业。9. 单选题After Los Angeles, Atlanta may be Americas most car-dependent city. Atlantans sentimentally give their cars names; compare speeding tickets and jealously guard any side-street where it is possible to park. The citys roads are so well worn that the first act of the new mayor, Shirley Franklin, was to start repairing potholes. In 1998, 13 metro counties lost federal highway funds because their air-pollution levels violated the Clean Air Act. The American Highway Users Alliance ranked three Atlanta interchanges among the 18 worst bottlenecks in the country.Other cities in the same fix have reorganized their highways, imposed commuter and car taxes, or expanded their public-transport systems. Atlanta does not like any of these things. Public transport is a vexed subject, too. Atlantas metropolitan region is divided into numerous county and smaller city governments, which find it hard to work together. Railways now serve the city center and the airport, but not much else; bus stops are often near invisible poles, offering no indication of which bus might stop there, or when.Georgias Democratic governor, Roy Barnes, who hopes for re-election in November, has other plans. To win back the federal highway money lost under the Clean Air Act, he created the Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA), a 15-member board with the power to make the county governments, the city and the ten-county Atlanta Regional Commission cooperate on transport plans, whether they like it or not.Now GRTA has issued its own preliminary plan, allocating $4.5 billion over the next three years for a variety of schemes. The plan earmarks money to widen roads; to have an electric shuttle bus shuttle tourists among the elegant villas of Buck head; and to create a commuter rail link between Atlanta and Macon, two hours to the south. Counties will be encouraged, with generous ten-to-one matching funds, to start express bus services.Public goodwill, however, may not stretch as far as the next plan, which is to build the Northern Arc highway for 65 miles across three counties north of the city limits. GRTA has allotted $270 million for this. Supporters say it would ease the congestion on local roads; opponents think it would worsen over-development and traffic. The counties affected, and even GRTAs own board, are divided.The governor is in favor, however,and since he can appoint and fire GRTAS members, that is probably the end of the story. Mr. Barnes has a tendency to do as he wants, regardless. His arrogance on traffic matters could also lose him votes. But Mr. Barnes think that Atlantas slowing economy could do him more harm than the anti-sprawl movement.1. The authors presentation of Atlantans car-dependence is meant _.2. Which of the following is not part of the “anti-sprawl movement” as planned by Governor Roy Barnes?3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text?4. It can be learnt from the text that Georgias Governor Roy Barnes _.5. In eyes of the writer, the best solution to the traffic problem in Atlanta seems to lie in _.问题1选项A.to be ironicB.to poke fun to themC.to be fairD.to make it notorious问题2选项A.The construction of a commuter rail link.B.His success in re-election in November.C.The initiation of shuttle bus transit.D.The allocation of money to widen roads.问题3选项A.The federal highway funds were lost under the Clean Air Act.B.The county governments should be cooperative on traffic matters.C.Atlantans must abandon buses and trains and build more highways.D.Atlanta leaves a bad impression on visitors in terms of its traffics.问题4选项A.is in tyrannous control of the GRTA boardB.cuts an impressive nonconformist imageC.is bound to win the re-election coming upD.channels part of funds to his personal assets问题5选项A.the enforcement of traffic regulationsB.the challenge to Governor Barness arroganceC.the increase of commuter and car taxesD.the improvement of its public-transport systems【答案】第1题:A第2题:B第3题:C第4题:A第5题:D【解析】1. 【选项释义】The authors presentation of Atlantans car-dependence is meant _. 作者对亚特兰大人对汽车的依赖性的描述本意是_。A. to be ironic A. 讽刺的B. to poke fun to them B. 为了取笑他们C. to be fair C. 公平的D. to make it notorious D. 为了让它臭名昭著【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第一段第二句“出于感情亚特兰大人给他们的汽车起名字；通过比较超速罚单，他们小心地守住任何可以停车的小巷。（Atlantans sentimentally give their cars names; compare speeding tickets and jealously guard any side-street where it is possible to park.）”根据作者用sentimentally（多情地）和jealously（妒忌地；猜疑地）两词可以看出作者对亚特兰大人对汽车依赖的描述是讽刺的。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B、C、D选项曲解作者意思，属于曲解原文。2. 【选项释义】Which of the following is not part of the “anti-sprawl movement” as planned by Governor Roy Barnes? 以下哪项不是罗伊巴恩斯州长所计划的“反蔓延运动”的一部分？A. The construction of a commuter rail link. A. 通勤铁路的建造。B. His success in re-election in November. B. 他在11月成功连任。C. The initiation of shuttle bus transit. C. 启动穿梭巴士过境。D. The allocation of money to widen roads. D. 用于拓宽道路的拨款。【答案】B【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到倒数第三段“这项计划专门拨款拓宽道路（The plan earmarks money to widen roads）；有电动穿梭巴士接送游客穿梭于巴克头优雅的别墅之间（to have an electric shuttle bus shuttle tourists among the elegant villas of Buck head）；以及建立一条亚特兰大和梅肯之间的通勤铁路（create a commuter rail link）”。由此可知A、C、D选项均有提及，B选项没有提及，因此选B。【干扰项排除】A、C、D选项均是计划的一部分，属于反向干扰。3. 【选项释义】Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text? 文中没有提到下列哪项？A. The federal highway funds were lost under the Clean Air Act. A. 联邦公路基金因清洁空气法而损失。B. The county governments should be cooperative on traffic matters. B. 县政府应该在交通问题上合作。C. Atlantans must abandon buses and trains and build more highways. C. 亚特兰大人必须放弃公共汽车和火车，建造更多的高速公路。D. Atlanta leaves a bad impression on visitors in terms of its traffics. D. 亚特兰大的交通给游客留下了不好的印象。【答案】C【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】文中第一段“1998年，13个大都会县失去了联邦公路基金，因为它们的空气污染水平违反了清洁空气法。（In 1998, 13 metro counties lost federal highway funds because their air-pollution levels violated the Clean Air Act.）”因此选项A提到了；文中第三段“为了赢回因清洁空气法而损失的联邦公路资金，他成立了佐治亚州区域运输局（GRTA），一个由15名成员组成的委员会，有权让县政府、市政府和10个县的亚特兰大区域委员会在运输计划上进行合作（the city and the ten-county Atlanta Regional Commission cooperate on transport plans），不管他们喜欢与否。”由此可知县政府在交通上合作，因此B选项提到了；文中第二段最后“铁路现在服务于市中心和机场，但其他服务不多；公共汽车站通常靠近看不见的电线杆，没有显示哪辆公共汽车可能在那里停，或者什么时候停。”可知亚特兰大这些服务于公众的交通并不完善，由此推断会给游客留下不好印象。因此D选项可以推出。C选项文中没有提及。因此选C。【干扰项排除】A、B、D选项都提到了，C选项没有提及。A、B、D选项属于反向干扰。4. 【选项释义】It can be learnt from the text that Georgias Governor Roy Barnes _. 从文中可以得知，乔治亚州州长罗伊巴恩斯_。A. is in tyrannous control of the GRTA board A. 对GRTA董事会有着专横的控制B. cuts an impressive nonconformist image B. 给人留下了不墨守成规的印象C. is bound to win the re-election coming up C. 一定会赢得即将到来的连任D. channels part of funds to his personal assets D. 将部分资金用于个人资产【答案】A【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到最后一段“由于他可以任命和解雇GRTA的成员，这可能就是故事的结局。巴恩斯先生总是想怎么做就怎么做（Mr. Barnes has a tendency to do as he wants）。他在交通问题上的傲慢也可能使他失去选票。”由此可知，巴恩斯先生可以随意任命解雇成员，并且想怎么做就怎么做，由此可推断他对GRTA有专横的控制。因此选A。【干扰项排除】B选项“给人留下了不墨守成规的印象”，文中没有体现，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“一定会赢得即将到来的连任”，文中提到“他在交通问题上的傲慢也可能使他失去选票。”因此他不一定能连任，该选项与原文意思相反，属于反向干扰；D选项“将部分资金用于个人资产”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有。5. 【选项释义】In eyes of the writer, the best solution to the traffic problem in Atlanta seems to lie in _. 在作者看来，解决亚特兰大交通问题的最好办法似乎在于_。A. the enforcement of traffic regulations A. 执行交通规则B. the challenge to Governor Barness arrogance B. 挑战巴恩斯州长的傲慢C. the increase of commuter and car taxes C. 提高通勤税和汽车税D. the improvement of its public-transport systemsD. 改善其公共交通系统【答案】D【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干信息可定位到第二段“其他处于同样困境的城市已经重组了高速公路，征收通勤税和汽车税，或者扩大了公共交通系统（expanded their public-transport systems）。亚特兰大不喜欢这些东西。公共交通也是一个令人烦恼的话题。亚特兰大大都会区分为许多县政府和较小的市政府，发现这样很难合作。铁路现在服务于市中心和机场，但其他服务不多；公共汽车站通常靠近看不见的电线杆，没有显示哪辆公共汽车可能在那里停，或者什么时候停。”然后文中讲亚特兰大各县进行交通方面的合作，GRTA拨款修建道路，建立铁路通勤线。启动快速公交服务等等，这些都是在改善亚特兰大的公共交通。因此选D。【干扰项排除】A选项“执行交通规则”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；B选项“挑战巴恩斯州长的傲慢”，文中没有提及，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“提高通勤税和汽车税”，文中提到“其他处于同样困境的城市已经重组了高速公路，征收通勤税和汽车税，或者扩大了公共交通系统”但是根据后文可知，亚特兰大选择改善公共交通而不是提高通勤税和汽车税，该选项属于反向干扰。10. 单选题We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect the immune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral immunologist Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electric shocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in their enclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each time one rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock. Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless rats but not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals are confronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced with experiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists suspicions that the experience or perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response was discovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned mice to avoid saccharin by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the mice quickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweeten